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To explore the epidemiological characteristics, trends and relevant factors of pre-hospital mortality due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) from 1999 to 2016 in Tianjin city, based on mortality surveillance information and household registration population information. Standardized mortality rates were calculated using the year 2000 world standard population. From 1999 to 2016, the research result showed that the pre-hospital crude mortality rates of AMI were 39.47/100 000 to 90.64/100 000 and the standardized mortality rates were 30.92/100 000 to 53.90/100 000. The proportion of pre-hospital AMI deaths was 73.96%-81.92% (t=1.09, P>0.05) within the same period. Aged, female, rural residents, unmarried, divorced, widowed, low education level, and outdoor workers have a relative higher proportion of pre-hospital AMI mortality.
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From 1999 to 2015, there were 6 186 cases of leukemia deaths in tianjin residents, the males accounted for 58.28% (3 605) and 52.31% (3 236) deaths lived in urban areas; the crude mortality rate of Leukemia increased from 3.47/100 000 to 4.28/100 000 [t=7.09, P<0.001, annual percent change (APC)=1.30%] and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 3.15/100 000 to 3.01/100 000 (t=-2.95, P=0.006, APC=-0.65%). Special attention should be focused on children, the elderly, males and rural residents.
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Objective@#To explore the trends and distribution of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality of the residents with different characteristics from 2000 to 2016 in Tianjin.@*Methods@#COPD mortality data in 2000-2016 were from Tianjin population based mortality surveillance system. The mortality rate of COPD, difference in the rate by gender, age, and geographic distribution, and the trend over years were analyzed. Age-sex-standardized mortality rates of COPD were calculated using the year 2000 world standard population. Joinpoint regression and Cochran-Armitage trend analysis were used to examine the trend of mortality.@*Results@#The crude COPD mortality rate in Tianjin decreased from 57.57/100 000 in 2000 to 28.23/100 000 in 2016 (annual percent change (APC)=-5.01%, Z=-64.76, P<0.001), and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 56.53/100 000 in 2000 to13.88/100 000 in 2016 (APC=-9.17%, Z=-100.83, P<0.001). The crude COPD mortality rate of males decreased from 54.57/100 000 to 27.77/100 000 (APC=-4.89%, Z=-43.63, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 57.52/100 000 to 14.63/100 000 (APC=-9.07%, Z=-71.48, P<0.001). The crude COPD mortality rate of females decreased from 60.63/100 000 to 28.68/100 000 (APC=-5.12%, Z=-47.92, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 55.53/100 000 to 13 13/100 000 (APC=-9.27%, Z=-71.13, P<0.001). The crude mortality rate of COPD in urban areas decreased from 45.07/100 000 to 19.54/100 000 (APC=-5.35%, Z=-42.38, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 39.24/100 000 to 7.45/100 000 (Z=-63.97, P<0.001, APC=-10.22%). The crude mortality rate of COPD in rural areas decreased from 70.20/100 000 to 37.24/100 000 (APC=-4.77%, Z=-48.77, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 78.88/100 000 to 25.70/100 000 (APC=-7.59%, Z=-72.43, P<0.001). The COPD mortality rate in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas (P<0.001). The COPD mortality rate in 35 years old and over decreased from 2000 to 2016 (P<0.001).@*Conclusion@#The COPD mortality in Tianjin decreased from 2000 to 2016. More efforts are need to reduce COPD mortality in Tianjin, in particular people in rural areas.
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Objective@#To explore the trends and distribution of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) mortality of the residents with different characteristics from 1999 to 2015 in Tianjin.@*Methods@#ICH mortality data in 1999-2015 were from Tianjin population based mortality surveillance system. The mortality rate of ICH, difference in the rate by gender, age, and geographic distribution, and trends over the years were analyzed. Standardized mortality rates of ICH were calculated using the year 2000 world standard population. Joinpoint regression and Cochran-Armitage trend were used to examine the trends in mortality.@*Results@#A total of 102 279 ICH death cases were observed in Tianjin from year 1999 to 2015. The crude ICH mortality rate in Tianjin decreased from 76.35/100 000 in 1999 to 51.46/100 000 in 2015 (annual percent change (APC)=-1.96%, Z=-31.08, P<0.001) , and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 72.41/100 000 to 29.00/100 000 (APC=-5.20%, Z=-70.91, P<0.001). The crude mortality rate of ICH mortality in males decreased from 87.26/100 000 to 59.89/100 000 (APC=-1.79%, Z=-21.71, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 85.65/100 000 to 35.75/100 000 (APC=-4.93%, Z=-52.32, P<0.001). The crude mortality rate of ICH mortality in females decreased from 65.21/100 000 to 42.98/100 000 (APC=-2.18%, Z=-22.28, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 59.17/100 000 to 22.26/100 000 (APC=-5.63%, Z=-48.15, P<0.001). The ICH mortality rate under 35 years old increased from 0.78/100 000 to 0.92/100 000 (APC=4.41%, Z=5.07, P<0.001), especially in males increasing from 0.90/100 000 to 1.54/100 000 (APC=6.59%, Z=6.52, P<0.001). The crude mortality rate of ICH in urban areas decreased from 69.74/100 000 to 41.79/100 000 (APC=-3.18%, Z=-31.43, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 57.56/100 000 to 20.42/100 000 (APC=-6.59%, Z=-53.43, P<0.001). The crude mortality rate of ICH in rural areas decreased from 82.99/100 000 to 61.49/100 000 (APC=-1.10%, Z=-14.06, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 91.55/100 000 to 43.14/100 000 (APC=-3.78%, Z=-43.21, P<0.001). The ICH mortality rate in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#ICH mortality rate in Tianjin decreased from 1999 to 2015. Further efforts to reduce ICH mortality in Tianjin is needed, in particular males, under 35 years old, and people in rural areas.
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Objective@#To explore the trends and distribution of cerebral infarction between sexes, ages and urban-rural areas from 1999 to 2015 in Tianjin, China, and provide data for targeted prevention and control strategies of cerebral infarction in Tianjin.@*Methods@#Cerebral infarction mortality data from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2015 were obtained from Tianjin population based mortality surveillance system established by the Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and population data of permanent residents were obtained from Tianjin Municipal Public Security Bureau. The trends change and affecting factors including gender, age, and geographic distribution on mortality following cerebral infarction were analyzed.@*Results@#(1) Cerebral infarction mortality rate in Tianjin increased from 1999 to 2015 with the crude mortality rate of 57.06/100 000 to 105.22/100 000 (Z=59.65, P<0.01, annual percent change(APC)=3.39%) and decreased with the standardized mortality rate from 55.59/100 000 to 56.12/100 000 (Z=-5.47, P<0.01, APC=-0.35%). (2) The crude mortality rate (64.23/100 000 to 118.72/100 000) and standardized mortality rate (65.44/100 000 to 67.23/100 000) of male cerebral infarction was higher than that of female (crude: 49.73/100 000 to 91.64/1/100 000, standardized: 45.73/100 000 to 45.01/100 000) from 1999 to 2015. (3) With the increase of age, the mortality of cerebral infarction increased gradually from 1999 to 2015 (all Z>0.00,all P<0.01). (4) The mortality rate of cerebral infarction in urban areas increased with the crude mortality rate from 71.43/100 000 to 103.20/100 000 (Z=17.34, P<0.01, APC=1.30%) and decreased with the standardized mortality rate from 61.04/100 000 to 43.77/100 000 (Z=-32.49, P<0.01, APC=-3.06%) from 1999 to 2015. The mortality rate of cerebral infarction in rural areas increased with the crude mortality rate from 42.63/100 000 to 107.32/100 000 (Z=69.14, P<0.01, APC=5.95%) and with the standardized mortality rate from 48.34/100 000 to 77.09/100 000 (Z=36.88, P<0.01, APC=5.95%) from 1999 to 2015.@*Conclusions@#Cerebral infarction crude mortality increased and standardized mortality decreased from 1999 to 2015 in Tianjin. Further efforts to reduce cerebral infarction mortality in Tianjin are needed, special attention should be focused on the elderly, male and rural residents.
