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Objective: To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis, prognosis of malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis (MMTVT). Methods: The clinicopathological data of 7 patients with MMTVT who treated at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center between January 2010 and October 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Cases were first diagnosed at (M (IQR)) 49 (23) years old (range: 27 to 64 years old). The main clinical manifestations were scrotal enlargement (7 cases) and hydrocele (2 cases). Results: Three patients underwent radical orchiectomy as initial treatment, 2 cases underwent hydrocelectomy due to diagnosis of hydrocele, followed by radical orchiectomy at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and 2 cases underwent transscrotal orchiectomy. Common tumor markers of testicular cancer were not significantly elevated in MMTVT. The expression of tumor PD-L1 was positive in 2 out of the 3 cases. One patient received adjuvant chemotherapy and 2 patients received first-line chemotherapy after tumor recurrence. Chemotherapy regimens used include cisplatin+pemetrexed. Up to October 2022, 3 cases relapsed, of which 2 cases died. The median overall survival was 35 months (range: 4 to 87 months) and the median progression-free survival was 6 months (range: 2 to 87 months). Conclusions: MMTVT at early stage should be treated with early radical orchiectomy and followed up closely after surgery. The cisplatin+pemetrexed regimen is a common option for the treatment of metastatic MMTVT, while whether immune checkpoint inhibitors could serve as a second-line treatment option deserves further research.
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OBJECTIVE@#To explore the genotyping characteristics of human fecal Escherichia coli( E. coli) and the relationships between antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and multidrug resistance (MDR) of E. coli in Miyun District, Beijing, an area with high incidence of infectious diarrheal cases but no related data.@*METHODS@#Over a period of 3 years, 94 E. coli strains were isolated from fecal samples collected from Miyun District Hospital, a surveillance hospital of the National Pathogen Identification Network. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined by the broth microdilution method. ARGs, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and polymorphism trees were analyzed using whole-genome sequencing data (WGS).@*RESULTS@#This study revealed that 68.09% of the isolates had MDR, prevalent and distributed in different clades, with a relatively high rate and low pathogenicity. There was no difference in MDR between the diarrheal (49/70) and healthy groups (15/24).@*CONCLUSION@#We developed a random forest (RF) prediction model of TEM.1 + baeR + mphA + mphB + QnrS1 + AAC.3-IId to identify MDR status, highlighting its potential for early resistance identification. The causes of MDR are likely mobile units transmitting the ARGs. In the future, we will continue to strengthen the monitoring of ARGs and MDR, and increase the number of strains to further verify the accuracy of the MDR markers.
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Humans , Escherichia coli/genetics , Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology , Multilocus Sequence Typing , Genotype , Beijing , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Diarrhea , Microbial Sensitivity TestsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To predict the trends for fine-scale spread of Oncomelania hupensis based on supervised machine learning models in Shanghai Municipality, so as to provide insights into precision O. hupensis snail control.@*METHODS@#Based on 2016 O. hupensis snail survey data in Shanghai Municipality and climatic, geographical, vegetation and socioeconomic data relating to O. hupensis snail distribution, seven supervised machine learning models were created to predict the risk of snail spread in Shanghai, including decision tree, random forest, generalized boosted model, support vector machine, naive Bayes, k-nearest neighbor and C5.0. The performance of seven models for predicting snail spread was evaluated with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), F1-score and accuracy, and optimal models were selected to identify the environmental variables affecting snail spread and predict the areas at risk of snail spread in Shanghai Municipality.@*RESULTS@#Seven supervised machine learning models were successfully created to predict the risk of snail spread in Shanghai Municipality, and random forest (AUC = 0.901, F1-score = 0.840, ACC = 0.797) and generalized boosted model (AUC= 0.889, F1-score = 0.869, ACC = 0.835) showed higher predictive performance than other models. Random forest analysis showed that the three most important climatic variables contributing to snail spread in Shanghai included aridity (11.87%), ≥ 0 °C annual accumulated temperature (10.19%), moisture index (10.18%) and average annual precipitation (9.86%), the two most important vegetation variables included the vegetation index of the first quarter (8.30%) and vegetation index of the second quarter (7.69%). Snails were more likely to spread at aridity of < 0.87, ≥ 0 °C annual accumulated temperature of 5 550 to 5 675 °C, moisture index of > 39% and average annual precipitation of > 1 180 mm, and with the vegetation index of the first quarter of > 0.4 and the vegetation index of the first quarter of > 0.6. According to the water resource developments and township administrative maps, the areas at risk of snail spread were mainly predicted in 10 townships/subdistricts, covering the Xipian, Dongpian and Tainan sections of southern Shanghai.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Supervised machine learning models are effective to predict the risk of fine-scale O. hupensis snail spread and identify the environmental determinants relating to snail spread. The areas at risk of O. hupensis snail spread are mainly located in southwestern Songjiang District, northwestern Jinshan District and southeastern Qingpu District of Shanghai Municipality.
