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Objective:To identify the distal and proximal influencing factors of father involvement, and explore the mediating role of father's role perception and the moderating role of depression in the effect of his family-of-origin paternal parenting on father involvement.Methods:Totally 572 fathers with children aged under 12 years old completed the father involvement questionnaire, role of the father questionnaire (ROFQ), parental bonding instrument (PBI) and the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D). The Pearson correlation analysis and non-parametric percentile Bootstrap method were conducted via SPSS 21.0.Results:(1)Father involvement (2.86±0.58) was found to be negatively correlated with his own family-of-origin paternal indifference (7.30±3.86) ( r=-0.175, P<0.01), positively correlated with his family-of-origin paternal care (10.46±3.98) ( r=0.291, P<0.01), negatively correlated with his depression (7.07±5.09) ( r=-0.266, P<0.01) and positively correlated with his role perception (61.52±5.92) ( r=0.522, P<0.01). (2)Father's role perception partially mediated the relationship between his family-of-origin paternal care and his own paternal involvement (the mediating effect was 0.015, which was 35.71% of the total effects) and fully mediated the relationship between his family-of-origin paternal indifference and his own paternal involvement (the mediating effect was -0.016). (3)Father's depression played a moderating role between his family-of-origin paternal care and his own role perception ( β=-0.069, P<0.05). And it also played a moderating role between his family-of-origin paternal indifference and his own role perception ( β=0.121, P<0.001). The results of J-N methods showed that the values and significance of simple slopes varied according to father's depression levels in both two models. Conclusion:The paternal parenting that fathers had experienced in his family of origin is an important factor affects his own paternal involvement.In the relationship between father's family-of-origin paternal parenting and his own paternal involvement, father's role perception plays a mediating role and his depression level plays a moderating role.
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Objective:To identify the influencing factors of maternal anxiety, and explore the moderating role of co-parenting in the effect of marriage quality on maternal anxiety.Methods:Totally 522 mothers with children aged 0-12 were enrolled in the surveys and completed the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Marital Adjustment Test and Co-parenting Relationship Scale.The chi-square test, the spearman correlation analysis and non-parametric percentile Bootstrap method were processed by SPSS 22.0.Results:①The detection rate of anxiety in the mothers was 48.7%, and the rate for mild, moderate, and severe anxiety was 37.4%, 8.4%, 2.9%, respectively.② The chi-square test showed that the family factors, such as mother's age, level of workload, family economic conditions, husband's level of workload, the child's age and health condition, as well as the conflicts between parents and grandparents and the grandparents’ willingness of involving in raising children, significantly affected mother’s anxiety(χ 2=4.292-23.170, P<0.05). ②The maternal anxiety was negatively correlated with marital quality ( r=-0.419, P<0.01). ③ Both positive co-parenting (PCP) and negative co-parenting(NCP) played moderating roles in the relationship between marriage quality and maternal anxiety( BPCP=0.013, P<0.01; BNCP=-0.010, P<0.05). Conclusion:Marital quality is an important factor which affects maternal anxiety, and father’s performance in co-parenting plays a moderating role in it.
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Objective: To investigate the characteristics of attentional bias in emotional faces of policemen with different trait anxiety levels. Methods: By using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), 44 policemen (23 males and 21 females) were included in the higher trait anxiety level group and 44 policemen (25 males and 19 females) were included in the lower trait anxiety level group. The 2 anxiety style ((higher trait anxiety level, lower trait anxiety level) × 2 emotional type (positive, negative) × 2 clue type (identical side, opposite side) hybrid design was used to investigate the attentional bias of the response time differences between the two groups of policemen on keystroke responses of different emotional types and different types of clues by using a dot probe. Results: The positive emotional face reaction of the higher trait anxiety level group was less than that of the negative emotional face reaction[ (638. 0 ± 12. 4) ms vs. (651. 7 ± 13. 1) ms, P ＜ 0. 01], while the lower trait anxiety level police had no statistical significance on the reaction of positive emotional face and negative emotional face (P＞ 0. 05). The clue types in the higher trait anxiety level group were identical side less than opposite side response time [ (640. 3 ± 12. 6) ms vs. (649. 5 ± 13. 0) ms, P ＜ 0. 05], and there was no statistical significance in the lower trait anxiety level group about identical side and opposite side response time (P＞ 0. 05). The clue type in identical side, there was no significant difference in the response of two groups to positive emotional faces and negative emotional faces (P＞ 0. 05); while the clue type in opposite side, the response of higher trait anxiety level group to negative emotional faces was higher than that of positive emotional faces [ (663. 1 ± 9. 8) ms vs. (651. 4 ± 8. 9) ms, P ＜ 0. 05]. Conclusion: It suggests that the policemen with higher level of trait anxiety have selective attentional bias to negative emotional faces, which induced by impaired attentional disengagement.
