Change in the prevalence of obesity phenotypes and cardiometabolic disorders among children aged 6- 17 in Beijing during 2004- 2013 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the prevalence of obesity phenotypes and cardiometablic disorders (CDs) among children aged 6- 17 in Beijing from 2004 to 2013.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data were obtained from two cross-section surveys, which were conducted in 2004 and 2013. In 2004, by using stratified cluster sampling design, 20 primary or middle schools were selected from 7 districts (Xicheng, Dongcheng, Chaoyang, Haidian, Daxing, Pinggu, and Yanqing) in Beijing, and 20 554 school children aged 6-17 were recruited, with weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure measured. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured in 962 subjects from one school. In 2013, by using the same sampling design, 7 211 students from two districts (Haidian and Dongcheng) were surveyed with weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure measured, and fasting plasma glucose and lipid profile (TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C) were measured for 1 344 subjects in the same school measured in 2004. Student's-t test was used to analyze the difference in body mass index(BMI), WC, and waist to height ratio (WHtR) among children between 2004 and 2010. Chi-square test was used to analyze the difference of hypertension, impaired fasting glucose(IFG), dyslipidemia, and metabolic disorders clustering between 2004 and 2010, and among different types of obesity; logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between three types of obesity and risks of cardiovascular metabolic disorders.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In boys, BMI ((20.3 ± 4.4) vs (19.4 ± 4.2) kg/m(2), t=11.18, P<0.001), WC ((70.6 ± 12.8) vs (66.7 ± 11.8) cm, t=17.20, P<0.001) and WHtR (0.451 ± 0.064 vs 0.437 ± 0.059, t=11.64, P<0.001) were significantly higher in 2013 than those in 2004. Similarly in girls, BMI ((18.9 ± 3.6) vs (18.7 ± 3.7) kg/m(2), t=12.21, P<0.001), WC ((64.5 ± 9.6) vs (63.0 ± 9.3) cm, t=8.15, P<0.001) and WHtR (0.430 ± 0.047 vs 0.423 ± 0.047, t=14.13, P<0.001) were also significantly higher in 2013 than those in 2004. The prevalence of combined obesity rose from 8.27% (1 697/20 526) in 2004 to 10.74% (774/7 209) in 2013, and central obesity from 3.08% (632/20 526) to 4.44% (320/7 209). The prevalence of hypertension (10.78%(313/1 344) vs 4.29% (42/962), χ(2)=36.76, P<0.001), IFG(49.54%(664/1 344) vs 6.45%(63/962), χ(2)=506.61, P<0.001), high TC(11.53%(155/1 344) vs 5.03%(49/962), χ(2)=28.31, P< 0.001), high TG(7.51%(101/1 344) vs 3.59%(35/962), χ(2)=29.59, P<0.001) were significantly higher in 2013 than those in 2004. Subjects with combined obesity had higher risks of hypertension (OR=5.88, 95% CI: 4.42-7.82), high TG (OR=7.12, 95%CI: 4.35-11.64), low HDL-C (OR=3.04, 95%CI: 1.55-5.95), high LDL-C (OR=2.27, 95% CI: 1.22-4.02), CDs≥2 (OR=3.07, 95% CI: 2.09-4.50), comparing to children without obesity.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence of types of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders, except for low HDL-C and high HDL-C, were significantly higher in 2013 than those 2004 among chlildren aged 6-17 year in Beijing. Children with combined obesity had higher prevalence of metabolic disorders.</p>

