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Thirteen isoflavones were separated and purified from an ethanol extract of the rhizome of Dalbergia benthamii Prain by using silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, recrystallization et al. Their structures were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral analysis such as MS, 1D/2D-NMR as dalbergibenthamin (1), butesuperin A (2), xanthocercin A (3), butesuperin B (4), di-O-methylalpinum isoflavone (5), 2′-deoxgisoaunculutin (6), robustone (7), 4′-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxy-6-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-isoflavone (8), formononetin (9), 6″-O-rhamnosyldaidzin (10), 3′,4′-di-O-methylene-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-6-isopentenyl isoflavone (11), derrubone dimethyl enter (12), and derrubone (13). Compound 1 is a pair of new isoflavonoid enantiomers, compound 12 is a new natural product and compounds 1-7 and 10-13 were obtained from D. benthamii Prain for the first time. In vitro cytotoxic activities of the compounds were explored by MTS testing with HL-60, A-549, SMMC-7721, MCF-7 and SW480 cell lines. Results show that compound 8 significantly inhibited cellular proliferation. The IC50 of compound 8 in A-549 and SW480 cells was 16.68 ± 0.19 and 15.21 ± 0.60 μmol·L-1.
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SUMMARY: To investigate the correlation between the anatomical morphology of palatal rugae and sex. The study sample consisted of 120 students studying from Shanxi Medical University, of which 60 were females and 60 were males. The digital model of the palatal rugae was obtained by the 3 Shape TRIOS intraoral scanner. And the shapes of palatal rugae were recorded. Association between palatal rugae shape and sex were tested using Chi-square analysis. And logistic regression analysis (LRA) was carried out to calculate the accuracy of gender prediction using rugae shapes. There was a statistically significant difference between males and females in terms of the distribution of wavy and circular palate rugae. The use of logistic regression analysis obtained a sex predictive value of 65 % when all the rugae shapes were analyzed. Digital images of the palatal rugae morphology contribute to more accurate and convenient for data collection and transformation. It was found that rugae patterns can moderately identify the sex of the specific population when multivariate statistics such as LRA is applied. The palatal rugae morphology can be utilized as an assistant measure for sex identification.
RESUMEN: Investigar la correlación entre la morfología anatómica de las rugas palatinas y el sexo. En la muestra de este estudio se incluyeron 120 estudiantes de la Universidad Médica de Shanxi, (60 mujeres y 60 hombres). El modelo digital de las rugas palatinas se obtuvo mediante escáner intraoral 3 Shape TRIOS, y se registraron las formas de las rugas palatinas. La asociación entre la forma de las rugas palatinas y el sexo se evaluó mediante un análisis de Chi-cuadrado; para calcular la precisión de la predicción de sexo se llevó a cabo un análisis de regresión logística (ARL) Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre hombres y mujeres en términos de la distribución de las rugas palatinas onduladas y circulares. El uso de análisis de regresión logística obtuvo un valor predictivo de sexo del 65 % cuando se analizaron todas las formas de las rugas. Las imágenes digitales de la morfología de las rugas palatinas contribuyen a una recopilación de datos más precisa. En este análisis se determinó que los patrones de rugas pueden identificar relativamente el sexo de una población específica, cuando se aplican estadísticas multivariadas como ARL. La morfología de las rugas palatinas se puede utilizar como medida de ayuda para la identificación de sexo.
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Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Sex Characteristics , Forensic Anthropology , Palate, Hard/anatomy & histology , Chi-Square Distribution , Predictive Value of Tests , Regression Analysis , Sex Determination by SkeletonABSTRACT
Objective:To compare the clinical efficacy of bundle suture and Krackow suture in the treatment of acute closed Achilles tendon rupture.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was used to analyze the clinical data of 58 patients with acute closed Achilles tendon rupture admitted to Tongji Hospital of Tongji University from August 2014 to August 2021, including 53 males and 5 females, aged 27-55 years [(39.6±7.1)years]. The patients were treated with open repair and were assigned to bundle suture group ( n=30) and Krackow suture group ( n=28). The incision length and operative time were compared between the two groups. The healing of the Achilles tendon was observed. The difference in circumference between the affected and healthy side of the calf, ratio of width to anterior-posterior diameter at the cross-sectional area of Achilles tendon rupture, and ratio of scar tissue to tendinous fibrous tissue at the cross-sectional area of Achilles tendon rupture were measured at 12 months after surgery. At the same time, the complete Achilles tendon rupture score (ATRS) and American Foot and Ankle Surgery Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score were performed. The occurrence of complications was observed at follow-up. Results:All patients were followed up for 12-28 months [(17.9±4.2)months]. The incision length and operative time in bundle suture group [6.0(4.5, 9.0)cm, 77.5(60.0, 95.0)minutes] were significantly shorter or longer than those in Krackow suture group [8.0(7.0, 11.0)cm, 68.5(55.0, 86.0)minutes] (all P<0.01). After 3 months, healing of the Achilles tendon was obtained in both groups. After 12 months, the difference in circumference between the affected and healthy side of the calf was (2.0±0.9)cm in bundle suture group and was (1.9±0.9)cm in Krackow suture group ( P>0.05); the ratio of width to anterior-posterior diameter at the cross-sectional area of Achilles tendon rupture was 1.42±0.20 in bundle suture group, significantly greater than 1.27±0.16 in Krackow suture group ( P<0.01); the ratio of scar tissue to tendinous fibrous tissue at the cross-sectional area of Achilles tendon rupture was 8.6%(6.0%, 24.0%) in bundle suture group, significantly lower than 11.9%(9.0%, 33.0%) in Krackow suture group ( P<0.01); the ATRS and AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score were 91.5(80.0, 99.0)points and 93.0(82.0, 100)points in bundle suture group, similar to 89.0(75.0, 99.0)points and 91.5(77.0, 99.0)points in Krackow suture group (all P>0.05). During the follow-up period, the occurrence of complications were not significantly different between bundle suture group [no deep infection, early Achilles tendon rerupture in 2 patients (7%) ] and Krackow suture group [deep infection in 1 patient (4%), early Achilles tendon rerupture in 1 patient (4%)] (all P>0.05). Conclusions:Both bundle suture and Krackow suture can achieve satisfactory clinical efficacy in the treatment of acute closed Achilles tendon rupture. However, the bundle suture is more conducive to restoring normal anatomical shape of the Achilles tendon and reducing scar formation at the end of the Achilles tendon rupture.
