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Objective To assess the application of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2),to provide valid tools for developmental coordination disorder (DCD)screening.Methods A total number of 1823 preschool children from 15 kindergartens in Suzhou city were included in this study regarding the reliability and validity on MABC-2.Data on test-retest reliability internal consistent reliability,content validity and construct validity were assessed,using methodologies as Intra-class Correlation Coefficient(ICC),Cronbach α coefficient,Item-level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA).When the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ) was considered as the criteria,the criteria-related validity of MABC was assessed,using the area under the ROC curve.Results Results from the study showed that the ICCs of most items were above 0.9 except for 'Drawing and Walking Heels Raised' and ‘Jumping on Mats'.The total Cronbach α coefficient was 0.502,with the total Cronbach α coefficient as 0.549 when the two items of ‘Drawing and Walking Heels Raised' were deleted.I-CVIs of the eight items were 1.0,1.0,0.96,1.0,1.0,1.0,0.96,0.96,respectively.The average I-CVI was 0.985.Results from the final CFA model showed that the factor loading of the items was above 0.4 except for the ‘Jumping on Mats',while the ‘Modification Index' was below 3.84.The areas under ROC curve of the total score on revised-MABC-2 (when the items of ‘Drawing and Walking Heels Raised' was deleted) were significantly different from the DCDQ (x2=110.145,P＜0.001).Conclusion In addition to the internal consistent reliability,the validity and reliability of MABC-2 were fair which could be applied well in China.However,some items of MABC-2 should be revised.MABC-2 could be used to screen the children with motor coordination dysfunction at the health care clinics for children,as well as applied in the large-scale epidemiologic studies.
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Objective To assess the validity and reliability of Family Environment Scale on Motor Development for Urban Pre-school Chiidren(FESMDUPC) so as to provide valid and reliable tools for measuring the influencing factors from home environment on motor development of the children.Methods One thousand eight hundreds and twenty fore preschool children from 15 kindergartens in Suzhou city were included in this study which related to reliability and validity of FESMDUPC.Data on test-retest reliability,internal consistent reliability,content validity and construct validity were assessed using the Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC),Cronbach α coefficient,Item-level content validity index (I-CVI) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA).When the Observation for Measurement of the Environment Revisited was used as criteria,the criteria-related validity of MABC was assessed,using the Spearman correlation analysis.Results This study showed that the ICC of all items was above or close to 0.9.The total Cronbach α eoeffcient was 0.875 and the Cronbach α coefficient was 0.868-0.873 when each item was deleted.Formal validity and reliability study showed that I-CVI of the 23 items was 0.79-1.00.The average I-CVI was 0.92.Results from the CFA model showed that x2=1077.5,df=224 and x2/df-=4.810.Fit of Goodness on the other indices of the model were as follows:GFI (0.949),AGF (0.937),NFI (0.889),CFI (0.896),with each of them above or close to 0.9.The RMSEA was 0.046 which showed that the model's Fit of Goodness could be accepted.The factor loadings were all above 0.3 with statistical significance.However,according to this model,the strengths of relationship between Outside Space,Inside Space and Toy were high,so the high-step CFA of FESMDUPC was further analyzed.The model' s Fit of Goodness was good.The factor loadings were all above 0.3 with statistical significance.Results showed that the Spearman Coefficient of the total score of FESMDUPC and HOME scale was 0.476 (each P＜0.001 ).Among them only the learning staff and movement variety were comparatively and highly correlated with Toy,Parental Rearing Patterns.Spearman coefficients were all above 0.3 (each P＜0.001 ).Conclusion The above results showed that the reliability of test-retest,the internal consistent reliability,the content validity and the construct validity of FESMDUPC were fair and had met the basic psychometric demands.FESMDUPC could be used as a quantitative tool to assess the motor development among children.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationship between children's motor coordination and their physical growth to provide clues for clarifying the causal relationship between them and to effectively enhance the children's physical growth.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Ten kindergartens were selected randomly from district of Hongkou, Putuo and Pudong in Shanghai, and 1099 children were included in the analysis. The children's motor coordination was assessed using Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ). The relationship between the children's motor coordination and their physical growth were analyzed by Structural Equation Model (SEM). The above relationship by different gender, age and BMI (overweight or not) were analyzed with multi-group SEM.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of 1099 subjects, 561 were boys (51%), and 538 were girls (49%). Of the total subjects, 354 (32.2%) were children aged 3-years old, 441 (40.1%) were children aged 4-years, 276 (25.2%) were children aged 5-years, and 28 were children (2.5%) aged 6-years old. The result of SEM showed that the children's gross motor, fine motor and general motor ability was correlated positively with children's physical growth (P < 0.001), their standardized estimation of structural coefficient were 0.40, 0.36, 0.37 respectively. The result of multi-group SEM showed that there was no significant difference in the SEM between different gender and ages. The fine motor ability was positively correlated with child physical growth (P < 0.001). There was no inter-group difference in the structural model (each P > 0.05). However, there was difference in the structural model between overweight and normal group, of them, only the structural coefficient of gross motor and physical growth were different between the two groups (t = 1.697, P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There is a relationship between children's motor coordination and physical growth. The degree of association between the gross moter and physical growth in overweight children were different from the normal children. Further study on the factors influencing the children's physical growth is needed.</p>
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Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Child Development , China , Motor Skills , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the relationship of gene polymorphisms of programmed cell death 1 gene (PDCD1) and ultraviolet history with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) among the Han population in the southern region of yangtze river in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>With a case control design, a total of 159 SLE cases and 159 controls were enrolled in this study, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the PDCD1 gene were determined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). With the aid of the logistic regression model, the effect of gene polymorphism, environmental factor and the interaction between gene and environment were fitted under the recessive, dominant, additive and codominant mode, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Three models were screened as the optimal models under the additive mode and one model under the dominant mode, according to the lowest value of Akaike's Information Criteria (AIC). After the control of age and gender, it was found that the frequency of ultraviolet exposure was higher in cases than in controls with significant difference under all models (P<0.05). For the haplotypes composed of the alleles of PD1.2, PD1.5 and PD1.6, there was significantly higher frequency of G-T-A haplotype (0.1196 vs 0.0363) and lower frequency of A-C-A haplotype (0.4746 vs 0.5399) in cases than that in controls (P<0.05) under the additive mode, and the G-T-A haplotype was associated with an increased risk for SLE (OR=4.319), while A-C-A haplotype was shown as a protective factor for SLE (OR=0.571). Moreover, interaction between A-C-G haplotype and ultraviolet exposure, which was related to an increased risk for SLE (beta5=1.182, Z=2.2898, P<0.05, OR=3.261), was also found under this mode. Additionally, the frequency of G-C-G haplotype was higher in cases than that in controls (0.1287 vs 0.0361) under the dominant mode with statistically significant difference (P<0.05, OR=4.332).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Authors' results indicate that ultraviolet exposure, G-T-A or G-C-G haplotype and interaction between A-C-G and ultraviolet exposure may be associated with genetic susceptibility to SLE in Han population in the southern region of yangtze river in China under certain genetic modes.</p>