ABSTRACT
Abstract Background: The aim of study was to provide supportive implications for proper treatment of E. coli induced infections and related complications regarding antibiotic resistance. Methods: Total 600 isolates of E. coli from four major cities of Bangladesh were included in studies which were isolated from clinical diagnostic facilities in Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi and Khulna. The antimicrobial sensitivity test of each E. coli isolate to 16 antimicrobial agents was carried out by the Kirby-Bauser disc diffusion method. Results: In the present investigation, the most effective antimicrobial against E. coli was found to be antibiotics of Carbapenem group; Doripenem 98.67% sensitive in Dhaka and Chittagong, 100% sensitive at Rajshahi and Khulna, Meropenem 89.33, 92.67, 95.33 and 97.33%, Imipenem 84.00, 86.00, 95.33 and 97.33 in Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi and Khulna respectively. Apart from these third generation antibiotics like Cefixime 80.00% (D), 78.67% (C),78.00% (R), 82.00% (K) and Ceftriaxone 78.00% (D), 76.67(C), 65.33(R), 66.67(K) were shown satisfactory amount of sensitivity against E. Coli. Our research reveals that in Bangladesh commonly used conventional older, common, cheaper antibiotics used against E. coli were shown alarming rate of resistance to E. coli strains. Among them Amoxicillin, Tetracycline, Cloxacillin and Nalidixic Acid showed more than 80% resistance in most of the areas. Most widely used antibiotic Ciprofloxacin has become 39.99 to 49.99% resistant. Conclusion: These findings suggest urgent need for creating greater public awareness about antibiotic. It is also important that healthcare providers effectively communicate with their patients, to improve treatment compliance and health outcomes.
ABSTRACT
The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts of bark of Aegle marmelos. The antioxidant properties was assessed by using 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and Nitric Oxide (NO) scavenging capacity. The methanolic, ethyl acetate and n-hexane bark extracts of Aegle marmelos showed potential DPPH free radical scavenging activity having IC50 values of 37.056 μg/ml, 43.379 μg/ml and 66.180 μg/ml respectively compared with the IC50 value of Ascorbic acid 33.447 μg/ml. The Ethyl acetate extract of Aegle marmelos displayed excellent antioxidant activity in nitric oxide (NO) scavenging capacity assay with IC50 value of 28.377 μg/ml compared with the standard ascorbic acid, IC50 value of 22.175 μg/ml. The cytotoxicity assay was performed by applying brine shrimp lethality bioassay method. Among all the fractions, n-hexane extract shown profound cytotoxic activity with LC50 value of 4.482 μg/ml that was followed by methanolic and ethyl acetate having LC50 values of 5.278 and 5.278 μg/ml respectively in comparison with the standard vincristine sulfate with LC50 value of 3.364 μg/ml. The findings of the present study suggest that the extracts from Aegle marmelos bark have potential cytotoxicity and antioxidant effects.