ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the association with cigarette smoking for Parkinson's disease (PD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and fourteen PD cases and 205 controls matched on gender and race were recruited from ongoing PD prevalence survey and identified at the neurological clinic of Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Face to face questionnaire interview was carried out and data on smoking and alcohol consumption were analyzed in a population-based case control study.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>With never-smokers as the reference category, we observed reduced risk for PD among ever smokers (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.30 - 0.79) current smokers (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.23 - 0.86) and ex-smokers (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.30 - 0.96). When comparing with non-smokers, the ever smokers stratified by years of smoking had an inverse association with those whose smoking history longer than 20 years (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.18 - 0.70) and an mild protective association with those who smoked less than 20 years (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.35 - 1.07). Those who had quitted smoking for more than 20 years were less likely to have the disease than never smokers, and those who had quitted for less than 20 years were least likely to have PD. Those current smokers were still least likely to have the disease. Significant inverse gradient with pack-day smoker (trend P < 0.05), and the inverse association for cigarette smoking and PD were found not bing confounded by alcohol consumption.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The inverse association between PD and cigarette smoking and history of cessation was found. Further studies need to provide biochemical evidence on the relation between smoking and its protective effect on PD.</p>
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Case-Control Studies , China , Epidemiology , Parkinson Disease , Epidemiology , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Smoking , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the relationship between the clinical character and pathological variants as well as response to treatment of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis(FSGS) in children.Methods The clinical feature, laboratory data and histological variants of 48 children with idiopathic FSGS proven by renal biopsy were studied retrospectively. Among them,34 were boys;14 cases were girls. The age ranged from 1.75 to 16.0 years.Results Of 48 children with FSGS,nephrotic syndrome in 32(66.7%)was the predominant clinical manifestation. The pathological classification included FSGS not otherwise specified(NOS) in 29 cases(60.42%), perihilar variant in 14 cases(29.17%), tip variant 3 cases(6.25%), cellualr variant 2 cases(4.17%)and no collapsing variant. The different pathological variants had similar rate of segmental sclerosis glomeruli; perihilar variant had a higher global sclerosis glomeruli than FSGS NOS and other variants and there was a statistical significance(P 0.05).Vascular lesions were rarely seen in all kinds of histological variants of children.Conclusions Hypertension and renal insufficiency are less frequently seen in children FSGS, isolated hematuria as unique clinic presentation is common in FSGS. All pathological variants have tubular-interstitial lesions, but vascular lesions are rarely seen. Most FSGS children with nephrotic syndrome are sensitive to steroid at initial stage, and easy to develop frequent relapse gradually, immunosuppressive agent may be helpful to elevate remission rate.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the possibility of medication treatment in Alport′s syndrome(AS).Methods Two boys with AS,received cyclosporin A(CyA) in combination with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor(ACEI) or only ACEI,which lasted 22 months and 20 months,respectively.Results After the treatments with the medication,there was obvious effectiveness in the 2 patients with relieved symptom and almost normal serum standard,especially the permanent and obvious recession of proteinuria.There was no side effects of medication during the treatment.Conclusion Patients with AS can be treated with CyA and ACEI,with symptomatic recession,as well as suspend the progression of pathology of kidney.