ABSTRACT
Hemodynamic instability is one of the main causes of death in critically ill children.Real-time and dynamic monitoring of hemodynamic changes is an important part of the work in intensive care units and operating rooms.For the past 50 years, invasive pulmonary catheter thermal dilution has been recognized as the "gold standard" for hemodynamic monitoring, but its clinical use has declined in recent years due to its patient injury, complications, and difficulty in operation.Therefore, hemodynamic monitoring techniques that are minimally or completely noninvasive, simple to perform, and highly correlated in accuracy with invasive methods are receiving increasing attention from pediatric clinicians.This review summarized the measuring principle and application status of various monitoring technologies, in order to provide evidence for the selection of appropriate monitoring methods in clinical practice.