ABSTRACT
Objective: To compare serum cholesterol, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C concentrations between type-2 Diabetes mellitus [DM] patients with retinopathy and without retinopathy and to study association between various modifiable risk factors of Diabetic retinopathy [DR]
Methods: The study included 300 patients with type 2 DM; 140 of them were without DR [Group-I] and 160 were with DR [Group-II]. Serum total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG levels were determined. SPSS 17.0 for windows was used for statistical analysis
Results: Overall, mean age of study population was 48.86 +/- 5.62 years. Subjects with DR were older [P < 0.018], had higher fasting plasma glucose [P < 0.01] and higher HbA1c [P <0.01] concentrations compared with those without DR. Analysis of serum cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and TG among subgroups of patients with no DR, with NPDR and PDR showed statistically significant difference [p <0.01]. There was strong positive correlation of severity of DR with BSF, HbA1c, serum LDL-C, total cholesterol and TG
Conclusion: The serum cholesterol, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C concentrations were found to be significantly deranged in patients with DR as compared to those without DR
ABSTRACT
Hepatic encephalopathy is one of the potentially fatal complications seen in patients with advanced hepatic cirrhosis heralding a poor prognosis. Various clinical conditions have been implicated to precipitate encephalopathy with decompensated cirrhosis. To determine the frequency of various factors precipitating hepatic encephalopathy in our setup. It is a single centre, descriptive study. In Combined Military Okara from January to December 2005. Forty three patients admitted in the calendar year 2005 with the diagnosis of chronic liver disease / cirrhosis that were found to be in different grades of encephalopathy were included in the study. A careful clinical and laboratory assessment of all the cases was made and the search for the presence of various already identified precipitating factors was carried out. Fifty six percent of the patients included in the study were males and 41.9% were females. Mean age of patients was 56.46 years. Evidence of HCV infection was found in 83% and that of HBV in 17%. Upper gastrointestinal bleed was present in 37.2%, constipation in 20.9% and hypokalemia in 14% of the total patients. No cause was identifiable in 9.3% of the patients. Upper gastrointestinal bleed is the most common factor followed by constipation and electrolyte imbalance