Tobacco Use among School-Age Adolescents in Indonesia: Findings from the 2015 Indonesia Global School-Based Student Health Survey / 가정의학회지

Background@#Although Indonesia has a considerable proportion of adolescent smokers, nationally representative studies of its determinants remain limited. The 2015 Indonesian Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS) was conducted with school-age adolescents and provided information about smoking behavior. This study aimed to examine the prevalence, determinants, and correlates of tobacco use among adolescents in Indonesia using the GSHS survey. @*Methods@#A secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the 2015 Indonesian GSHS. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the determinants and correlates of tobacco use. @*Results@#Our analysis showed that 9.1% of school-age adolescents had used tobacco products in the past 30 days. Most were 13–15 years (61.7%) and had attempted to stop smoking (92.4%). After adjusting for covariates, significant risk factors associated with tobacco smoking were older age groups (prevalence odds ratio [POR], 3.01–9.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.71–23.1), male (POR, 13.7; 95% CI, 8.71–21.5), psychological distress (POR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.05–1.90), smoking exposure (POR, 1.98–2.15; 95% CI, 1.35–3.42), and when both parents smoked (POR, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.78–4.94). In addition, tobacco use was associated with other risky behaviors, including sex with multiple partners, using drugs, drinking alcohol, and being involved in physical fights. @*Conclusion@#Tobacco use is high among Indonesian adolescents. This prevalence highlights the need for a more stringent tobacco control policy and tailored cessation programs for adolescents by considering important modifiable determinants of tobacco use among adolescents, including risky smoking-related behaviors.

Effect of Spirulina on Cochlea Histopathological Changes in Wistar Rats Induced by Kanamicin

@#Introduction: Streptomycin and kanamycin are aminoglycosides that are toxic to the cochlea vestibular system, can causing hearing loss. This antibiotic is used for the treatment of tuberculosis and its ototoxicity occurs in 20% of tuberculosis patients. Spirulina is a cyanobacterial species that is used as a dietary supplement and contains phycocyanin compounds that function as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of spirulina on histopathological changes in the cochlea in Wistar rats after kanamycin induction. Methods: this study is a form of posttest-only controlled group design research with a sample of 24 wistar rats divided into 4 groups, namely negative control group, positive control group, treatment group 1 and treatment group 2. Observations of the study took place in November-December 2021. Histopathological measurements in hair cells, macrophages and cochlear vasculature. The analysis used non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and post-hoc Mann-Whitney tests. Results: There were more hair cell damage, macrophage cell count, and significant vascular dilatation in the kanamycin group than in the without kanamycin group with the value p=0.001. There was significantly less number of hair cell damage in the kanamycin group with spirulina at a dose of 1000 mg than in the kanamycin group with spirulina at a dose of 400 mg p=0.045. Conclusion: There was a significant effect on the administration of spirulina on histopathological changes in the cochlea of rats.

Neuropathic pain in peroneal nerve entrapment at the fibular head / Dor neuropática no aprisionamento do nervo fibular na cabeça da fíbula

Abstract Background Peroneal neuropathy at the fibular head (PNFH) is a mononeuropathy that typically presents with drop foot and sensory abnormalities over the skin area innervated by the peroneal nerve. Objective The aim of the present study was to evaluate neuropathic pain in patients with PNFH. Methods Patients with clinical and electrodiagnostic features consistent with PNFH associated with weight loss, leg postures, or prolonged sleep were included in the present retrospective cohort study. Nerve conduction studies were performed in the bilateral lower extremities of all patients. The Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs scale (LANSS) was applied to all patients. Results Thirty-two PNFH patients (78% males) were included in the study. The LANSS score in the majority of patients was lower than 12. There was 1 patient with a LANSS score of 12. The electrodiagnostic features of 16 patients were compatible with axonal degeneration. The mean LANSS scores of PNFH patients with and without axonal degeneration were 4.3 ± 3.7 and 5.2 ± 2.9, respectively (p = 0.255). Conclusion The present study showed that neuropathic pain is a rare symptom in patients with PNFH associated with weight loss, leg postures, or prolonged sleep.

