ABSTRACT
Background: Anatomical variations of the skeleton provide information on daily activities, living conditions, cultural behaviour and health problems of any society. Squatting is a good example of such behaviour/function producing skeletal markers due to remodelling, on the bones of lower limb by putting strong pressure and traction forces on the knee and ankle joints. It is associated with modifications of the neck of the talus (squatting facets) and its trochlear- malleolar surfaces (trochlear extensions). Methods: An observational analytical study was designed to observe anatomical variations in 616 dry, macerated human tali of both sides in north Indian population where squatting is a part of regular behaviour. Differences in the form and extent of this facet, trochlear extensions or articular (malleolar) extensions may be noted. Results: The frequency of occurrence of these facets and extensions has been found to vary considerably in different races. A much more pronounced forward prolongation has been found to be present in the north Indian talus in this series. A high frequency of forward prolongation of medial articular surface in Indian population suggests that, not only the squatting posture and habitual sartorial posture (palthi position/ tailor position) but the prevalence of walking for long distances may be responsible for this. Conclusion: The results provide an opportunity to study the relationship between past and modern population, and also describe the daily activity of life and cultural structure. Anatomical variations of the neck of the talus (squatting facets) and its trochlear- malleolar surfaces (trochlear extensions) can be of help in pathologies of foot for reconstruction and rehabilitation procedures. It will also provide ethnic data for anthropologists and forensic experts about talar variations and would be of direct relevance in anatomy teaching