ABSTRACT
Objective: To explore the effects of physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep duration on the prevalence of hypertension in Chongqing municipality through the cross-sectional study. Methods: A multi-stage stratified random sampling method was adopted to conduct the questionnaire survey and physical examination on permanent residents (age>15 years old) from 4 rural and 4 urban areas in Chongqing. Data on basic personal information were collected and analyzed. Binary logistic regression was used to find potential risk factors for hypertension. Results: A total of 15,280 subjects were enrolled in this study. According to the Chinese Hypertension Prevention Guideline 2010, the prevalence of hypertension in the whole population was 20.7%. The result of binary Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that MET ≤2.29 h/d, sedentary time≤6.1 h/d, and sleeping duration≤ 6 h/d or >9 h/d were the risk factors for hypertension while sedentary time between 4.1-6.0 h/d was the protective factor of hypertension in Chongqing. For high risk factor (MET≤2.29 h/d, sedentary time≥6.1 h/d, and sleep duration≤6 h/d), the percentage in the rural residents was higher than that in the urban residents. For protective factor (sedentary time: 4.1~6.0 h/d), the percentage in the rural residents was significantly lower than that in the urban residents. Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension is high in Chongqing. Insufficient physical activity, long sedentary time, and insufficient/excessive sleep duration may increase the risk of hypertension. The higher prevalence of hypertension in rural areas may be correlated with insufficient physical activity, longer sedentary time, and insufficient/excessive sleep duration.
ABSTRACT
Objective To establish an animal model of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis induced by chemical sub-stances, and provide a reliable animal model and evaluation method for pathological mechanism and pharmaceutical re-search of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. Methods SD male rats were randomly divided into control group and model groups A, B and C. The three model groups were respectively treated with 20, 50 and 100 μL of 1% sterile carrageenan, injected into the left and right ventral lobes of rat prostate. The control group was injected 50μL sterile normal saline. The rats were sacrificed at 7 days after carrageenan injection, and the anatomical changes were analyzed, and the prostate in-dex, leukocyte count, the histology of prostate, and the protein expressions of TNF-α, NF-κB, IKKα, p-IKB-α and COX-2 were analyzed. Results Compared with the sham operation group, the softness of prostate tissue of groups A, B and C was decreased, the elasticity of the prostatic tissue was weakened, and the prostate tissues of model groups were ad-hered to surrounding tissues. The total number of leukocytes and the prostate index of model groups A, B and C were signif-icantly increased (P<0. 01), by 21. 1%, 61. 7% and 72. 7%, respectively. The total increase rate of white blood cell in the model groups A, B and C was 75%, 103. 6% and 114. 8%, respectively. Pathological examination showed that the in-terstitial edema of the prostate of model group A was minimal, but obvious in the groups B and C. Moreover, in the group C, the prostate atrophy was obvious, and some of the glands were degenerated and necrotic. The protein expression levels of NF-κB, IKKα, p-IKB-α, TNF-α, and COX-2 in the prostate tissue were increased to a different extent in all model groups. Conclusions Inflammatory reactions can be induced by injecting 20, 50 or 100 μL of 1% sterile carrag-eenan into the right and left ventral lobes of the rat prostate. However, the 20μL dose is too small, inducing only weak in-flammatory response, with considerable operation error, while the dose of 100μL induced excessive inflammatory response, even rat death. The dose of of 50 μL injection is most suitable to establish rat models of nonbacterial prostatitis, showing apparent activation of NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway.
ABSTRACT
Objective To establish an animal model of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis induced by chemical sub-stances, and provide a reliable animal model and evaluation method for pathological mechanism and pharmaceutical re-search of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. Methods SD male rats were randomly divided into control group and model groups A, B and C. The three model groups were respectively treated with 20, 50 and 100 μL of 1% sterile carrageenan, injected into the left and right ventral lobes of rat prostate. The control group was injected 50μL sterile normal saline. The rats were sacrificed at 7 days after carrageenan injection, and the anatomical changes were analyzed, and the prostate in-dex, leukocyte count, the histology of prostate, and the protein expressions of TNF-α, NF-κB, IKKα, p-IKB-α and COX-2 were analyzed. Results Compared with the sham operation group, the softness of prostate tissue of groups A, B and C was decreased, the elasticity of the prostatic tissue was weakened, and the prostate tissues of model groups were ad-hered to surrounding tissues. The total number of leukocytes and the prostate index of model groups A, B and C were signif-icantly increased (P<0. 01), by 21. 1%, 61. 7% and 72. 7%, respectively. The total increase rate of white blood cell in the model groups A, B and C was 75%, 103. 6% and 114. 8%, respectively. Pathological examination showed that the in-terstitial edema of the prostate of model group A was minimal, but obvious in the groups B and C. Moreover, in the group C, the prostate atrophy was obvious, and some of the glands were degenerated and necrotic. The protein expression levels of NF-κB, IKKα, p-IKB-α, TNF-α, and COX-2 in the prostate tissue were increased to a different extent in all model groups. Conclusions Inflammatory reactions can be induced by injecting 20, 50 or 100 μL of 1% sterile carrag-eenan into the right and left ventral lobes of the rat prostate. However, the 20μL dose is too small, inducing only weak in-flammatory response, with considerable operation error, while the dose of 100μL induced excessive inflammatory response, even rat death. The dose of of 50 μL injection is most suitable to establish rat models of nonbacterial prostatitis, showing apparent activation of NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway.