ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: It is still a problem to achieve early and accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, and delayed treatments often occur in a large number of patients because of late diagnosis or misdiagnosis. Therefore, the development and improvement of related bioanalytical methods are of great importance for the biomarker detection of Alzheimer's disease which is still lack of means that are sensitive, efficient and low-cost. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the diagnostic methods and related biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease, and to sum up the research progress in novel biomimetic receptors for the early detection of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers. METHODS: PubMed, CNKI and Wanfang databases were used to search articles related to the biomarker studies of Alzheimer's disease and relevant studies about methods of biomarkers detection published from 2000 to 2016. The key words were "Alzheimer's disease, biomarkers, detect/detecting/detection" in Chinese and English, respectively. Finally 40 articles were obtained for the review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At present, the bioanalytical methods used for biomarker detection of Alzheimer's disease mostly utilize antibodies as recognition and capture elements of biomarkers, but there are some limitations using traditional antibodies as detection receptors. Thus, novel biomimetic receptors can be substituted for conventional antibodies. Novel biomimetic receptors have high specificity, small size, low production costs and high product stability, and their chemical modification process is relatively convenient. Biomimetic receptors developed for protein analysis include aptamers, polypeptide receptors, peptoid receptors, molecularly imprinted polymers, nanobodies, gelsolin and cucurbit urils. Detection of biomarkers with novel biomimetic receptors instead of conventional antibodies will be more accurate and timely in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial or total adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From February 2000 to September 2003, 130 patients (76 women and 54 men) with a confirmed diagnosis of primary aldosteronism underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic operation. Of the 130 cases, there were 119 cases with Aldosterone-producing Adenoma and 11 cases with Idiopathic Adrenal Hyperplasia (unilateral of 2 cases). Eleven cases with Idiopathic Adrenal Hyperplasia underwent unilateral adrenalectomy. Of the 119 cases with Aldosterone-producing Adenoma, 61 cases underwent total adrenalectomy, and 58 cases underwent partial adrenalectomy. All cases were with preoperatively high plasma aldosterone, low plasma rennin and hypokalemia and arterial hypertension.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Operations were successfully performed in all cases. The operative time ranged from 15 to 225 min (mean 52 +/- 40 min, Md = 43 min) and the operative bleeding ranged from 0 to 200 ml (mean 23 +/- 34 ml, Md = 20 ml, zero bleeding means that less than 5 ml) without blood transfusion. The hospital length of stay was ranged from 3 to 9 d (mean 5.1 +/- 1.3 d). No major complication occurred. Kalemia was normalized within one month and aldosterone/PRA ratio was decreased obviously in all cases. Postoperatively blood pressure was normalized within 2 month in 88 cases without using any drug.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It is safe and practical to perform retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial on total adrenalectomy on the patients with primary aldosteronism.</p>