ABSTRACT
Objective: to evaluate renal function in non-proteinuric diabetic patients
Material and Methods: it was a descriptive analytical study, conducted in University of Health Science Lahore, from February 2010 to January 2011, with a sample size of 195 diabetic subjects. They were divided equally among normoalbuminuric, microalbuminuric and macroalbuminuric groups, according to their daily urinary albumin excretion rate [AER], with 65 patients in each group. Their renal function status and GFR was evaluated by conducting tests on serum and urine samples. Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to observe differences of medians in different groups. p value less than 0.05 was taken statistically significant
Results: there was predominance of males in microalbuminuric and macroalbuminuric groups while females were more in number in normoalbuminuric group. Majority of normoalbuminuric individuals were unmarried, while married individuals were prevalent in microalbuminuric and macroalbuminuric group. Significant differences were found in serum urea concentration, serum creatinine concentration, serum uric acid concentration, glomerular filtration rate, urinary creatinine concentration, urine flow rate, daily albumin excretion rate and urinary albumin concentration among the three groups. Urinary creatinine concentration and glomerular filtration rate were in the highest ranges in normoalbuminuric group and in the lowest ranges in macroalbuminuric group. While rest of the parameters [ie. age, duration of diabetes, serum urea concentration, serum creatinine concentration, urine flow rate, daily AER , urinary albumin concentration and serum uric acid concentration] were in the lowest ranges in normoalbuminuric group and in the highest ranges in macroalbuminuric group. There was significant renal function impairment in microalburoinuric stage of diabetic nephropathy. p <0.05 was taken statistically significant
Conclusion: it is concluded that impairment in renal function occurs even in microalbuminuric stages of diabetic nephropathy. Renal functions are impaired even in the diabetic patients who have not yet developed frank proteinuria
ABSTRACT
The study was planned to observe the bioavailability and disposition kinetics of amoxicillin in adult rabbits [irrespective of sex] under healthy and dehydrated conditions. Comparative. Place and duration of. The study was conducted at the department of pharmacology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore from April 2013 to October 2013. Initially all rabbits were weighed and their packed cell volume [PCV] and other biochemical parameters were observed under normal conditions. Bioavailability and disposition kinetics of amoxicillin [10mg/kg body weight] were studied in normal rabbits following oral and intravenous route of drug administration. After 10 days washout period, these rabbits were made dehydrated by keeping the animals off water but not food. The animals with 10% decrease in body weight were declared dehydrated. Their parameters were again measured. Treated rabbits were administered amoxicillin orally and intravenously [10mg/kg body weight]. Samples were drawn at prescribed time. Amoxicillin was assessed in plasma by using microbiological assay method. Plasma concentration was analyzed using non compartmental method. The water deprived or dehydrated rabbits showed a significant increase in the packed cell volume, blood glucose and plasma globulins as compared to the normal rabbits. However, there was a significant decrease in body weight, total proteins, albumins and albumin globulin ratio of the dehydrated rabbits. The peak plasma concentration, volume of distribution and rate constant of elimination was lower in the dehydrated rabbits as compared to the normal rabbits. The plasma concentration of amoxicillin after intravenous administration in dehydrated rabbits had a significant larger area under curve, area under 1[st] moment curve, a longer half life and a larger mean residence time. The study in the dehydrated rabbits indicated the need of modification of dosage regimen
ABSTRACT
Prevalence of morbid obesity has increased dramatically world wide during past three decades. BMP a cardiac lipolytic hormone is found to be decreased in obese hypertensive and heart failure patients. Increasing values of BMI are associated with dyslipidemia. To find out the relationship of BMP with increasing values of BMI and individual serum lipid fractions in apparently healthy adult males. Study Observational, cross-sectional Department of Physiology at Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Center, Karachi. Study included 85 adult males, aged between 20-60 years. All were non-smokers, non- diabetic, having no other chronic illness and not taking any lipid lowering therapy. Study participants were evaluated for lipid profile and divided into three groups for the calculated BMI values according to WHO and International Obesity Task Force. Brain Natriuretic Peptide was assayed by AxSym technology. Brain Natriuretic Peptide developed a negative correlation with BMI, total and LDL-cholesterol and a positive relation with HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. This study concluded that Brain Natriuretic Peptide is negatively related with increasing values of BMI and degree of dyslipidemia in apparently healthy adult males
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Lipids/blood , Body Mass Index , Cross-Sectional Studies , DyslipidemiasABSTRACT
The fluoroquinolones are currently enjoying extensive worldwide clinical applications because of their good bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile. Investigation into several aspects of the pharmacokinetic of all clinically relevant fluoroquinolones, have been carried out notably in Europe, USA and Japan. In view of the 'geonetical' [geographical influences on genetics-pharmacogenetics] differences, it is important that for the optimal therapeutic outcome, biodisposition studies on drugs are better conducted in the population and environments where wide and extensive use of the drug is anticipated. The Objectives of study were to see the pharmacokinetic parameters in healthy young male and female volunteers. This comparative study was conducted King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan, from July 2005 to December 2005. In Pakistan where the use of antibiotics is more frequent by the general practitioners it is important to elucidate certain dose parameters it is also noticed that side effects are more in females than males so present study is conducted to calculate any differences in bioavailability on the basis of sex. The pharmacokinetic parameters of ofloxacin were determined in each of the clinically health eight young girls and boys [mean age 23.9 and 25.1 years, respectively] following a single oral dose of 400 mg tablet. The method adopted was microbiological assay. The blood samples collected at predetermined time intervals after drug administration revealed almost twice as high concentration of the drug in plasma of the girls than that in the boys. The pharmacokinetic parameters revealed significantly [p<0.01] higher values for area under curve [AUC] and C[max], and lower total body clearance [TBC] and volume of distribution in the girls than in the boys. The gender differences in pharmacokinetic parameters indicate that the dose adjustment should be considered in male and female