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Objective To explore the influence of parental monitoring,peer delinquency and psychoticism on externalizing problem in adolescents.Methods 2 504 adolescents aged 10-16 from 7 provinces in China participated in the surveys with externalizing problem,parental monitoring,peer delinquency and psychoticism were measured.The mediating effect of peer delinquency and the moderating effect of psychoticism were tested by stepped multiple linear regression and Bootstrap procedures.Results ①The scores of maternal monitoring,paternal monitoring,psychoticism,peer delinquency and externalizing problem were (4.02±1.00),(3.49±1.19),(3.10±2.77),(1.25±0.27) and (5.10±4.63) respectively;②Parental monitoring negatively predicted externalizing problem in adolescents(βmother =-1.240,βfather =--0.981,P＜0.05).③Peer delinquency played a partial mediating role in the relation between parental monitoring and externalizing problem,the percentages of mediating effect to total effect respectively were 25.0％ and 26.2％.④The mediation effect of peer delinquency was moderated by psychoticism (a1b3mother =-0.016,a1b3father =-0.014,P＜0.05).Conclusion Psychoticism moderated the mediation effect of peer delinquency in the relation between parental monitoring and externalizing problem in adolescents.
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Objective To study the effects of hypothermia on learning and memory ability and mRNA expression of fusion gene and fission gene of mitochondria in hippocampus of rats.Methods 32 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups according to low-temperature exposure time in the test:high-exposure group(low-temperature exposure for 24 h/d),middle-exposure group(low-temperature exposure for 12 h/d),low-exposure group(low-temperature exposure for 6 h/d) and control group.The temperature of low-temperature exposure was 0-5 ℃.The total test time was 45 d.Morris water maze test was performed on each group from the fifth day before the end of the low-temperature test to the first day after the low-temperature test.After the water maze test,the mRNA expressions of mitochondrial fusion genes (Mfn1,Mfn2) and fission genes(Fis1,Drp1) in hippocampus were detected by RT-qPCR.Results Compared with the control group,the escaping latency of the high-exposure group and the middle-exposure group at the first day and the fifth day of water maze test were significantly longer than those in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).The escaping latency of the sixth day and the number of platform crossings at the beginning of the water maze test were significantly different from those in the control group(P ＜0.05,P＜0.01).Compared with the control group,the escaping latency of the high-exposure group and the middle-exposure group was significantly prolonged on the sixth day,and the number of the platform crossings decreased significantly.The difference was statistically significant (P＜ 0.05,P＜ 0.01).The high,middle and low-exposure group of mitochondrial fusion and fission genes mRNA expressions were as follows respectively:Mfn1:4.05 ±0.21,1.51±0.23,1.17 ±0.83;Mfn2:5.38 ±0.74,0.84 ±0.53,0.47 ±0.33;Fis1:1.65 ±0.58,0.49 ± 0.42,0.40±0.32;Drp1:4.11 ±0.37,0.99 ±0.82,0.55 ±0.29.Compared with the control group,the mRNA expression of the fusion and the fission genes in the high-exposure group increased significantly(P＜0.01).Conclusion The abnormalities of mitochondrial fusion and fission gen mRNA expression in the hippocampus may be one of the mechanisms of the decline of learning and memory functions caused by low temperature exposure.
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Objective To explore whether childhood abuse experiences predict higher levels of depression and lower levels of self-esteem for graduate students and examine the mediating role of social support between childhood abuse and mental health.Methods A sample of 907 graduate students were investigated with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF),Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS),Self-esteem Scale (SES) and Center for Epidemiological Survey Scale (CESD).Results The scores of childhood abuse,social support,self-esteem,and depression of graduate students were (33.88±9.35),(68.31±12.01),(36.62±4.80) and (35.85± 9.20).Childhood abuse was negatively correlated with self-esteem (r=-0.32,P＜0.01),but positively correlated with depression (r=0.28,P＜0.01),and negatively correlated with social support (r=-0.44,P＜0.01).Social support was positively correlated with self-esteem (r=0.39,P＜0.01),and negatively correlated with depression (r=-0.41,P ＜0.01).Examining the mediation model indicated that social support had a partial mediation effects(42％) on the relationship between childhood abuse and self-esteem,and social support had a partial mediation effects(54％) on the relationship between childhood abuse and depression.Conclusions The childhood abuse not only affects the graduate student's self-esteem and depression directly,but also can take the same effect by social support indirectly.
