ABSTRACT
The study of thermal resistant mould, including Byssochlamys nivea, is of extreme importance since it has been associated with fruit and fruit products. The aim of this work is to analyze the influence of water activity (a w) and ascospore age (I) on the growth of Byssochlamys nivea in pineapple juice. Mold growth was carried out under different conditions of water activity (a w) (0.99, 0.96, 0.95, 0.93, 0.90) and ascospore age (I) (30, 51, 60, 69, 90 days). Growth parameters as length of adaptation phase (λ), maximum specific growth rate (µmax) and maximum diameter reached by the colony (λ) were obtained through the fit of the Modified Gompertz model to experimental data (measuring radial colony diameter). Statistica 6.0 was used for statistical analyses (significance level α = 0.05). The results obtained clearly showed that water activity is statistically significant and that it influences all growth parameters, while ascospore age does not have any statistically significant influence on growth parameters. Also, these data showed that by increasing a w from 0.90 to 0.99, the λ value substantially decreased, while µmax and λ values rose. The data contributed for the understanding of the behavior of B. nivea in pineapple juice. Therefore, it provided mathematical models that can well predict growth parameters, also helping on microbiological control and products' shelf life determination.
Subject(s)
Water/analysis , Ananas/growth & development , Ascomycota/growth & development , Fungi/growth & development , Models, Theoretical , Pest Control, Biological , Spores, Fungal , Methods , Reference Standards , Carbonated Beverages , MethodsABSTRACT
Estudaram-se os efeitos da infusão contínua da associação propofol e cetamina sobre variáveis fisiológicas e eletrocardiográficas e sua possível analgesia em 12 cadelas. Após indução com propofol, os animais receberam 0,4mg/kg/min de propofol + 0,2mg/kg/min de cetamina racêmica (n = 6, grupo PC) ou 0,4mg/kg/min de propofol + 0,1mg/kg/min de cetamina S+ (n = 6, grupo PCS). Avaliaram-se: teste álgico, freqüência cardíaca (FC), parâmetros eletrocardiográficos, freqüência respiratória (FR), pressão arterial sistólica, média e diastólica (PAS, PAM, PAD), saturação da oxiemoglobina (SpO2) e temperatura retal (TR). Houve elevação da FC sem alterações eletrocardiográficas, com exceção de aumento na amplitude da onda T em um animal de cada grupo. A FR diminuiu, e os valores de SpO2 ficaram abaixo de 90 por cento em alguns momentos nos dois grupos. PAS, PAM e PAD diminuíram, mas não houve diferença entre os protocolos. Não se observou analgesia em sete animais, três cadelas apresentaram analgesia discreta, e apenas duas demonstraram analgesia favorável. Conclui-se que os protocolos são seguros em cadelas, contudo não há analgesia suficiente para procedimento cirúrgico. As alterações eletrocardiográficas foram relacionadas à FC e à amplitude de onda T, sendo esta sugestiva de hipóxia do miocárdio.
The effects of propofol and ketamine on physiological parameters, electrocardiography, and analgesia were evaluated in twelve dogs that received propofol-ketamine (0.4mg/kg/min + 0.2mg/kg/min, n=6, PK group) or propofol-S+ketamine (0.4mg/kg/min + 0.1mg/kg/min, n=6, PKS group) after induction of anesthesia with propofol (8.0mg/kg). Assessments of pain; heart rate (HR); electrocardiography (ECG); respiratory rate (RR); systolic, medium, and diastolic arterial pressures (SAP, MAP, DAP); saturation of hemoglobin (SpO2); and rectal temperature (RT) were conducted. There was a rise in HR with no electrocardiographically changes, but an increase in amplitude of T wave in one animal of each group. RR decreased and SpO2 were lower than 90 percent in two moments of both groups. SAP, MAP, and DAP were reduced during the experimental period, but with no statistical difference between the protocols. There was no analgesia in seven bitches, mild analgesia was observed in three, and satisfactory analgesia in only two animals tested. It was concluded that the protocols are safe for dogs, but there is no analgesia for surgical procedures. The changes in ECG are related to HR and amplitude of T wave, which may be due to myocardial hypoxia.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Analgesia , Dogs/physiology , Electrocardiography , Electrocardiography/veterinary , Ketamine/administration & dosage , Ketamine/analogs & derivatives , Propofol/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Utilizaram-se membranas de látex para o reparo de defeitos diafragmáticos em 12 cães, distribuídos em três grupos: no G1 utilizou-se membrana comercial e no G2, membrana experimental. O G3 foi usado como controle. Foi feito um defeito retangular no músculo diafragma, com 4cm de comprimento por 3cm de largura, que nos grupos G1 e G2 foi substituído pelo implante da membrana de látex correspondente. Os animais foram avaliados por estudo radiográfico, hemograma, videocirurgia e análise histológica. Os resultados mostraram que a membrana de látex do grupo 2 foi eficiente na correção de defeito no diafragma, promovendo a reparação e neovascularização tecidual local, sem causar rejeição durante o período de avaliação.
Latex membranes were experimentally used to repair diaphragmatic defects in 12 dogs, distributed in 3 groups. In group 1, a commercial membrane was used, and in group 2, an experimental membrane. Group 3, animals were used as control. A rectangular defect (4cm in length and 3cm in width) was surgically performed in the diaphragm muscle, which was substituted, in group 1 and 2, by the implantation of corresponding latex membrane. The animals were evaluated by radiography, blood count, video-surgery, and histologic study. Results showed that the latex membrane of group 2, were efficient in the correction of the defect in the diaphragm, promoting the repairing and local neovascularization, without causing rejection during the evaluated period.