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Animals , Bayes Theorem , China/epidemiology , Ecosystem , Gastropoda , Supervised Machine LearningABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo study the effects of different plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria （PGPR） on the growth of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis seedlings and the quality of its medicinal parts， in order to provide reference for the cultivation of high-quality P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. MethodThe pot culture experiment at room temperature and the single-factor completely random design were employed for exploring the effects of five PGPR on physiological characteristics and inorganic elements of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. ResultThe results showed that the exogenous inoculation of different PGPR promoted the growth and development of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis to varying degrees， delayed the senescence of leaves， and improved the medicinal value of new and old rhizomes. Compared with the non-inoculated control， the exogenous inoculation of compound microbial fertilizer （FH） and microbial agent Sanju Guanjin liquid （SJ） enhanced the root vigor， increased the content of photosynthetic pigments and the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes ［superoxide dismutase （SOD）， catalase （CAT）， and peroxidase （POD）］， and reduced the content of malondialdehyde （MDA） in leaves. Their inhibition rates against MDA were 10.46%-39.62% and 20.99%-53.12%， respectively. With the growth of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis， the inhibition rate against MDA gradually increased， which effectively delayed the senescence of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis leaves. In addition， the exogenous inoculation of different PGPR promoted the accumulation of nutrient elements in new and old rhizomes， lowered the heavy metal content to varying degrees， and improved the medicinal value of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis rhizomes. ConclusionFH and SJ have exhibited the best promoting effect on the growth of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis seedlings and also the best regulatory effect on the medicinal value of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis rhizomes， which has provided reference for the application and promotion of PGPR in the growth of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis.
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The nuclear transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. The aberrant NRF2 signaling confers enhanced antioxidant capacity, which is linked to tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. The current study investigates the biological effects and molecular mechanism of tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3), a stress-induced protein, in regulating cell survival and apoptosis in lung cancer. This study first performed the RNA sequencing data analysis with 576 lung adenocarcinoma patients from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) database. The NRF2- antioxidant response element (ARE) signature was enriched in patients with high TRIB3 expression. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to confirm the effect of TRIB3 on the kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (KEAP1)-NRF2 pathway. Abrogation of TRIB3 impaired NRF2 transcriptional activity and reduced the expression of its target genes. Moreover, TRIB3 enhanced NRF2 stability via blocking KEAP1-NRF2 interaction. TRIB3-depletion promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, restrained cell proliferation, and enhanced carboplatin-induced apoptosis. In addition, NRF2 overexpression recovered the tumor inhibition effect of TRIB3-depletion. Consistently, TRIB3 failed to modulate apoptosis in NRF2 depletion cells. In summary, this study shows that TRIB3 inhibits the KEAP1-NRF2 interaction and upregulates the transcriptional activity of NRF2, thereby promoting lung cancer cell proliferation and reducing the sensitivity to chemotherapy. Targeting the TRIB3-NRF2 signal axis may become a new strategy for ROS homeostasis and lung cancer treatment.