Resumo Antecedentes A neuropatia fibular na cabeça da fíbula (PNFH) é uma mononeuropatia que normalmente se apresenta com pé caído e anormalidades sensoriais sobre a área da pele inervada pelo nervo fibular. Objetivo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a dor neuropática em pacientes com PNFH. Métodos Pacientes com características clínicas e eletrodiagnósticas consistentes com PNFH associada a perda de peso, postura das pernas ou sono prolongado foram incluídos neste estudo de coorte retrospectivo. Estudos de condução nervosa foram realizados nas extremidades inferiores bilaterais de todos os pacientes. A escala de avaliação de sintomas e sinais neuropáticos de Leeds (LANSS) foi aplicada a todos os pacientes. Resultados Trinta e dois pacientes com PNFH (78%) foram incluídos no estudo. A pontuação LANSS em outros pacientes foi menor que 12. Houve 1 paciente com pontuação LANSS de 12. As características eletrodiagnósticas de 16 pacientes foram compatíveis com degeneração axonal. Os escores médios do LANSS de pacientes com PNFH com e sem degeneração axonal foram 4,3 ± 3,7 e 5,2 ± 2,9, respectivamente (p = 0,255). Conclusão O presente estudo mostrou que a dor neuropática é um sintoma raro em pacientes com PNFH associada à perda de peso, postura das pernas ou sono prolongado.

Anterior epitympanic attic antrum space obstruction and symptom onset associated with myringosclerosis in benign chronic suppurative otitis media

Background: The AAA (Anterior epitympanic, Attic, and Antrum) space is the space between the mastoid and middle ear which functions to balance the pressure in both organs (buffer). Pathological tissue in the AAA cavity due to chronic infection would disrupt the buffer function and could change the morphology of the mucosa in the tympanic membrane and middle ear. Obstruction in the AAA space measured subjectively by observing the smoothness of the flow using saline solution has been shown to be associated with a plaque in the tympanic membrane (myringosclerosis) in Chronic Otitis Media (COM) patients. This study aims to determine the relationship between AAA space obstructions with myringosclerosis using CT-Scan for an objective result.Methods: Retrospective study with case-control approach used in this study. Case criterias are Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) patients with myringosclerosis, both men and women and age 15-50 years, while the control group are benign CSOM patients without myringosclerosis. Data were analyzed with the chi-square test to prove the association between the AAA space status and length of symptom onset with myringosclerosis.Results: During January 2017-December 2019 there were 33 respondents, 19 cases and 14 controls, 21 men and 12 women with an average age of 35 years (cases) and 23.5 years (control). The length of symptom onset more than 5 years (p <0.05, OR 6.94 with CI 0.5-1.5) and AAA space obstruction (p <0.05 OR 34.25 with CI 0.8-1.8) has been shown to be associated with myringosclerosis in people with benign CSOM.Conclusions: AAA space obstruction and symptom onset more than 5 years significantly associated with myringosclerosis.

Age and Working Time Periods with Musculoskeletal Disorders in Non-Medical Support Workers at An-Nisa Hospital Tangerang District, Jakarta, Indonesia

@#Introduction: Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD) is an injury that affects the movement of human body systems such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, blood vessels, and others. The prevalence of MSDs in Indonesia is 11.9% based on diagnosis and 24.7% based on symptoms. MSDs prevalence is 31.2% based on employment among farmers, fishermen, and workers. Methods: The design of this study has been included in observational research using a quantitative approach with Cross-Sectional study. Results: MSDs can appear based on gender, age, educational status, and non-medical supporting professions. Older workers tend to be at risk of developing MSDs complaints. Conclusion: To reduce the risk of complaints, work facilities such as ergonomic chairs and tables can be provided along with extension of work intervals. Workers must take advantage of good rest periods. There is no relationship between work tenure and MSDs complaints. If the working period is long, then it can cause boredom and the endurance of muscles as well as bones physically.

Correlation Between Length of Work and Work Posture With Low Back Pain Complaint among Back Office Employees at X Hospital Serpong District, South Tangerang, Indonesia

@#Introduction: Low Back Pain (LBP) is an occupational disease that is often the main cause of disability, thus affecting the work and general welfare of LBP sufferers. The objective of the present study is to determine the correlation between length of work and work posture with complaints of LBP among back-office employees at X Hospital. Method: The design of this study was a descriptive analysis, with cross-sectional study design, by total sampling technique for 44 back-office employees. Work posture risk assessment uses the Ovako Working posture Assessment System (OWAS) method and LBP complaints are measured using the Modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire. Results: Most respondents experienced LBP complaints in the moderate disability category, and 40 people (90,9%) needed to improve their work posture. Spearman correlation statistical test results showed there was a relationship between age (p-value =0,000), the length of work (p-value = 0,000), work posture (p-value = 0,009) with LBP complaints on back-office employees. Conclusion: Providing work facilities with ergonomic chairs and tables position and doing stretching in between work hours can reduce LBP complaints.

Space Time Clusters Of Dengue Fever In Medan Municipality, North Sumatera, Indonesia

@#Dengue fever (DF) infection continues to present as a serious public health problem in Medan municipality, North Sumatera, Indonesia. The number of DF cases continuously increasing recently. However, space time clusters of DF have not been investigated yet. A study was undertaken to detect clusters of DF incidence during 2015-2018 in Medan. Spatial geo-reference was conducted to 151 village coordinates by geocoding each village’s offices. A retrospective space-time scan statistic analysis based on population data and monthly DF incidence was performed using SaTScan TM v9.4.4. Data of DF during 1 January 2015-31 December 2018 were analyzed using Poisson model to identify the villages at high risk of DF. The test of significance of the identified clusters of DF was based on comparing the likelihood ratio (LLR) against the null distribution obtained from Monte Carlo hypothesis testing. Total number of permutation was set to 999 and the significance level was set as 0.05. The highest LLR number was determined as the most likely cluster, while the rests were as the secondary clusters. This analysis identified 13 significant clusters. These DF clusters were initially spatially concentrated in the southwest and center of Medan and the last two years of study moved towards the northern part and identified in the last four months (September-December) of each year, which were the rainy seasons in the area. Most likely clusters were most frequently detected in the last three-year period of study in Anggrung village. Thirteen statistically significant DF clusters were identified in the 2015-2018 period. This may assist health authorities to improve the DF preventive strategies and develop public health interventions especially in the cluster’s area.

Methods to overcome poor responses and challenges of laser hair removal in dark skin

Conventional and advance technologies are available for laser hair removal. Complete and permanent hair reduction is not yet possible by treatment with lasers. Ideal patient for any conventional laser hair removal treatment is one who has thick, dark terminal hair, light skin and normal hormonal status. Factors that contribute to variable outcomes in laser hair removal can be broadly divided into patient related ones and the technology related ones. Skin type, hair color, thickness and density, degree of tan, hormonal dysfunction etc., constitute the patient related factors. The wavelength, fluence, spot size and pulse duration of the laser system are the technology related factors. There are some patients who respond variably, unpredictably or poorly to laser hair removal despite ensuring that indication for treatment is appropriate with adequate parameters of the laser system. This article reviews various patient related and technology related factors which lead to variable-to-poor outcomes in laser hair removal; and various challenges and limitations of laser hair removal technology in patients with dark skin types.

Immediate breast reconstruction following nipple-sparing mastectomy in an Asian population: Aesthetic outcomes and mitigating nipple-areolar complex necrosis

BACKGROUND: Nipple-sparing mastectomies (NSMs) are increasingly performed to obtain the best aesthetic and psychological outcomes in breast cancer treatment. However, merely preserving the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) does not guarantee a good outcome. Darkly pigmented NACs and a tendency for poor scarring outcomes are particular challenges when treating Asian patients. Herein, we review the reconstructive outcomes following NSM at Singapore General Hospital. METHODS: All breasts reconstructed following NSM over an 11-year period from 2005 to 2015 were reviewed. Information was collected from the patients' records on mastectomy indications, operative details, and complications. Patient satisfaction, breast sensation, and aesthetic outcomes were evaluated in 15 patients. Sensation was quantified using the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test. RESULTS: A total of 142 NSMs were performed in 133 patients for breast cancer (n=122, 85.9%) or risk reduction (n=20, 14.1%). Of the procedures, 114 (80.2%) were autologous reconstructions, while 27 (19.0%) were reconstructions with implants. Complications occurred in 28 breasts (19.7%), with the most common complication being NAC necrosis, which occurred in 17 breasts (12.0%). Four breasts (2.8%) had total NAC necrosis. The overall mean patient satisfaction score was 3.0 (good). The sensation scores were significantly diminished in the skin envelope, areola, and nipple of breasts that had undergone NSM compared to non-operated breasts (P < 0.05). Half of the subset of 15 patients in whom aesthetic outcomes were evaluated had reduced nipple projection. CONCLUSIONS: Immediate reconstruction after NSM was performed with a low complication rate in this series, predominantly through autologous reconstruction. Patients should be informed of potential drawbacks, including NAC necrosis, reduced nipple projection, and diminished sensation.