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OBJECTIVE:To investigate the role of clinical pharmacists in the anti-infection treatment for gas gangrene chil-dren. METHODS:Clinical pharmacists participated in the anti-infection treatment of a child with gas gangrene;according to clini-cal symptoms and consultation opinions of different departments,it was suggested to use Piperacillin sodium and tazobactam sodi-um for injection for initial anti-infection treatment. After debridement and drainage of left lower limb,removal of necrotic tissue, clinical pharmacists suggested to stop giving Piperacillin sodium and tazobactam sodium for injection and use Benzylpenicillin sodi-um for injection combined with Imipenem and cilastatin sodium for injection instead for anti-infection treatment according to etiolog-ical characteristic of gas gangrene and related guidelines. According to the results of bacterial culture of wound secretion and drug sensitivity test,clinical pharmacists additionally suggested to use Clindamycin hydrochloride and sodium chloride injection 0.6 g, q8 h,ivgtt to inhibit the generation of Clostridium perfringens.According to the changes of patient's signs and etiological results, it was suggested to stop taking Clindamycin hydrochloride and sodium chloride injection,use Vancomycin hydrochloride for injec-tion successively. RESULTS:The physicians adopted the suggestions of clinical pharmacists.After surgical treatment and anti-infec-tion treatment,the patient's condition was improved,the vital signs were stable,and the patient was transferred to the general ward of orthopedics department for further treatment. CONCLUSIONS:Clinical pharmacists participate in the treatment of gas gan-grene child,and assist physicians to formulate and adjust anti-infection treatment plan according to related guidelines,clinical symp-toms,etiological examination results and consultation opinions,so as to guarantee safe and effective drug use.
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OBJECTIVE:To investigate the role of clinical pharmacists in the anti-infection treatment for gas gangrene chil-dren. METHODS:Clinical pharmacists participated in the anti-infection treatment of a child with gas gangrene;according to clini-cal symptoms and consultation opinions of different departments,it was suggested to use Piperacillin sodium and tazobactam sodi-um for injection for initial anti-infection treatment. After debridement and drainage of left lower limb,removal of necrotic tissue, clinical pharmacists suggested to stop giving Piperacillin sodium and tazobactam sodium for injection and use Benzylpenicillin sodi-um for injection combined with Imipenem and cilastatin sodium for injection instead for anti-infection treatment according to etiolog-ical characteristic of gas gangrene and related guidelines. According to the results of bacterial culture of wound secretion and drug sensitivity test,clinical pharmacists additionally suggested to use Clindamycin hydrochloride and sodium chloride injection 0.6 g, q8 h,ivgtt to inhibit the generation of Clostridium perfringens.According to the changes of patient's signs and etiological results, it was suggested to stop taking Clindamycin hydrochloride and sodium chloride injection,use Vancomycin hydrochloride for injec-tion successively. RESULTS:The physicians adopted the suggestions of clinical pharmacists.After surgical treatment and anti-infec-tion treatment,the patient's condition was improved,the vital signs were stable,and the patient was transferred to the general ward of orthopedics department for further treatment. CONCLUSIONS:Clinical pharmacists participate in the treatment of gas gan-grene child,and assist physicians to formulate and adjust anti-infection treatment plan according to related guidelines,clinical symp-toms,etiological examination results and consultation opinions,so as to guarantee safe and effective drug use.
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Objective To explore the trends and distribution of premature mortality caused by four main non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,cancer,chronic respiratory disease and diabetes in different sex and residential areas in Tianjin so as to provide basis for setting up prevention and control programs on premature mortality.Methods Population data on premature mortality in 1999-2015 were from the'Tianjin population based mortality surveillance system'maintained by Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Data related to permanent residents was from the Tianjin Municipal Public Security Bureau.Standardized premature mortality rates were calculated and adjusted for age and gender according to the ‘2000 world standard population'.Premature mortality probabilities were analyzed according to the methods recommended by WHO.Joinpoint regression and Cochran-Armitage trend methods were used to determine the significance of differences on the trends of mortality.Results From 1999 to 2015,the prematmre mortality appeared consistent (P＜0.001) declining in the above-said four diseases with the APC of probabilities as-2.92％,-1.13％,-9.51％ and-3.39％,respectively.The probabilities of premature mortality were all declining consistently in both men and women and in both urban and rural areas in Tianjin.From 1999 to 2015,the probabilities of the four main NCDs were between 19.67％ and 12.85％ (APC=-2.49％,P＜0.001),higher in women (from 17.02％ to 9.17％,APC=-3.84％,P＜0.001) than that in men (from 22.27％ to 16.47％,APC=-1.59％,P＜0.001),in urban (from 21.04％ to 12.34％,APC=-3.26％,P＜0.001) than that in rural areas (from 17.80％ to 13.54％,APC=-1.54％,P＜0.001).Conclusion Our findings suggested that premature mortality in Tianjin was decreasing during 1999-2015 but attention should still be called for on males and people living in the rural areas to further reducing the premature mortality.