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Microplastics refer to plastic fibers, particles, or films with a particle size less than 5 mm, and microplastics pollution has become one of the major global environmental problems. Microplastics can be exposed to the human body through ingestion, inhalation and skin contact, affecting maternal and fetal health through mechanisms such as cytotoxicity and signal transduction, energy homeostasis and metabolic disorders, immune dysfunction, and as carriers of microorganisms or toxic chemicals. The purpose of this paper is to review the physical and chemical properties of microplastics, human exposure pathways, maternal-fetal effects, and its mechanisms.
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Chemokines are small cytokines with chemotactic activity, they are involved in regulating immune responses and inflammatory responses. In the development of tumors, chemokines are multi-functional mediators that not only affect the infiltration of immune cells into the tumor, but also have an important impact on tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Besides, they are important targets of tumor therapy. Here we review chemokines involved in the regulation of signaling pathways, analyze the mechanism of chemokines in the development of breast cancer, summarize the chemokines targeted drugs for breast cancer in recent years and make a prospect about the role of chemokines in anti-breast cancer therapy.
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The aim of this study was to determine whether the anti-fibrotic effects of pirfenidone (Pirf) and nintedanib (Nint) associated with the regulation of the alveolar epithelial type 2 cell (AEC II)-mediated lung alveolar regeneration in single- and multiple-dosage animal models of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. All procedures involving animal treatment were approved according to the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of the Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. We found that the Pirf and Nint treatment of mice decreased the lung weight index, inflammation level, and the content of hydroxyproline compared with nontreated fibrotic mice in the single dosage model. Also, Pirf and Nint increased the oxygen saturation level and improved the lung functions in fibrotic mice, indicating that both drugs have anti-fibrotic effects in this model. However, the anti-fibrotic effects of Pirf and Nint were not observed in the multiple-dosage model. Further studies showed that Pirf and Nint decreased the expression of β-catenin, Axin2, c-Myc, Cyclin D1, and inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, suggesting that Pirf and Nint did not produce anti-fibrotic effects in the multiple-dosage model due to their inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and suppressing the stemness of AEC II, namely, suppressing AEC II-mediated lung alveolar regeneration.
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Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) positive (Ph+) B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is the most common genetic abnormality associated with B-ALL and has been shown to confer the worst prognosis to both children and adults. Increasing evidence has revealed that high tribbles homologue 3 (TRIB3) expression contributes to multi-cancer development and progression, but the underlying role and molecular mechanisms of TRIB3 in Ph+ B-ALL remain unclear. Here, we report that TRIB3 expression was enhanced in Ph+ B-ALL patient samples and positively associated with the expression of breakpoint cluster region-Abelson tyrosine kinase (BCR-ABL). We further demonstrated that deletion of TRIB3 attenuated the progression of Ph+ B-ALL by reducing BCR-ABL expression. Mechanistically, TRIB3 interacted with lysosomal cysteine proteinase cathepsin Z (CTSZ) to suppress CTSZ-mediated BCR-ABL degradation, which enhanced BCR-ABL activity, causing high proliferation of Ph+ B-ALL cells. Thus, our study indicated that inhibiting the expression of TRIB3 to regulate BCR-ABL kinase activity may be exploited as an additional target therapy for Ph+ ALL. Procedures for animal study were performed with approval of the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College. The procedure of human leukemia sample was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (KT2019055-EC-1).
