Effects of ghrelin on the proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and its possible mechanisms / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of ghrelin on the proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte, and study the possible mechanisms.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>3T3-L1 preadipocytes were cultured in vitro. The proliferation potentials of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes that were treated with different concentrations of ghrelin were evaluated by MTT methods. The levels of c-myc and thymidine kinase mRNA were detected using RT-PCR. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated into the matured adipocytes with insulin (INS) or ghrelin. The morphological changes of 3T3-L1 adipocytes were observed and the differentiation rate was assayed by oil-red O staining. Total RNA was extracted from adipocytes at various times, and the levels of peroxisome proliferation activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and CAAT/enhancer binding protein(C/EBPalpha) mRNA expressions were detected using RT-PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Ghrelin at concentrations of 10(-7) to 10(-15) mol/L significantly stimulated preadipocyte proliferation (p<0.05). The levels of c-myc and thymidine kinase mRNA significantly increased in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes with 10(-9) mol/L and 10(-11) mol/L ghrelin treatment (p<0.01). The 3T3-L1 preadipocytes treated with 10(-11) mol/L ghrelin had lots of lipid droplets in the cytoplasma, but the differentiation rate was lower than those treated with INS. Ghrelin of 10(-11) mol/L significantly increased the mRNA expression of PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha in the course of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation, compared with the normal control group (p<0.05). The PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha mRNA expression increased with the prolonged differentiation of preadipocytes induced by ghrelin or INS. There were significant differences in the levels of PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha mRNA expression between the 2nd and 8th days of differentiation(p<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Ghrelin promotes the proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes induced by ghrelin may be associated with increased c-myc levels. Ghrelin may promote differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by increasing mRNA expression of PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha, thus enhances the sensitivity of adipocytes to INS.</p>

Expression of Matrix Metallproteinase-2 and Matrix Metallproteinase-9 on Aortic Valve in Children with Rheumatic Heart Disease / 实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To detect the expression of matrix metallproteinases(MMPs) in aortic valve of children who suffered from rheumatic heart disease(RHD) and to explore the pathological role of MMPs in children′s rheumatic aortic valve disease.Methods RHD group composed of 18 aortic valves from children suffered from RHD.Controls were 8 children who were died accidentally without cardiovascular system diseases.Hematoxylin and eosin stain observing the histological characteristic of the 2 groups.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect expression of MMP2 and MMP9 on aortic valves in 2 groups.Results Hematoxylin and eosin stain showed:in RHD the valves′ structure were destroyed along with fibrous tissue proliferation,mucinous degeneration,collagen and fiber hyalinization,blood vessel and blood capillary proliferation,lymphocyte,plasmocyte,monocyte infiltration.Immunohistochemistry showed that MMP2 and MMP9 expression were significantly higher than those in the aortic of RHD(68.85?13.08,64.35?9.59) compared with control group(107.31?23.39,116.28?6.99)(t=3.92,10.18 all P

Therapeutic effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulin at 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg on Kawasaki disease: a comparative and follow-up study / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulin IVIG, 1 g/kg single intravenous injection in treating and preventing cardiac consequences of Kawasaki disease (KD) in children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 242 children with KD disease were enrolled in the study. In the randomized controlled trial, they were randomly divided into two groups: IVIG 1 g/kg group and IVIG 2 g/kg group, with aspirin administered within the first 7 to 10 days of illness. The occurrence and restoration of coronary artery lesion (CAL) in these two groups as well as the clinical and laboratory indexes including total fever duration, restoration of cervical lymphadenopathy, white blood cells count, platelet count, serum immunoglobulin, C reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and EKG were observed. The clinical effectiveness of the groups before and after the treatment was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The age of the 242 children with KD disease ranged from 3 months to 14 years (mean 4.0 +/- 2.8 years old). Male to female ratio was 1.66:1, 83.1% of KD patients were blow 5 years old, 93.4% patients were followed up with echocardiography at the end of the first year and the follow-up period was (38 +/- 18) months, ranging from 4 months to 5.4 years; 86.9% of the cases in 1 g/kg group and 91.7% of the cases in 2 g/kg group had their fever controlled within 48 hours. The difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Serum immunoglobulin level was markedly enhanced after IVIG. Serum immunoglobulin levels in the patients of 2 g/kg group and 1 g/kg group were (26.9 +/- 7.4) g/L and (18.3 +/- 6.9) g/L, respectively (P < 0.01). The average duration of fever in IVIG 1 g/kg group was 10.6 days. After the treatment with 1 g/kg of IVIG, the abnormal white blood cells count, platelet count, C reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and abnormal EKG findings were greatly improved (P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the above-mentioned improvement between IVIG 1 g/kg group and IVIG 2 g/kg group (P > 0.05). In IVIG 1 g/kg group the occurrence of CAL was 29.5%. After the one-year follow-up, 87.5% CAL restored, but 12.5% did not, among which 9.4% were those of IVIG non-responders. In IVIG 2 g/kg group the incidence of CAL was 24.2%. After the one-year follow-up, 89.3% CAL restored, but 10.7% did not, all of which were those of IVIG non-responders. There was no significant difference in the incidence of CAL between the two groups (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Single intravenous injection of IVIG at 1 g/kg could effectively alleviate the clinical symptoms, decrease the incidence of CAL and reduce the complication of cardiovascular system. In the treatment of KD, the therapeutic effectiveness of IVIG at 1 g/kg was not significantly different from that of single intravenous injection of IVIG at 2 g/kg.</p>