Provincial differences in levels, trends, and determinants of childhood immunization in Pakistan

Background: Efforts to improve immunization rates are urgently needed in Pakistan but national statistics mask important local differences in immunization levels and determinants.

Aim: In this study we aimed to determine how similar or different are recent trends and levels of immunization coverage in Pakistan's 4 main provinces [Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [KPK] and Balochistan], and what factors are associated with complete childhood immunization in each province.

Method: We analysed data from the 2006–07 and 2012–13 Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys. Trends in immunization coverage among children aged 12–23 months were calculated for each province. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with complete immunization.

Results: The proportion of children completely immunized had risen significantly in Punjab but had fallen significantly in Balochistan. Complete coverage ranged from 16.4% in Balochistan to 65.8% in Punjab [2012–13]. Tetanus toxoid injection during pregnancy was a significant predictor of complete immunization everywhere. Other predictors in specific provinces were: urban residence in Balochistan, wealth in Sindh and KPK, mother's education in Punjab and KPK, and distance to the facility in Punjab.

Conclusions: Although some strategies to increase immunization coverage are relevant nationwide, programme managers need to seek solutions specific to provincial trends and predictors. This analysis demonstrates that viewing childhood immunization in Pakistan through a provincial lens can help achieve a deeper understanding of the challenges and potential strategies to boost coverage

Anemia in hospitalized patient: prevalence, etiology and risk factors

Background: Anemia is seen in a large proportion of the population especially in developing countries. It poses a major challenge to improving the health indices especially in the female and pediatric populations. Anemia causes increased disability, morbidity and mortality. Presence of anemia prolongs hospital stay and increases the possibility of re-admission. The diagnosis and management of anemia in hospitalized patients will improve outcomes of this population

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of anemia, its etiology and its association with various risk factors

Study Design: Cross-sectional study

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medicine, United Medical and Dental College, Karachi from May, 2016 to December, 2016

Methodology: All adult patients admitted in the medical wards of Creek General Hospital were included in the study. Anemia was defined as a hemoglobin of <13g/dl in males and <12g/dl in females. All anemic patients were taken as cases while non-anemic patients were taken as controls. Critically ill patients, patients with active bleeding and pregnant women were excluded from the study. The data was recorded on a detailed proforma, and the etiology, severity, type of anemia and associated factors were recorded. The data was presented as means with standard deviation for continuous variables and as percentages for categorical variables. Comparison of different factors with anemia was computed using SPSS 20.0. Chi-square and student t- test were used and p-value of <0.05 was considered significant

Results: Around 71% of the patients were found to be anemic. 72.5% of the female population and 67% of the male population were anemic. The commonest cause of anemia was infection. Majority of the women had microcytic anemia. There was no relationship of age, income, educational status, number of dependents and diet on the presence of anemia. In women anemia was significantly related to breast feeding and parity. Infectious diseases, nutritional deficiency and gastrointestinal loss were the most common causes of anemia in the studied population

Conclusion: Anemia is very common in hospitalized medical patients. Infection and nutritional deficiencies are the most cause of this anemia

Primary plasma cell leukemia: A report of two cases of a rare and aggressive variant of plasma cell myeloma with the review of literature.

Plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is a rare and aggressive variant of myeloma accounting for 2-3% of all plasma cell dyscrasias characterized by the presence of circulating plasma cells. The diagnosis is based on the % (≥20%) and absolute number (≥2x109/L) of plasma cells in the peripheral blood. The incidence of primary PCL (pPCL) is very rare and reported to occur in <1 in a million. It is classified as either pPCL occurring at diagnosis or as secondary PCL in patients with relapsed/refractory myeloma. pPCL is a distinct clinicopathological entity with different cytogenetic and molecular findings. The clinical course is aggressive with short remissions and survival duration. We report two cases of pPCL, both having acute onset of illness, varied clinical presentation with one of them showing “hairy cell morphology,” with rapidly progressing renal failure, and was not suspected to be plasma cell dyscrasia clinically. A detailed hematopathological evaluation clinched the diagnosis in this case. It is recommended that techniques such as immunophenotyping by flow cytometry and protein electrophoresis must be performed for confirmatory diagnosis. A detailed report of two cases and a review of PCL are presented here.

burden of asthma in Oman

Asthma is a common lung disease worldwide, although its prevalence varies from country to country. Oman is ranked in the intermediate range based on results from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. A 2009 study revealed that the majority of asthmatic patients in Oman reported both daytime and nocturnal symptoms, while 30% of adults and 52% of children reported absences from work or school due to their symptoms. Despite these findings, there is little data available on the economic burden of asthma in Oman. The only accessible information is from a 2013 study which concluded that Oman's highest asthma-related costs were attributable to inpatient [55%] and emergency room [25%] visits, while asthma medications contributed to less than 1% of the financial toll. These results indicate a low level of asthma control in Oman, placing a large economic burden on healthcare providers. Therefore, educating asthmatic patients and their families should be prioritised in order to improve the management and related costs of this disease within Oman

Exantema macular en un niño con gastroenteritis por rotavirus: informe de caso / Macular exanthema in a child with rotavirus gastroenteritis: a case report

Aparte de la gastroenteritis, raramente se ha implicado al rotavirus en otros trastornos cutáneos como el exantema maculopapular generalizado, el edema hemorrágico agudo del lactante y el síndrome de Gianotti-Crosti. Comunicamos el caso de un niño de 30 meses de edad que presentó erupciones cutáneas maculares eritematosas mientras cursaba una gastroenteritis por rotavirus. En nuestro conocimiento, este es el primer caso en la bibliografía en el que se informan lesiones maculares eritematosas asociadas a rotavirus en un paciente pediátrico. En consecuencia, deseamos compartir nuestra experiencia para que se considere la infección por rotavirus dentro del diagnóstico diferencial de los niños que presenten gastroenteritis y erupción eritematosa.

Apart from gastroenteritis, rotavirus has been rarely implicated with some cutaneous disorders such as generalized maculo-papular exanthema, infantile acute hemorrhagic edema and Gianotti-Crosti syndrome. We report a 30-month old toddler boy who developed erythematous macular skin eruptions during the course of rotavirus gastroenteritis. To our knowledge, this is the first case in the literature reporting rotavirus-related macular erythematous lesions in a pediatric patient. We therefore would like to share our experience, to keep ro-tavirus infection in the differential diagnosis of children with gastroenteritis and erythematous eruption.

Use of the Anterolateral Thigh and Vertical Rectus Abdominis Musculocutaneous Flaps as Utility Flaps in Reconstructing Large Groin Defects

BACKGROUND: Groin dissections result in large wounds with exposed femoral vessels requiring soft tissue coverage, and the reconstructive options are diverse. In this study we reviewed our experience with the use of the pedicled anterolateral thigh and vertical rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps in the reconstruction of large groin wounds. METHODS: Groin reconstructions performed over a period of 10 years were evaluated, with a mean follow up of two years. We included all cases with large or complex (involving perineum) defects, which were reconstructed with the pedicled anterolateral thigh musculocutaneous or the vertical rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (VRAM) flaps. Smaller wounds which were covered with skin grafts, locally based flaps and pedicled muscle flaps were excluded. RESULTS: Twenty-three reconstructions were performed for large or complex groin defects, utilising the anterolateral thigh (n=10) and the vertical rectus abdominis (n=13) pedicled musculocutaneous flaps. Femoral vein reconstruction with a prosthetic graft was required in one patient, and a combination flap (VRAM and gracilis muscle flap) was performed in another. Satisfactory coverage was achieved in all cases without major complications. No free flaps were used in our series. CONCLUSIONS: The anterolateral thigh and vertical rectus abdominis pedicled musculocutaneous flaps yielded consistent results with little morbidity in the reconstruction of large and complex groin defects. A combination of flaps can be used in cases requiring extensive cover.