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BACKGROUND@#Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) play an important role in cancer development and progression. However, the mechanism by which they enhance the chemoresistance of ovarian cancer is unknown.@*METHODS@#Conditioned media of BM-MSCs (BM-MSC-CM) were analyzed using a technique based on microRNA arrays. The most highly expressed microRNAs were selected for testing their effects on glycolysis and chemoresistance in SKOV3 and COC1 ovarian cancer cells. The targeted gene and related signaling pathway were investigated using in silico analysis and in vitro cancer cell models. Kaplan-Merier survival analysis was performed on a population of 59 patients enrolled to analyze the clinical significance of microRNA findings in the prognosis of ovarian cancer.@*RESULTS@#MiR-1180 was the most abundant microRNA detected in BM-MSC-CM, which simultaneously induces glycolysis and chemoresistance (against cisplatin) in ovarian cancer cells. The secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) gene was identified as a major target of miR-1180. The overexpression of miR-1180 led to the activation of Wnt signaling and its downstream components, namely Wnt5a, β-catenin, c-Myc, and CyclinD1, which are responsible for glycolysis-induced chemoresistance. The miR-1180 level was inversely correlated with SFRP1 mRNA expression in ovarian cancer tissue. The overexpressed miR-1180 was associated with a poor prognosis for the long-term (96-month) survival of ovarian cancer patients.@*CONCLUSIONS@#BM-MSCs enhance the chemoresistance of ovarian cancer by releasing miR-1180. The released miR-1180 activates the Wnt signaling pathway in cancer cells by targeting SFRP1. The enhanced Wnt signaling upregulates the glycolytic level (i.e. Warburg effect), which reinforces the chemoresistance property of ovarian cancer cells.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Adenosine Triphosphate/chemistry , Bone Marrow Cells/cytology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , Cells, Cultured , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics , Flow Cytometry , Follow-Up Studies , Glycolysis , Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism , Membrane Proteins/metabolism , Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology , MicroRNAs/genetics , Multivariate Analysis , Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics , Up-Regulation , Wnt Signaling PathwayABSTRACT
Background: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) play an important role in cancer development and progression. However, the mechanism by which they enhance the chemoresistance of ovarian cancer is unknown. Methods: Conditioned media of BM-MSCs (BM-MSC-CM) were analyzed using a technique based on microRNA arrays. The most highly expressed microRNAs were selected for testing their effects on glycolysis and chemoresistance in SKOV3 and COC1 ovarian cancer cells. The targeted gene and related signaling pathway were investigated using in silico analysis and in vitro cancer cell models. Kaplan-Merier survival analysis was performed on a population of 59 patients enrolled to analyze the clinical significance of microRNA findings in the prognosis of ovarian cancer. Results: MiR-1180 was the most abundant microRNA detected in BM-MSC-CM, which simultaneously induces glycolysis and chemoresistance (against cisplatin) in ovarian cancer cells. The secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) gene was identified as a major target of miR-1180. The overexpression of miR-1180 led to the activation of Wnt signaling and its downstream components, namely Wnt5a, β-catenin, c-Myc, and CyclinD1, which are responsible for glycolysis-induced chemoresistance. The miR-1180 level was inversely correlated with SFRP1 mRNA expression in ovarian cancer tissue. The overexpressed miR-1180 was associated with a poor prognosis for the long-term (96-month) survival of ovarian cancer patients. Conclusions: BM-MSCs enhance the chemoresistance of ovarian cancer by releasing miR-1180. The released miR-1180 activates the Wnt signaling pathway in cancer cells by targeting SFRP1. The enhanced Wnt signaling upregulates the glycolytic level (i.e. Warburg effect), which reinforces the chemoresistance property of ovarian cancer cells.
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Protein acetylation is a process of adding an acetyl group to a protein lysine residue with the help of acetyltransferase, which is a pivotal protein post-translational modification linking acetyl-CoA metabolism and cell signal transduction. Recently, the development of mass spectrometry has deepened our understanding of lysine acetylation. Lysine acetylation is involved in many processes such as gene transcription, protein degradation, cellular metabolism, and stress response, which affects biological processes by regulating protein interactions, activity, stability and localization. Protein acetylation is widely happened and plays important regulatory roles in a diversity of human diseases such as metabolic diseases, tumors and cardiovascular diseases. Besides, deacetylase inhibitors have displayed a great potential in the treatment of various diseases especially tumors and metabolic associated diseases. In this review, we summarized the advances and application of acetylation, and discussed the remaining problems in this area.
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italic>Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) is an intestinal bacterium that was isolated from human feces in 2004. Its specialization in mucin degradation makes it a key organism that maintains the intestinal mucosal barrier function. A. muciniphila, which is the only representative of the Verrucomicrobia that can be cultured, is relatively easy to be detected in metagenomic analysis. For the past few years, A. muciniphila has quickly attracted the attention of researchers and become a medical and biological hotspot due to the close correlation between its intestinal colonization and the development and progression of various metabolic diseases. This review introduces the biological characteristics and colonization environment of A. muciniphila, and reviews its relationship with host health and disease, especially focusing on the metabolic disease and related mechanism, as well as the factors affecting its colonization in the host, expecting to provide evidence and clues for drug development targeting A. muciniphila.