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Objective To analyze the influence of smoking on deaths in residents aged 35-79 years and the effects of smoking cessation in Tianjin. Methods The data of 39499 death cases aged 35-79 years in 2016 in Tianjin were collected, the risks for deaths caused by smoking related diseases and excess deaths as well as effects of smoking cessation were analyzed after adjusting 5 year old age group, education level and marital status. Results Among the 39499 deaths cases, 1589 (13.56%) were caused by smoking, the percentage of the excess mortality of lung cancer caused by smoking was highest (47.60%);the risk of death due to lung cancer in smokers was 2.75 times higher than that in non-smokers (95%CI:2.47-3.06). Among the female deaths, 183 (7.29%) were caused by smoking, the percentage of the excess mortality of lung cancer was highest (28.90%);and the risk of death of lung cancer in smokers was 4.04 times higher than that in non-smokers (95%CI:3.49-4.68). The OR for disease in ex-smokers was 0.80 compared with 1.00 in smokers (95%CI: 0.72-0.90). The OR in males who had quitted smoking for≥10 years was lower (0.74, 95%CI:0.63-0.86) than that in those who had quitted smoking for 1-9 years (0.85, 95%CI:0.74-0.98), but the difference was not significant. Conclusion Smoking is one of the most important risk factors for deaths in residents in Tianjin. Smoking cessation can benefit people's health.
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We described the time trend of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) from 1999 to 2013 in Tianjin incidence rate with Cochran-Armitage trend (CAT) test and linear regression analysis,and the results were compared.Based on actual population,CAT test had much stronger statistical power than linear regression analysis for both overall incidence trend and age specific incidence trend (Cochran-Armitage trend P value＜linear regression P value).The statistical power of CAT test decreased,while the result of linear regression analysis remained the same when population size was reduced by 100 times and AMI incidence rate remained unchanged.The two statistical methods have their advantages and disadvantages.It is necessary to choose statistical method according the fitting degree of data,or comprehensively analyze the results of two methods.
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Objective To explore the trends and distribution of premature mortality caused by four main non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,cancer,chronic respiratory disease and diabetes in different sex and residential areas in Tianjin so as to provide basis for setting up prevention and control programs on premature mortality.Methods Population data on premature mortality in 1999-2015 were from the'Tianjin population based mortality surveillance system'maintained by Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Data related to permanent residents was from the Tianjin Municipal Public Security Bureau.Standardized premature mortality rates were calculated and adjusted for age and gender according to the ‘2000 world standard population'.Premature mortality probabilities were analyzed according to the methods recommended by WHO.Joinpoint regression and Cochran-Armitage trend methods were used to determine the significance of differences on the trends of mortality.Results From 1999 to 2015,the prematmre mortality appeared consistent (P＜0.001) declining in the above-said four diseases with the APC of probabilities as-2.92％,-1.13％,-9.51％ and-3.39％,respectively.The probabilities of premature mortality were all declining consistently in both men and women and in both urban and rural areas in Tianjin.From 1999 to 2015,the probabilities of the four main NCDs were between 19.67％ and 12.85％ (APC=-2.49％,P＜0.001),higher in women (from 17.02％ to 9.17％,APC=-3.84％,P＜0.001) than that in men (from 22.27％ to 16.47％,APC=-1.59％,P＜0.001),in urban (from 21.04％ to 12.34％,APC=-3.26％,P＜0.001) than that in rural areas (from 17.80％ to 13.54％,APC=-1.54％,P＜0.001).Conclusion Our findings suggested that premature mortality in Tianjin was decreasing during 1999-2015 but attention should still be called for on males and people living in the rural areas to further reducing the premature mortality.