Carcinoma of unknown primary presenting as large right atrial and ventricular mass secondary to disseminated tumor thrombosis

We report a 65-year-old male patient who presented with right heart failure and a large mobile right atrial and ventricular mass on echocardiography. His computed tomography demonstrated bilateral supraclavicular/mediastinal lymphadenopathy, right atrial and ventricular mass with right pulmonary artery segmental embolism, and multiple liver hypodense lesions. His tumor markers were negative. However, fine-needle aspiration cytology of supraclavicular lymph node revealed metastatic carcinoma suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma. He was suspected to have carcinoma of unknown primary origin. This case illustrates a rare presentation of carcinoma of unknown primary origin with disseminated tumor thrombosis primarily manifesting in heart and other sites

asthma cost in Oman

This study evaluates the direct costs of treating asthma in Oman. Asthma prevalence and unit cost estimates were based on results from a panel using the Delphi technique, and were applied to the total Omani population aged 5 and older to obtain the number of people diagnosed with asthma. The estimates from the Delphi exercise were multiplied by the percentage of patients using government facilities to estimate the number of asthma patients managed in Oman. Treatment costs were also calculated using data from the Delphi exercise and the Asthma Insights and Reality for the Gulf and Near East study [reported in Omani riyals [OMR] and US dollars [USD]]. The prevalence of asthma was estimated to be 7.3% of adults [n = 96,470] and 12.7% of children [n = 58,344]. Of these, 95% of both adults and children were estimated to be using government healthcare facilities. Inpatient visits accounted for the largest proportion of total direct costs [55%], followed by emergency room and outpatient visits [25% and 20%, respectively] and medications [<0.2%]. The annual cost of treatment excluding medications, was OMR 34,273,696 [USD 89,111,609] for adults and OMR 27,014,735 [USD 70,238,311] for children. Including medications, the total annual direct cost of asthma treatment was estimated to be over OMR 61,500,294 [USD 159,900,761]. Given the high medical expenditures associated with facility visits relative to the lower medication costs, the focus of Oman's asthma cost savings should be on improving asthma control rather than reducing medication costs

Primary Leiomyosarcoma of the Breast: A Case Report / 한국유방암학회지

Primary leiomyosarcoma of the breast is an extremely rare tumor, accounting for less than 1% of all breast tumors and only 24 cases have been reported in the English medical journals. It is quite difficult to diagnose leiomyosarcoma preoperatively. Establishing an accurate diagnosis is very important in planning treatment. When preoperative diagnosis can be achieved before or during the operation, wide resection should be performed. There is no need for axillary lymph node dissection. In this case report, we present a case involving primary leiomysarcoma of the breast in a 48-year-old woman and we discuss optimal treatment options.

Effects of harassment on health of women prisoners at a prison in Pakistan

Pakistan ranks 125th out of 169 countries on the Gender Development Index [GDI] and has high prevalence rates of violence against women. The objective of this original research was to determine the frequencies and identify patterns of harassment among women in a prison of Karachi. It was a cross sectional survey conducted from 1st April 2011 to 31st June 2011 of all women incarcerated at Karachi Central Prison. A total of 70 women prisoners were present in the prison at the time of the study. However, only 38 women prisoners consented to provide respective information. Women prisoners were interviewed on a pretested questionnaire after obtaining necessary ethical approval from the authorities. Study results indicate the frequency of harassment in the women prison Karachi was 21%. It was predominant in

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica: case report and literature review

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica [TPO] is a rare, benign condition involving the trachea. TPO is characterised by osteocartilaginous nodules developing within the submuscosa of the trachea, sparing the posterior wall. We present the first documented case of TPO in Oman in a 25 year-old Omani male who presented with a recurrent, productive cough from which he had suffered throughout the previous two years. Diagnosis was made by characteristic computed tomography scan, bronchoscopic findings, and a histopathological examination