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Mutation and amplification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), one of the most important driver gene, are both reported to participate in the regulation of lung cancer development and progression. Here we investigated the effect and molecular mechanism of tripartite motif 25 (TRIM25) in the regulation of development of lung cancer. CCK-8 and Transwell assays were used to explore the tumor-promoting effect of TRIM25. Results showed that knockdown of TRIM25 significantly inhibited cell proliferation (34% inhibition rate) and invasion (42% inhibition rate). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), Western blot and immunohistochemistry were adopted to detect the effect of TRIM25 on EGFR expression and its downstream signal activity. The results explained that TRIM25 not only up-regulated the expression level of EGFR, but also promoted EGFR signal activation. Co-immunoprecipitation, real-time PCR and cycloheximide (CHX) inhibit protein degradation assays were employed to explore the molecular mechanism of TRIM25 in regulating EGFR stability. Preliminary exploration results indicate that TRIM25 increases the expression level of EGFR and activates its downstream signaling activity through promoting K63-linked ubiquitination of EGFR. Restoration of EGFR expression rescues the phenotype of TRIM25 depletion. In A549 cells, overexpression of EGFR increased cell proliferation rate 1.5-fold and invasion rate 1.6-fold compared with knockdown of TRIM25 cells. Similarly, in H1975 cells, cell proliferation rate was enhanced 2-fold and invasion rate was improved 1.7-fold. These data suggest that TRIM25 promotes lung cancer development via maintaining EGFR stability and continuous EGFR signaling activation. The human lung cancer tissues were obtained from lung cancer patients at Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Informed consent was obtained from all participants in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.
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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a classical pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the innate and adaptive immune regulation. In recent years, a large number of studies have demonstrated that the expression level of MIF is significantly increased in a variety of tumor tissues and MIF promotes the occurrence and development of tumors. MIF participates in the regulation of tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, as well as induces and maintains the tumor microenvironment. Targeting MIF has been considered as a candidate strategy against cancer. In this review, the structural features, the signaling pathway, the biological functions of MIF are briefly outlined. Moreover, approaches that target MIF in the treatment of cancer are also summarized.
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Phage display technology utilizes filamentous phage display proteins and polypeptides to extract a desired polypeptide or protein from a large number of variants. The antibody fragments screened and obtained by phage display library technology play an important role in disease diagnosis and treatment. This article briefly introduces the principles of phage display technology, summarizes the development of monoclonal antibodies, the development of antigenic microbial vaccines, and the application of peptide drugs. This review highlights the importance of phage display technology in the diagnosis and treatment of various human diseases such as cancer and autoimmune diseases etc.
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AIM:To investigate the risk factors for malignant glaucoma occurrence after the surgery for primary angleclosure glaucoma,and to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of malignant glaucoma.METHODS:The clinical data of 767 cases (965 eyes) of primary angle-closure glaucoma patients treated in our hospital from June 2012 to June 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.Patients were divided into two groups according to the postoperative investigation,patients with malignant glaucoma were divided into observation group,and 50 eyes without malignant glaucoma were randomly selected into control group.The gender,age,preoperative high intraocular pressure,chamber angle structure,axial length,crystal thickness,anterior chamber depth,diabetes mellitus,and hypertension of the patients in two groups were investigated.The risk factors were analyzed by single factor analysis,and the independent risk factors were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis.RESULTS:Malignant glaucoma occurred in 30 eyes after the surgery of primary angle closure glaucoma in 965 eyes with an incidence rate of 3.1％.The single factor analysis showed that age,preoperative high intraocular pressure,axial length,anterior chamber depth,lense thickness,complete closure of atrial angle were the risk factors of malignant glaucoma after primary angle closure glaucoma surgery,comparison between groups showed statistical significance (P ＜ 0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR=2.521,95％ CI=1.434-8.876),preoperative continuous high intraocular pressure (OR=2.483,95％ CI =2.123-11.543),axial length (OR=2.654,95％ CI=1.547-12.678),complete closure of atrial angle (OR=3.212,95％ CI=1.543-8.675) were the independent risk factors for malignant glaucoma after primary angle closure glaucoma surgery.CONCLUSION:The incidence rate of malignant glaucoma after primary angle-closure glaucoma surgery in our hospital is 3.1％.Age,preoperative high intraocular pressure,axialc length,complete closure of atrial angle can rise the risk of occurring malignant glaucoma,so special attention shall be payed for this kind of patients.
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A growing number of children and adolescents are being diagnosed as Chiari malformation type Ⅰ (CM-Ⅰ) for behavioral disorders,developmental delay,seizures,or abnormal orpharyngeal function.The aim of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics,imaging findings and surgical outcomes of CM-Ⅰ in pediatric and adult patients.Between January 2014 and June 2017,84 patients with CM-Ⅰ underwent surgical treatment in our department.We divided the patients into two groups:pediatric group (n=1 1,age ＜18 years)and adult group (n=73,age ≥18 years).Data on clinical characteristics,imaging findings,surgical outcomes,and prognosis were retrospectively reviewed and compared between these two groups.For clinical presentation,scoliosis (36.4％) and developmental delay (36.4％) were more common in pediatric patients,whereas,sensory disturbance (58.9％) and motor weakness (41.1％) were more common in adult patients.Imaging findings showed that the incidence of hydrocephalus and craniovertebral junctional abnormalities was significantly higher in pediatric group than in adult group (P＜0.05).Compared to adult group,pediatric group showed a better improvement or resolution of syrinx and tonsillar herniation after surgical treatments (P＜0.05).The total Chicago Chiari Outcome Scale (CCOS) score in pediatric patients at the last follow-up was significantly higher than that in adult patients (P=0.002).In conclusion,the clinical characteristics and imaging findings appeared to be different in pediatric and adult patients with CM-Ⅰ.The surgical outcomes of pediatric patients were shown to be significantly better than those of adult patients.
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A growing number of children and adolescents are being diagnosed as Chiari malformation type Ⅰ (CM-Ⅰ) for behavioral disorders,developmental delay,seizures,or abnormal orpharyngeal function.The aim of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics,imaging findings and surgical outcomes of CM-Ⅰ in pediatric and adult patients.Between January 2014 and June 2017,84 patients with CM-Ⅰ underwent surgical treatment in our department.We divided the patients into two groups:pediatric group (n=1 1,age ＜18 years)and adult group (n=73,age ≥18 years).Data on clinical characteristics,imaging findings,surgical outcomes,and prognosis were retrospectively reviewed and compared between these two groups.For clinical presentation,scoliosis (36.4％) and developmental delay (36.4％) were more common in pediatric patients,whereas,sensory disturbance (58.9％) and motor weakness (41.1％) were more common in adult patients.Imaging findings showed that the incidence of hydrocephalus and craniovertebral junctional abnormalities was significantly higher in pediatric group than in adult group (P＜0.05).Compared to adult group,pediatric group showed a better improvement or resolution of syrinx and tonsillar herniation after surgical treatments (P＜0.05).The total Chicago Chiari Outcome Scale (CCOS) score in pediatric patients at the last follow-up was significantly higher than that in adult patients (P=0.002).In conclusion,the clinical characteristics and imaging findings appeared to be different in pediatric and adult patients with CM-Ⅰ.The surgical outcomes of pediatric patients were shown to be significantly better than those of adult patients.
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Over the past four decades, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have evolved from bioscience research tools to powerful biopharmaceutical MAbs products for multiple diseases treatment. More than 50 therapeutic MAbs have been approved by FDA, widely used in cancer, autoimmune diseases and other diseases in current market. This article reviews the current progress of MAbs development technology, key molecules for cancer-targeted therapy and immunotherapy, and emphasizes the importance of MAbs for disease diagnosis and treatment.