ABSTRACT
Objective: To isolate and identify chemical constituents with antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory effects of the ethanolic extract of Simmondsia chinensis (Jojoba) leaves. Methods: The alcoholic extract was subjected to successive solvent fractionation. The antioxidant active fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions) were subjected to a combination of different chromatographic techniques guided by the antioxidant assay with DPPH. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidences and correlated with known compounds. The antioxidant activity was assessed quantitively using DPPH and β-carotene methods. The inhibitory potential against enzyme lipoxygenase was assessed on soybean lipoxygenase enzyme. Results: Ten flavonoids and four lignans were isolated. Flavonoid aglycones showed stronger antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory effects than their glycosides. Lignoid glycosides showed moderate to weak antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory effects. Conclusions: A total of 14 compounds were isolated and identified from Simmondsia chinensis; 12 of them were isolated for the first time. This is the first report that highlights deeply on the phenolic content of jojoba and their potential biological activities and shows the importance of this plant as a good source of phenolics in particular the flavonoid content.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To isolate and identify chemical constituents with antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory effects of the ethanolic extract of Simmondsia chinensis (Jojoba) leaves.@*METHODS@#The alcoholic extract was subjected to successive solvent fractionation. The antioxidant active fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions) were subjected to a combination of different chromatographic techniques guided by the antioxidant assay with DPPH. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidences and correlated with known compounds. The antioxidant activity was assessed quantitively using DPPH and β-carotene methods. The inhibitory potential against enzyme lipoxygenase was assessed on soybean lipoxygenase enzyme.@*RESULTS@#Ten flavonoids and four lignans were isolated. Flavonoid aglycones showed stronger antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory effects than their glycosides. Lignoid glycosides showed moderate to weak antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory effects.@*CONCLUSIONS@#A total of 14 compounds were isolated and identified from Simmondsia chinensis; 12 of them were isolated for the first time. This is the first report that highlights deeply on the phenolic content of jojoba and their potential biological activities and shows the importance of this plant as a good source of phenolics in particular the flavonoid content.
ABSTRACT
Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis develop progressively in extrahepatic biliary atresia despite timely surgical intervention. We aimed to study total hepatic blood flow [hepatic artery and portal vein flow] as a possible predictive factor of outcome of infants having biliary atresia who had underwent Kasai portoenterostomy. Twenty Infants having biliary atresia underwent colored and pulsed Doppler ultrasound studies. They were done before and 2-3 months after portoenterostomy. Hepatic artery, portal vein and single hepatic vein mean flow, mean diameter, mean velocity, hepatic arterial to portal venous flow ratio and total hepatic flow/kg were calculated and correlated to final outcome. The detected mean total hepatic flow and total hepatic flow/kg preoperatively was 685.5 +/- 296 ml/min and 147.1 +/- 51.4 ml/min/kg and post-operatively in those who became anicteric was 854.4 +/- 107 ml/min and 149.5 +/- 37.2 ml/min/kg, 539.2 +/- 337.7 ml/min and 112.1 +/- 78.6 ml/min/kg in those who developed chronic disease and in those who died was 157.6 +/- 79.6 and 30.9 +/- 16.1 ml/min/kg respectively. Unresolving cholestasis in infants having biliary atresia with poor outcome following portoenterostomy is associated with decreased post-operative total hepatic flow. Preoperative total hepatic flow did not correlate with postoperative total hepatic flow
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Liver Cirrhosis , Disease Progression/diagnosis , Blood Flow Velocity , Hepatic Artery , Prospective Studies , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color , Infant, Newborn , CholestasisABSTRACT
The tubular or triangular cord sign [TC sign] is very sensitive and specific in diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary atresia. It is a b and -like periportal echogenicity, which represents a cone shaped fibrotic mass cranial to the bifurcation of portal vein. TC sign anatomic characterization using 3 dimensional sonography in infants with biliary atresia. 20 infants having biliary atresia underwent both 2 dimensional and 3 dimensional ultrasonographic examinations using both 5 and 7 MHz convex linear transducers. Ultrasonographic findings were correlated to intraoperative details. 11 infants with neonatal hepatitis with absent TC sign were evaluated as a control group. The TC sign identified on 2 dimensional sonography was identified by 3 dimensional sonography. 3D ultra-sonography characterized the TC sign as the left hepatic bile duct, which was completely obliterated in 18 infants, [confirmed by intra-operative findings] and partially occluded in 2. It converged to meet the right hepatic duct which was also seen occluded [in all cases] as a fibrotic b and seen through a right modified oblique lateral scan [while using the liver as an acoustic window]. The common hepatic duct was seen occluded in all infants. The common bile duct was seen occluded in all except one which showed non-communicating cystic dilatation [confirmed by intra-operative cholangiogra-phy]. All infants with idiopathic neonatal hepatitis had patent intact biliary systems and recovered in the following 6-10 months. TC sign represents the obliterated left hepatic bile duct. 3Dimensional ultrasonography is superior to 2D sonography in providing better diagnostic imaging of the biliary tract in infants with cholestasis