Macrophage activation syndrome in children with systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis: analysis of 13 patients / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a rare but life-threatening complication in children with rheumatic diseases, particularly systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SOJIA). Because of the potential fatality of this condition, prompt recognition and immediate therapeutic intervention are important. This study reviewed the data of MAS in 13 cases with SOJIA.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Retrospective review was performed on the precipitating events, clinical manifestations, laboratory data, treatment, and outcome of macrophage activation syndrome in 13 children with SOJIA seen from 1996 to 2005.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Over the past 10 years the unit has had 90 new patients with SOJIA. Thirteen of those patients (14.4%) developed MAS during the course of their primary SOJIA, of whom ten were male. All patients were noted to have active SOJIA prior to developing MAS; 3 patients had medications, which were considered as trigger factors; 8 had infections prior to MAS, in two of them the infections were possible triggers. All the patients had high grade fever; 12 cases (92.3%) had hepatomegaly; 10 patients (76.9%) had coagulopathy, and eight patients (61.5%) had central nervous system dysfunction. The counts of platelet, white blood cells and the mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate fell dramatically in all patients; hyperferritinemia was identified in 8 patients, in 5 of whom serum ferritin (SF) was >or= 10,000 microg/L; in 8 (72.7%) of 11 cases fibrinogen was <or= 2.5 g/L; triglyceride (TG) was >or= 2.5 mmol/L in 9 (69.2%) of 13 cases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>MAS is a rare and potentially fatal complication of children with SOJIA. Primary disease activity, medications and infections preceding MAS were all important triggers. The strongest clinical discriminators were hepatomegaly, hemorrhages and central nervous system dysfunction. The strongest laboratory tests were decreased counts of platelet and white blood cells, decreased ESR and fibrinogen, dramatically increased SF and TG. It calls for the immediate treatments, particularly with cyclosporin A, which are often effective.</p>

Experimental Study of Adrenomedullin in Autoimmune Myocarditis Induced by Immunization of Mice with Lactobacillus Casei Cell Wall Element / 实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To study adrenomedullin (AM) mRNA and protein expression level in myocardium of autoimmune myocarditis animal models induced by immunization of mice with lactobacillus casei cell wall element(LCWE). Methods Forty-five Balb/c male mice were randomly divided into experimental group (n = 30) and control group (n = 15), which were intraperitoneally injected with LCWE and phosphate buffered solution(PBS) at day 0,3,5 and 10,respectively. Sera and myocardium samples were gained 14,21 and 28 days after the first immunization. AM expression levels were determined by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT- PCR) and immunchistochemistry,and mycardial histopathological lesions were observed. The anti- myosin antibodies in different stages were examined by an ELISA. Results There were myocardial necrosis or inflammatory infiltration in the experimental group, but myocardial lesions were not found in the control group. Anti - myosin antibodies were detected in sera of experimental mice,but not in control group. Immunchistochemistry findings demonstrated that AM expression level was higher in the experimental group than in the control group( P

Intervention Effects of Granisetron Hydrochloride on Vasovagal Syncope in Rabbits / 实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To study the effects of granisetron hydrochloride on vasovagal syncope(VVS) in rabbits.Methods Twenty-four healthy New Zealand rabbits were divided stochastically into control group and intervention group,12 in each group. The control group was injected intravenously with normal saline. The intervention group was injected intravenously with granisetron hydrchloiride.Rabbit VVS models were established,each was taken at 4 points in time in the bloodletting process:T1,T2,T3,T4,to compare the bloodletting time,the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) in T2,T3,T4 and the total blood volume between the groups,and monitor the heart rate, blood pressure during the entire process.Results 1.The time of intervention group in T2,T3,T4 was longer than the time of control group obviously(P

Celluar Immunity in Patients with Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA) / 实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To evaluate the change of cellular immunity and its clinical significance in JRA.Methods 7 lymphocyte swbpopulation was analyzed by immunofluorescein and interleukin 2 (IL-2) produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro by MTT colorimetric assay. 29 times of various stage with JRA were examined, including 14 clinically active patients, 8 posttreatment or 7 clinically inactive ones. There are 19 healthy children of similar age in control group.Results In active patients, the number of OKT8, OKT4, the ratio of OKT4/OKT8 and the level of IL-2 decreased significantly compared with normal controls. These changes recovered matkedly in remission patients though they did alter affective treatment for (2～4) weeks.Conclusion Patients with active JRA are characterised by aberration of cellular immunity and the aberration reverses obviously slow in comparision with the clinical manifestetions and the routine laboratory investigation.