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Objective To analyze the influence of smoking on deaths in residents aged 35-79 years and the effects of smoking cessation in Tianjin. Methods The data of 39499 death cases aged 35-79 years in 2016 in Tianjin were collected, the risks for deaths caused by smoking related diseases and excess deaths as well as effects of smoking cessation were analyzed after adjusting 5 year old age group, education level and marital status. Results Among the 39499 deaths cases, 1589 (13.56%) were caused by smoking, the percentage of the excess mortality of lung cancer caused by smoking was highest (47.60%);the risk of death due to lung cancer in smokers was 2.75 times higher than that in non-smokers (95%CI:2.47-3.06). Among the female deaths, 183 (7.29%) were caused by smoking, the percentage of the excess mortality of lung cancer was highest (28.90%);and the risk of death of lung cancer in smokers was 4.04 times higher than that in non-smokers (95%CI:3.49-4.68). The OR for disease in ex-smokers was 0.80 compared with 1.00 in smokers (95%CI: 0.72-0.90). The OR in males who had quitted smoking for≥10 years was lower (0.74, 95%CI:0.63-0.86) than that in those who had quitted smoking for 1-9 years (0.85, 95%CI:0.74-0.98), but the difference was not significant. Conclusion Smoking is one of the most important risk factors for deaths in residents in Tianjin. Smoking cessation can benefit people's health.
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We described the time trend of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) from 1999 to 2013 in Tianjin incidence rate with Cochran-Armitage trend (CAT) test and linear regression analysis,and the results were compared.Based on actual population,CAT test had much stronger statistical power than linear regression analysis for both overall incidence trend and age specific incidence trend (Cochran-Armitage trend P value＜linear regression P value).The statistical power of CAT test decreased,while the result of linear regression analysis remained the same when population size was reduced by 100 times and AMI incidence rate remained unchanged.The two statistical methods have their advantages and disadvantages.It is necessary to choose statistical method according the fitting degree of data,or comprehensively analyze the results of two methods.
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Objective@#To explore the trends change in mortality following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) from 1999 to 2015 in Tianjin, China.@*Methods@#AMI mortality data from 1999 to 2015 were obtained from Tianjin population based mortality surveillance system operated by the Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and population data of permanent residents were obtained from Tianjin Municipal Public Security Bureau. The trends change and affecting factors including gender, age, and geographic distribution on mortality following AMI were analyzed.@*Results@#(1)The standardized mortality rate of AMI in Tianjin from 1999 to 2015 was 52.32/100 000 to 48.62/100 000. Adjusted AMI mortality rate from 1999 to 2013 was 52.32/100 000 to 73.72/100 000, indicating an increased trend(Z=32.15, P<0.001)with an annual percent change (APC) of 2.53%. Adjusted AMI mortality rate was decreased from 2013 to 2015: 73.72/100 000 to 48.62/100 000 (Z=-22.80, P<0.001), and APC was -19.07%. Above trends change was similar for male and female residents (all P<0.001). (2)The AMI standardized mortality rate of male was significantly higher than that of female during the 17 years. The AMI standardized mortality of male was significantly higher than that of female in<35, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64 and ≥65 years old group, respectively. AMI mortality rate increased with age. (3)Except in the year of 2002 and 2003, the AMI mortality rate were significantly higher in rural residents than in urban residents during this study period (P<0.001). Adjusted AMI mortality in urban residents increased from 1999 to 2009(Z=8.05, P<0.001, APC=1.43%), and decreased in the year from 2009 to 2015 (Z=-18.71, P<0.001, APC=-6.32%). Adjusted AMI mortality in rural residents increased in the year of 1999 to 2013(Z=56.05, P<0.001, APC=5.84%), and decreased in the year of 2013 to 2015 (Z=-24.40, P<0.001, APC=-21.35%).@*Conclusions@#Our results suggest that AMI mortality in Tianjin increased from 1999 to 2013, and decreased from 2013 to 2015, and male and rural residents have higher AMI mortality. Related prevention and intervention measures should be taken to decrease AMI mortality, especially for male and rural residents.
