ABSTRACT
Parvalbumin interneurons belong to the major types of GABAergic interneurons. Although the distribution and pathological alterations of parvalbumin interneuron somata have been widely studied, the distribution and vulnerability of the neurites and fibers extending from parvalbumin interneurons have not been detailly interrogated. Through the Cre recombinase-reporter system, we visualized parvalbumin-positive fibers and thoroughly investigated their spatial distribution in the mouse brain. We found that parvalbumin fibers are widely distributed in the brain with specific morphological characteristics in different regions, among which the cortex and thalamus exhibited the most intense parvalbumin signals. In regions such as the striatum and optic tract, even long-range thick parvalbumin projections were detected. Furthermore, in mouse models of temporal lobe epilepsy and Parkinson's disease, parvalbumin fibers suffered both massive and subtle morphological alterations. Our study provides an overview of parvalbumin fibers in the brain and emphasizes the potential pathological implications of parvalbumin fiber alterations.
Subject(s)
Mice , Animals , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/pathology , Parvalbumins/metabolism , Parkinson Disease/pathology , Neurons/metabolism , Interneurons/physiology , Disease Models, Animal , Brain/pathologyABSTRACT
Objective@#To study the effect and mechanism of the extract from grub on the CD40 of microglia cells in rabbit model of central retinal vein occlusion.@*Methods@#The 60 color rabbits were randomly divided into the blank group, model group, Xueshuantong group and sputum group. The Xueshuantong group was intragastrically administered with Xueshuantong tablets suspension 5 mg/ml, the sputum group was given gavage extract 1 g/ml, and the blank group and the model group were intragastrically administered with normal saline once daily. Except for the blank group, the other groups of rabbits were modeled by argon laser irradiation of the retinal vein trunk, and the fundus photography and FFA examination were performed immediately after modeling and at 1, 14 and 28 days after modeling, respectively, at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 day, the expression of CD40 in the optic nerve of rabbits was observed by immunohistochemical staining.@*Results@#The FFA results showed that the veins were not filled at 1 day after model establishment, and some veins were not developed at 14 days, and there was no evidence of revascularization at 28 days. Part of the venous in the thrombus group and the sputum group was not filled. The venous filling time was significantly shorter than that in the model group at 14 days, and the venous filling time returned to the normal level at 28 days. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the number of microglia increased significantly at 1 d in model group. The number of microglia reached the highest peak at 3 d, and the number of microglia decreased at 7 d, 14 d and 28 d. Compared to the model group, at the 3, 7, 14, 28 d, the integrated optical density of CD40 (3 d: 8 908.91 ± 96.30, 6 099.92 ± 273.44 vs. 10 436.4 ± 1 306.8; 7 d: 5 982.06 ± 483.37, 2 957.36 ± 424.19 vs. 8 798.12 ± 444.39; 14 d: 3 225.36 ± 468.88, 342.04 ± 64.56 vs. 5 356.74 ± 439.16; 28 d: 756.97 ± 80.17, 72.85 ± 11.06 vs. 4 215.27 ± 361.00) in the Xueshuantong group and sputum group significantly decreased (P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#The thrombus and sputum extract can inhibit the activation of microglia to varying degrees, and the sputum extract is moreinhibitory effect.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the effect and mechanism of the extract from grub on the CD40 of microglia cells in rabbit model of central retinal vein occlusion. Methods The 60 color rabbits were randomly divided into the blank group, model group, Xueshuantong group and sputum group. The Xueshuantong group was intragastrically administered with Xueshuantong tablets suspension 5 mg/ml, the sputum group was given gavage extract 1 g/ml, and the blank group and the model group were intragastrically administered with normal saline once daily. Except for the blank group, the other groups of rabbits were modeled by argon laser irradiation of the retinal vein trunk, and the fundus photography and FFA examination were performed immediately after modeling and at 1, 14 and 28 days after modeling, respectively, at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 day, the expression of CD40 in the optic nerve of rabbits was observed by immunohistochemical staining. Results The FFA results showed that the veins were not filled at 1 day after model establishment, and some veins were not developed at 14 days, and there was no evidence of revascularization at 28 days. Part of the venous in the thrombus group and the sputum group was not filled. The venous filling time was significantly shorter than that in the model group at 14 days, and the venous filling time returned to the normal level at 28 days. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the number of microglia increased significantly at 1 d in model group. The number of microglia reached the highest peak at 3 d, and the number of microglia decreased at 7 d, 14 d and 28 d. Compared to the model group, at the 3, 7, 14, 28 d, the integrated optical density of CD40 (3 d: 8 908.91 ± 96.30, 6 099.92 ± 273.44 vs. 10 436.4 ± 1 306.8; 7 d: 5 982.06 ± 483.37, 2 957.36 ± 424.19 vs. 8 798.12 ± 444.39; 14 d:3 225.36 ± 468.88, 342.04 ± 64.56 vs. 5 356.74 ± 439.16; 28 d: 756.97 ± 80.17, 72.85 ± 11.06 vs. 4 215.27 ± 361.00) in the Xueshuantong group and sputum group significantly decreased ( P<0.05). Conclusions The thrombus and sputum extract can inhibit the activation of microglia to varying degrees, and the sputum extract is moreinhibitory effect.