ABSTRACT
Objective To understand the status of Toxoplasma gondii infections and the awareness of toxoplasmosis preven-tion and control knowledge among high-risk populations in Hangzhou City. Methods The serum anti-T. gondii antibodies were detected in 100 HIV/AIDS patients,100 cancer patients,100 pregnant women and 100 healthy controls,and the awareness of toxoplasmosis prevention and control knowledge was investigated using a questionnaire. Results The sero-prevalence of T. gon-dii infection was 31％,30％and 21％in HIV/AIDS patients,cancer patients and pregnant women,which was all significantly higher than in healthy controls(χ2 =14.68, 13.96 and 7.56,all P values<0.01). The pregnant women had a high awareness rate of toxoplasmosis prevention and control knowledge,and the healthy controls had a low awareness rate. In addition,the sub-jects had a low awareness rate regarding the questions including"Do you know the damages of Toxoplasma gondii infections?","Do you know that consumption of raw or uncooked meat may cause Toxoplasma gondii infections?",and"Do you know that con-tact with contaminated soil may cause Toxoplasma gondii infections?". Conclusions The sero-prevalence of T. gondii infection is high among the high-risk populations in Hangzhou City,including the HIV/AIDS patients,cancer patients and pregnant wom-en,and these high-risk populations have a low awareness rate of some toxoplasmosis prevention and control knowledge. There-fore,it is essential to improve the health education of toxoplasmosis prevention and control knowledge among the high-risk popu-lations,so as to effectively prevent and control human T. gondii infections.
ABSTRACT
Ginseng is a valuable medicinal plant with ginsenosides as its mian effective components. Because ginseng is a perennial plant and has a very strict demand for soil conditions, the way of cultivating ginseng by cutting woods is still used in China at present and thus forest resources has been extremely destroyed. Increasing attention has been paid to the hairy roots induced by the infection of Agrobacterium rhizogenes in the production of plant secondary metabolic products for the hairy roots are characterized by rapid growth and stable hereditary and biochemical traits. That has opened a new way for the industrial production of ginseosides. However, there is little report for such studies from China. In this paper, hairy roots of ginseng were induced from the root explants of two-year-old ginseng by Agrobacterium rhizogenes A4 with directly inoculating. The transformed hairy roots could grow rapidly on MS medium and 1/2 MS medium without hormones. The cultured clones of the hairy roots were established on a solid 1/2 MS medium. After 4 - 5 subcultures the hairy roots still maintained a vigorous growth. A pair of primers were designed and synthesized according to the analytical results of RiA4TL-DNA sequence by Slightom et al . 0.8kb rolC was obtained by PCR using the genome DNA of hairy root of ginseng. Transformation was confirmed by PCR amplification of rolC genes from the hairy roots of P. ginseng. Growth rate of hairy roots on liquid medium increased by 2 times then that of the solid medium. The growth of the hairy roots can be divided into three stages: high speed in the first two weeks, middle speed in the 3 - 4 weeks and low speed hereafter. Changing the culture solution at 2 weeks regular intervals is conductive to maintaining the rapid growth of the hairy roots. By means of determination for specific growth rate and ginsenosides content, the high-yield hairy root clone R9923 was selected. The content of monomer gisenoside of Rg1, Re, Rf, Rbl, Rc, Rb2 and Rd in hairy root clone R9923 was determined by the HPLC. The total ginsenosides content in the hairy toot clone R9923 came up to 15.2 mg/g. The suitable culture conditions for ginseng hairy roots growing were 1/2 MS liquid medium (30 g/L glucose), in a shaker at 110 r/min, changing the culture solution at 2 weeks and subculture time 4 weeks. In the liquid fermented culture of 2L medium, the yield of the hairy roots could amount to 270.10 g in 4 weeks. The industrial production of ginsenosides has been preliminarily realized. Effect factors on biomass and ginsenosides content such as culture volume, inoculation, in steps cultural technology at the scale-up process of hairy roots culture were also explorated. Our results have laid a foundation for defining optimum culture manner for large-scale cultivation and large-scale production of ginsenosides.