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Objective@#To observe the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) between 1999 and 2013 in Tianjin residents and analyze the incidence differences on residents with various age, gender and living in urban or rural areas. The data might help for targeted prevention strategies among Tianjin residents.@*Methods@#AMI incidence data between 1999 and 2013 were obtained based on Tianjin cardiovascular disease incidence surveillance registry established by the Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Related information such as permanent residents′ population data were obtained from Tianjin Municipal Public Security Bureau. The Chinese population data in 2000 were used for age-sex-standardized rates estimation. Difference between two (or more) independent groups was compared by the Chi Square statistics. The Chi-square test for trend was used for computing the incidence trend in years and ages.@*Results@#AMI incidence rate in Tianjin declined from the year 1999 to 2013 with the rude incidence rate of 80.46/100 000 to 81.29/100 000, and with the standardized incidence rate of 64.85/100 000 to 44.57/100 000 (Z=-35.767, P<0.001). AMI incidence decreased gradually in residents aged over 45 years old (P<0.01), but increased in residents younger than 45 years old (P<0.001) from 1999 to 2013. The AMI incidence rate is consistently higher in male residents (rude incidence 99.89/100 000-102.98/100 000, standardized incidence rate 78.53/100 000-56.61/100 000) than in female residents (rude incidence 61.18/100 000-59.44/100 000, standardized incidence rate 50.31/100 000-31.76/100 000, both P<0.001) and higher in urban residents (rude incidence rate 133.98/100 000-98.02/100 000, standardized incidence rate 99.89/100 000-50.12/100 000) than in rural residents (rude incidence rate 35.57/100 000-66.19/100 000, standardized incidence rate 32.68/100 000-43.51/100 000, Z=6.217, P<0.001). AMI incidence decreased significantly in the urban residents (rude incidence rate 133.98/100 000-98.02/100 000, standardized incidence rate 99.89/100 000-50.12/100 000, Z=-46.968, P<0.001), while significantly increased in rural residents (rude incidence rate 35.57/100 000-66.19/100 000, standardized incidence rate 32.68/100 000-43.51/100 000, Z=6.217, P<0.001) during the study period.@*Conclusions@#The general incidence of AMI decreased during the study period in Tianjin residents. However, AMI incidence significantly increased in young male residents and rural residents. It is necessary to develop corresponding strategies for AMI control for Tianjin residents with different age/gender and living in different areas.
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Objective To explore the causes of death and life expectancy after elimination of main causes of disease in residents of Tianjin. Methods The death registry data of Tianjin residents in 2014 were collected and coded in“international classification of disease, 10th edition”. The crude death rate and life expectancy after elimination of main causes of disease were calculated, respectively. Results In 2014, the crude death rate in Tianjin residents was 70.708 per million, while in male and female were 78.728 and 62.637 per million respectively. The main cause of death in Tianjin residents was non-communicable disease. The top four death causes were heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease and respiratory disease, accounting for 31.5%, 23.6%, 22.2% and 8.3% of the total death. The top four life expectancy lost diseases were heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, cancer and respiratory disease, with a 6.46 year, 3.28 year, 3.11 year and 1.25 year life increase respectively. Conclusion Non-communicable diseases are the major reason of death and life expectancy lost disease in Tianjin residents, which needs urgent effective intervention to control.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the smoking-attributed mortality by inclusion of smoking information into all causes of death surveillance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Since 2010, the information about smoking status, smoking history and the number of cigarettes smoked daily had been added in death surveillance system. The measures of training, supervision, check, sampling survey and telephone verifying were taken to increase death reporting rate and reduce data missing rate and underreporting rate. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factors for smoking-attributed mortality.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During the study period (2010-2014), the annual death reporting rates ranged from 6.5‰ to 7.0‰. The reporting rates of smoking status, smoking history and the number of cigarettes smoked daily were 95.53%, 98.63% and 98.58%, respectively. Compared with the nonsmokers, the RR of males was 1.38 (1.33-1.43) for all causes of death and 3.07 (2.91-3.24) for lung cancer due to smoking, the RR of females was 1.46 (1.39-1.54) for all causes of death and 4.07 (3.81-4.35) for lung cancer due to smoking, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The study of smoking attributed mortality can be developed with less investment by using the stable and effective all causes of death surveillance system in Tianjin.</p>