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Objective To investigate couple's personality similarity effect on the marital quality,and to explore the vairance of such effect under different levels of spouse's depression. Methods The cross?sectional da?ta of 4644 couple from the national survey of mental health database in china( 2009) was used. Couples completed Locke ?Wallance marital adjustment test,The CES?D scale a self?report depression scale and Eysenck personality questionnaire short scale for Chinese version (EPQ?RSC). Results The personality similarities of couples(0.44 ±0.27) and their marital quality (wife (103.71±27.54),husband (106.15±26.94))had significant positive corre?lation ( r=0.25~0.27, P<0.01). Regression analysis showed the effect of personality similarity on the marital quality were varied according to the level of spouse depression( β=0.09?0.22, P<0.05) . Among participants whose husband or wife had higher level of depression,couple's personality similarity had stronger effect on his/her per?ceived marital quality. Conclusion Husband and wife personality similarity is related to marital quality signifi?cantly,and the spouse depression plays a significant moderating role in this relationship.
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Objective To explore the relationship between parent hostility and adolescent externalizing behavior problems and the mediating role of parenting.Methods The cross-sectional data of 4474 adolescent aged 10-21 of the National Survey of Adolescent Mental Health in China (2008) was used.Adolescents reported their externalizing problems and parents' parenting.Parents reported their hostile behaviors.Results ① Parent hostility((9.18 ± 3.56),(8.94 ± 3.18)) significantly correlated with monitoring,inductive reasoning,harshness of parenting(father(3.39 ± 1.16),(3.21 ± 1.02),(1.39 ± 0.62) respectively,r =-0.108 ～ 0.489,P ＜ 0.01 ;mother (3.96 ± 0.97),(3.38 ± 0.96),(1.37 ± 0.60) respectively,r =-0.148 ～ 0.468,P ＜ 0.01) ; and both parent hostility and parenting were significantly associated with adolescent externalizing problems (0.23 ± 0.21) (r =-0.308 ～ 0.577,P ＜ 0.01).②Parental monitoring,inductive reasoning and harshness discipline partially mediated the relations between parent hostility and adolescent externalizing problems (Z =6.12,5.10,6.36,P ＜ 0.01 ; Z =5.86,6.97,11.84,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Parenting partially mediated the effect between parent hostility and adolescent externalizing problems.
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Objective To develop a short Chinese version of the center for epidemiological studies depression scale(CES-D).Method A stratified random nationwide sample with 30801 normal people and a mentally ill sample with 415 patients were tested.Items in the short version were chosen according to both the result of independent t-test in current study and the result of reliance and validity.Cut-off scores were offered to check up depressions.Result The internal consistency reliability of the 9-item Chinese version CES-D ranged from 0.85 to 0.88.The test-retest reliability was 0.49(P＜0.001).All item-total correlations were higher than 0.5.The correlation between sumscores of the original scale and sunscores of the Chinese short version ranged from 0.94 to 0.96 (P＜ 0.001) in all the samples.The sum scores of initial diagnosis depression sample were significantly higher than that of treated depression sample and common sample.A two-dimension structure was testified.The cut-off scores of the short version were 10 and 17.Conclusion The 9-item Chinese version of CES-D can be used in various samples with reliable and valid effect.
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Objective: To test applicability of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in different age groups in urban China, and to develop age norms. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the CES-D was administrated to 16047 community participants with average age of (37.7±21.3) years (age ranged 11～100) in 21 provinces, who were as the norming sample. Criterion validity was tested in 349 psychiatric patients with average age of (32.0±12.1) years (age ranged 16～81) in 4 cities. A subsample (199 workers, 100 col-lege students, and 30 teachers in Beijing, Dongguan, and Baotou) was drawn from the national sample to provide 8 week interval test-retest reliability. Results: The Cronbach α was 0.90 for the scale, and 0.68～0.86 for its fac-tors. The 8 week interval test-retest correlation was 0.49 for the scale (P <0.01) and 0.39～0.51 for factors (P<0.01) . The result of confirmatory factor analysis supported the original 4-factor structure (RMSEA=0.057, CFI =0.976, GFI=0.948) . Patients scored higher than community sample [(21.72±13.39 ) vs.(13.24±10.33),P <0.01], and depression patients scored the highest [(27.82±14.42), P<0.01] . Age difference was signifi-cant. Age groups over 60-year-old scored higher than all the other age groups under 60-year-old (P<0.01). Con-clusion: The Chinese version of CES-D shows good refiability and validity across all ages in urban population-
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Objective: To revise FNE (fear of negative evaluation) scale primarily and to explore the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and test anxiety Method: A sample of 200 middle school students was administrated with FNE and TAS (test anxiety scale) Result:The Chinese version of FNE had good psychometric parameters The score of our sample had no significant difference to that originally reported abroad There was positive correlation (r=0 45, P