Lethal toxic Dose [i.p LD50], total protein contents and comparative hemolytic potential of [99mTc labeled and non-labeled] Naja naja karachiensis venom

Recent recognition about snake bite envenomation on June, 2017 as neglected tropical disease under categoryA by World Health Organization advocated again its undeniable importance. Present circumstances reasoned to work on a neglected subspecies of Naja naja, i.e., Naja naja karachiensis [N. n. karachensis] has been documented for frequent deaths in Pakistan. In this study median lethal toxic dose [LD50] was determined intraperitoneally in Swiss albino mice and was found to be 2.0microg/g [2.0mg/kg] equal in potency to Naja pallida [red spitting African cobra]. Total protein contents [188+/-0.011microg / 200microg of dry weight] were high enough [94%] to represent an arsenal of proteins. Furthermore, 99mTc was labeled 99.9% with venom and didn't find to alter hemolytic activity of venom in dose dependent manner at 125 microg/ml [p<0.5], 250 microg/ml [p<0.1] and 500 microg/ml [p<0.1] when compared with its crude form. Present work will pave the way for proteomics study in effective production of antidote against specific species of snakes as dare demand of it has been felt since long period of time in Pakistan

Assessment of early childhood caries [ECC] and its relationship with feeding practices - a study

Early childhood caries remains a problem in both developed and developing countries and has been considered to be in an epidemic proportion in developing countries. The aim of this study was to asses the prevalence of Early Childhood Caries and its relationship with feeding practices. It was carried out at Khyber College of Dentistry Hospital. It was spread over a period of three months. This was cross sectional analytical study children of 2-6 years old formed the study group. Sample size was 194 children and sampling technique was convenience purposive. Children were examined on dental unit by the principal author and caries were detected using dft index. A parent or care giver, after taking the informed consent, was asked to complete a self-designed questionnaire regarding information about the child's pattern of feeding, mother education level, socio economics status age of starting brushing, having snack between meals and dft status. The study showed prevalence of ECC was 55.2%. In this study breast, fed children were 84% and bottle-fed were 16%. Pecentage of ECC in breast-fed children was 51.6%, which was less than the percentage of ECC in bottle-fed children, which was 72.25%. Those children who took bottle at nighttime had more carries [72.5%] as compared to those who did not [50%]. Caries in children was 89% who took milk with sugar at night as compared to those who did not. Incident of carries was more in the children of illiterate mothers [56%] than those of educated mothers [10%]. This study documented high prevalence of ECC among 2-6 year olds children. Prevalence of ECC was more in bottle fed children specially in those children who were given milk with sugar in bottle at night. Results reveal an urgent need of increased awareness among the public about ECC and their attitude towards the importance of primary teeth. This is high time to institute preventive strategies to control ECC

Effects of seat belts use on the severity of maxillofacial injuries in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa sample

The aim of the study was to know the effects of the seat belts on the severity and pattern of facial injuries in road traffic accidents. Sixty patients with road traffic accidents in four wheel vehicles were investigated for mild-moderate and severe facial injuries with and without seat belt usage during driving. This study was carried out in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar. These patients with maxillofacial injuries and associated fractures were studied for age, gender distribution, severity of facial injuries and their association to restrained or unrestrained with seat. Among 60 patients only 12 were wearing seat belts when accidents occurred. Male were dominant and most RTA occurred in patient in 20s. The mean age of the patient in the present study was 21.9 years SD +/- 3.5. The age range was 6 - 50 years. The most commonly involved age group was the 3rd decade [32.25%] followed by 1[st] decade [25%] and 4[th] decade [18.25%]

Frequency and site distribution of oroantral fistula - a study

The objective of the study was to determine the most vulnerable sites and side involved in oroantral fistula creation. Oroantral communication [OAC] and subsequent formation of oroantral fisturla is a common complication of dental extraction of maxillary molars. Chronic oroantral fistula may complicate into chronic sinusitis and its sequelae. The study was carried out on 60 patients with oroantral fistula reported to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Khyber College of Dentistry Peshawar from Aug 2004 to Aug 2007. diagnostic criteria were history, clinical examination, Periapical views, orthopantomogram and paranasal air sinuses [PNS] view. Maxillary first molar was involved in 60% cases, second molar in 30%, last molar in 6% and premolars in 4% cases. Right side was involved [52%] and left side [48%]

Post management complications of fracture mandible at the angle-an analysis

The aim of the study was to investigate post management complications of the fracture of mandible at the angle. Age and sex distribution was also studied. 750 patients who suffered maxillofacial trauma were seen during the period 1991-97 at Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar. 546 had mandibular fractures, 125 of these showed fracture at the angle. 20 [16%] suffered from some kind of complications. Break up showed five [25%] suffered from infection, seven [35%] had delayed union, one [5%] non-union, two [10%] showed malunion/malocclusion, two [10%] trismus and three [15%] anesthesia/paraesthesia. Study subjects from 21-30 years showed highest [46%] prevalence of management complications. Males dominated females 4:1. RTA remained highest causative factor in the fracture [65.20%]

Dental ailments among low and high socioeconomic status school children aged 11-12 years

A cross sectional study was undertaken to compare the dental ailments in school children's among low and high socioeconomic status. The data was randomly collected from children, of two schools one in Private sector [High socioeconomic status, Group A] and one in Public sector [Low socioeconomic status, Group B] from Sep 2011 to Oct 2011. School going children boys and girls were selected, and the final sample size was 216, one hundred and eight from each group with ages 11-12 years and with mean of 11.57 and SD of +/- .659, the levels of DMFT were identified by clinical examination only, using WHO standardize forms for data collection. There was high percentage [62.06%] of DMFT with SD +/- 1.84 and with mean 1.44 in the low SES group compared to the [50%] of DMFT with high SES group. The oral hygiene status was good in high SES compared to low SES

Third molar position as predisposing factor for mandible angle fracture

The aim of the study was to assess the position of 3rd molar as a predisposing factor in the fracture of the mandible at the angle. Age and sex distribution was also studied. Out of 125 mandibular fractures at the angle, during a study from 1991-97 at Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar, 108 [86.4%] cases had 3rd molar present while in 17 [13.6%] cases it was absent. In 108 angle fractures, 23[18.4%] were fully erupted, 42[33.6%] were partially vertically erupted, 3[2.4%] were partially erupted distoangular, 15[12%] partially erupted mesioangular, 13[10.4%] were unerupted vertically, 7[5.6%] were unerupted mesioangular and 5[4%] were unerupted horizontally. High prevalence was seen in the third decade i.e.46%. Male to female ratio was 4:1

Frequency of mandibular fractures at the angle as a result of maxillofacial trauma

The aim of this study was to determine the vulnerability of the angle of mandible to fracture in maxillofacial injuries. The etiological factors, distribution of age and gender of the patients with mandibular fracture were investigated. 750 patients were seen for maxillofacial trauma during the period 1991-97 at Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar. Out off 750, 546 suffered from mandibular fracture. 412 were males and 134 females. Regarding etiology of the fracture of the mandible road traffic accident [RTA] was the most common cause accounting 356 followed by fall 78, interpersonal violence [IPV] 47, firearm injuries [FAI]29, sports 23 and industrial injuries 13. Fracture of the body of mandible came out to be the frequent site [185 patients] suffered. Angle of the mandible was second most common site and accounted for 125 injuries. Other sites were symphysis [97], condyle [82], dentoalveolar process [38], ramus 16 while coronoid was the rare site [3] patients. Out of the 125 fractures cases at the angle 3[rd] molar were present in 108 cases. Among the total fractures at the angle 102 were favorable while 23 were unfavorable