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Female , Humans , Male , Cause of Death , China , Epidemiology , Logistic Models , Lung Neoplasms , Mortality , Multivariate Analysis , Population Surveillance , Methods , Risk Factors , Smoking , MortalityABSTRACT
Objective To study the drug resistance of infection bacteria deriving from acute appendicitis patients.Methods The separation and the drug sensitive characteristic of bacteria deriving from the specimen of acute appendicitis patients were ana-lyzed,who were admitted in the general department of our hospital from January to June 2013.Results One hundred and six bacte-ria strains were isolated.Among them,100 (94.34%)strains were Gram negative bacteria strains,including escherichia coli,kleb-siella pneumonia bacillus and verdigris fake single spore bacterium,in a proportion of 67.92%,1 1.32% and 5.66% respectively. The resistance of piperacillin,ciprofloxacin,gentamycin,levofloxacin,tobramycin and cefepime was high in Gram negative bacteria, while the lower resistance to piperacillin/ tazobactam,cefoxitin and imipenem.Conclusion The resistant rate of acute appendicitis infection bacteria is high.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the mortality attributable to smoking in different work environments among male citizens in Tianjin, China, and to provide scientific evidence for banning smoking in workplaces and public places.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data of 38 312 male deaths 18-69 years of age in Tianjin from 2010 to 2012 were collected. The risk of death due to lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases attributed to smoking in different work environments was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the male deaths 18-69 years of age in Tianjin, 22.57% were caused by smoking, and the life scan of smokers was shortened by 5 years on average. The smokers who started smoking at an early age and had high dialy cigarette consumption were at high risk of death.The risk of death due to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases among workers in indoor workshop(OR=1.82,95%CI: 1.55 2.15), indoor office personnel (OR=1.59, 95%CI: 1.39-1.81) Indoor public places (OR=1 .55, 95%U: 1.19 2.01) were higher than outdoor workers (OR=1.23,95%CI: 1.12-1.35). The risk of death due to lung cancer among workers in indoor workshop (OR =3.80,95% CI: 3.03-4.76), indoor office personnel (OR =3.04,95% CI: 2.48-3.73) Indoor public places (OR =4.63,95% CI:3.08-6.96)were higher than outdoor workers (OR 2.57,95% CI:2.22-2.97). The risk of death due to lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases among indoor workers was higher than that among outdoor workers. The risk of death due to lung cancer among indoor workers in public places who started smoking when they were younger than 18 years of age was higher than those among outdoor workers and other indoor workers.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Smoking is a major risk factor for mortality among male citizens in Tianjin, and also a key factor for the loss of labor productivity. Indoor workers have a higher risk of mortality than outdoor workers. In order to reduce the mortality attributable to smoking, effective actions should be taken as soon as possible to ban smoking in indoor workplaces.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Cardiovascular Diseases , Mortality , China , Epidemiology , Lung Neoplasms , Mortality , Occupations , Risk Factors , Smoking , Mortality , WorkplaceABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the integrated effects of tobacco control programs through comparing the pre- and post-implementation of the Tianjin Tobacco Control Act (Act), in 4 successive years.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Case-related data on myocardial infarction was collected by Tianjin Surveillance System, New Case Registry. Both the representative sample size of indoor working places and public places for observation and PM2.5 monitored were selected through the calculation of Survey System, while the representative sample size of people involved in the survey for interview was under the Door to Door and Intercept.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Through comparing the pre- and post-implementation programs on Act, the posting of "No Smoking Sign" had become much more visible in hospitals, schools, governmental buildings and the waiting areas of public transportation. People smoked much less in the main public places, excepting for hotels and public bath rooms (P < 0.05). Exposure to secondhand smoking (SHS) had a 26.5% (P < 0.01) decline, than the Act was implemented in workplace and public place. Despite the number of cases increased in the entire population in Tianjin (β = -0.061, P = 0.00; β = 0.059, P = 0.00), cases with myocardial infarction presented at the hospitals were declining annually, among the indoor workers.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Act showed a positive effect in decreasing the number of smokers in public places thus protecting people from the negative effects on SHS. Message on health effect and social benefits on tobacco control should be disseminated to facilitate the comprehensive implementation of the Act.</p>