Dietary habits of school-age children and its associations with blood pressure level in Beijing, China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the dietary habits of school-age children in urban and rural districts and their association with blood pressure levels in Beijing, China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A stratified, randomly clustered sampling design was used, 29 primary and secondary schools from four urban districts and three rural districts in Beijing were randomly selected in 2004. 20 638 children aged 6-18 years old were surveyed, and 19 072 of them provided completed usable data. The weight, height and blood pressure of the subjects were measured according to standard method.10 food-groups' information was collected by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The relationship between different dietary habits and the blood pressure levels in school children was analyzed by multiple linear regression model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence of obesity among children in urban area (12.2%, 1 218/9 984) was higher than that in rural area (6.7%, 609/9 088) (χ(2) = 4.62, P < 0.05) , whereas the prevalence of hypertension among children in urban area (8.0%, 799/9 984) was lower than that in rural area (8.9%, 809/9 088) (χ(2) = 167.32, P < 0.05) . The diastolic blood pressure (DBP) among children was (65.7 ± 8.6) mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) in urban area and (67.0 ± 8.7) mmHg in rural area, respectively (F = 86.44, P < 0.05) , and the systolic blood pressure (SBP) among children was (103.4 ± 12.2) mmHg in urban area and (104.3 ± 11.6) mmHg in rural area, respectively (F = 11.33, P < 0.05) . Factor analysis revealed 4 dietary habits labeled prudent habit, protein habit, high-fat and high-calorie habit and vegetables and fruits habit. The 4 dietary habits' variance contribution rate respectively was 24.7%, 14.6%, 14.0%, 8.9%, and the 4 dietary habits totally reflect 62.2% characteristics of the 10 food-groups.In urban area, prudent habit was inversely associated with DBP (β' = -0.026, P < 0.05) , Protein habit was inversely associated with both children's SBP (β' = -0.018, P < 0.05) and DBP (β' = -0.030, P < 0.05) .In rural area, prudent habit was associated with children's SBP (β' = -0.050, P < 0.05) and DBP (β' = -0.039, P < 0.05) .</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The dietary habits of school age children varied by sociodemographic characters in Beijing. The prudent habit and protein habit may decrease the children's blood pressure levels.</p>

Trends on the prevalence rates of obesity and cardiometabolic among children and adolescents in Beijing, during 2004-2013 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the trends on the prevalence rates of obesity and cardiometabolic among children and adolescents in Beijing, during 2004-2013.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data was collected from three cross-sectional studies among children and adolescents, aged 7-17 years old in Beijing. Two studies in 2004 and 2013 were conducted in general population, and one was among obese children in 2007. Data on anthropometric measurements including weight, height, and age was collected from all the subjects. The obese children from all three studies underwent a clinic examination that containing blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, lipid profile (TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C), and acanthosis nigricans. Liver transaminases detection (ALT and AST) and liver ultrasound examination were performed in obese children from surveys in 2007 and 2013.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence of severe obesity increased from 1.86% in 2004 to 4.17% in 2013, with an annual increase rate as 0.26%. The proportion of severe obesity in obesity increased from 18.92% in 2004 to 25.15% in 2013. After adjusting for age and gender, the prevalence of IFG, hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C in both obese children and adolescents increased during 2004-2013 (all P < 0.05). The prevalence rates of hypertension, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and acanthosis nigricans in severe obese children were higher than those in moderate obesity. The proportion of children with 2 or more cardiometabolic risk factors in severe obese children was higher than in moderate obese children.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence rates of obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors among children and adolescents in Beijing showed an increase during 2004-2013.</p>

The current status of physical activity in urban school-aged children and its association with obesity / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the current status of physical activity among urban school-aged children and its association with obesity.Methods 295 pupils,aged 9 to 13 years were selected,using the method of convenience sampling.Data on anthropometric measurements was collected,including weight and height.Questionnaire survey,clinic examination,dietary investigation of school lunch and surveillance on 7-day physical activity by pedometers,were done and Multi-linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between waist to height ratio (WHtR),fat mass percentage (FMP),body mass index (BMI) and physical activity.Single-variable and multiple non-conditional logistic regression modeling were applied to analyze data collected from obesity and physical activities.Results 15.5％ of boys and 13.1％ of girls reached 60 minutes per day of ‘ moderate-vigorous physical activities’.Compared with normal children,overweight/obesity children showed an increase of sedentary activity time,total energy expenditure,and energy expenditure of physical activity.With the increase of 1 hours daily on going to school by private car,WHtR and FMP increased by 0.01 and 2.06 units,respectively.FMP increased 0.89 units among with the increase of sedentary activity time,1 hour daily.BMI and the intake of leafy vegetables (eg.spinach,cabbage)showed a negative correlation.As the frequency of leafy vegetables consumption increased once weekly,BMI fell 0.10 units.After adjustment for sex and age,the risk of overweight/obesity was 3.82-fold (95％CI:1.17-12.47) among children who had sedentary activity time more than 120 min/ d,than those having less than 120 min/d.Conclusion Our data showed that children' s daily physical activity was not enough and measures should be taken to decrease the time of sedentary behavior and increase the energy expenditure through physical activities.