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Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a type of RNA that has multiple biological functions but is not translated into proteins.Uveitis, a common blindness-causing disease, is susceptible to relapse and difficult to treat, but its pathogenesis is not completely elucidated.Recent studies have shown that ncRNA plays an important role in the pathogenesis of human uveitis and rabbit experimental autoimmune uveitis.ncRNAs participate in the pathogenesis of uveitis by regulating important signaling pathways related to immunity, the immune response of T lymphocytes or antigen-presenting cells, and the secretion of inflammatory factors, so targeting some ncRNAs is of certain value for the treatment of uveitis.The single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variation of ncRNA are highly correlated with the genetic susceptibility of uveitis.Therefore, ncRNA may become a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of uveitis and targeting ncRNA may become a new treatment strategy in uveitis.The regulatory roles of microRNA and long non-coding RNA in the pathogenesis of uveitis were reviewed in this article.
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Objective:To study the insulin-like growth factors-1 (IGF-1) and lipid level of term small for gestational age (SGA) infants within 24 hours postnatally and to explore the correlation between IGF-1 and blood lipids.Methods:A prospective study was conducted on singleton term SGA and appropriate for gestational age infant (AGA) who were delivered and admitted to the neonatal ward of Guangdong Women and Children Hospital within 24 hours after birth from May 2020 to January 2021, and the infants were divided into SGA and AGA groups to compare the differences in IGF-1 and lipid levels within 24 hours after birth and to analyze the correlation between IGF-1 and lipids.Results:A total of 95 cases in the SGA group and 84 cases in the AGA group were included in the study. The proportion of infants with IGF-1 <25 ng/ml was significantly higher in SGA group (87.4%) than in the AGA group (52.4%). It was also found that the proportion of infants with IGF-1 <25 ng/ml in SGA was significantly higher than that in AGA within different gender composition groups, early-term and full-term births groups. The triglyceride (TG) level was higher in the SGA group than that in the AGA group, but the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level was lower than that in the AGA group ( P<0.05). IGF-1 level within 24 hours postnatally in SGA and AGA was positively correlated with HDL-C levels ( P<0.01) and negatively correlated with TG ( P<0.01), and HDL-C level was a predictor of IGF-1. Conclusions:Compared with term AGA, SGA term infants showed insufficient IGF-1 and HDL-C secretion and high TG within 24 hours after birth. Nutritional support for SGA should be given promptly after birth to avoid hypoglycemia and to stimulate IGF-1 secretion.
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Objective:To analyze the formula and medication rules based on the Chinese patent medicines database for treating jaundice, so as to provide reference for the treatment of jaundice.Methods:By using descriptive statistics and data mining methods to analyze the current condition of Chinese patent medicines treating jaundice, Chinese medicines that are frequently appeared and the Chinese medicine paris as well as the combination of mediicnes, and then by using complex network clustering and topology parameter analysis to screen the potential formulations and core Chinese medicines.Results:Seventy-nine Chinese patent medicines with the function of heat-clearing and detoxification were obtained, heat-clearing and removing dampness, and removing jaundice. A total of 233 Chinese medicines are involved, and the most frequently used are Artemisiae Scopariae Herba, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Bupleuri Radix, Gardeniae Fructus, Scutellariae Radix, etc. The Chinese medicine pairs with high association rule support were Scutellariae Radix- Artemisiae Scopariae Herba, Gardeniae Fructus- Artemisiae Scopariae Herba, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma- Artemisiae Scopariae Herba, etc. Based on the compatibility network, four clusters with close connection were obtained, including 23 Chinese medicines. According to the degree and closeness index, the core nodes of Artemisiae Scopariae Herba, Bovis Calculus, Carthami Flos, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Aucklandiae Radix, Cyperi Rhizoma, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Bupleuri Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma were obtained. Conclusion:The combination of herbs and formula for treating icterus conforms to the TCM theory and clinical practice, which could provide reference for the treatment of icterus with TCM and related Chinese patent medicine research.
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Objective:To survey the knowledge levels of sudden cardiac death (SCD) prevention among general practitioners (GPs) in Henan province.Methods:From October to November 2019, a questionnaire survey on the knowledge of SCD prevention and treatment was conducted among GP residents participating in the standardized training and assistant GPs taking final examination after training in Henan province. The questionnaire included three dimensions of SCD knowledge: prevention, early diagnosis and first aid. The factors influencing the knowledge levels on SCD prevention were analyzed.Results:A total of 546 questionnaires were distributed and 519 responders (95.1%) completed the questionnaire, including 176 GP residencies and 343 assistant GPs. The age of the respondents was 22-44 (27.91±2.84) years, 234 (45.1%) were males and 285 were females. The overall correct rate of SCD prevention and treatment was (61.46±12.39) %, and the correct rates of prevention, early diagnosis and first aid knowledge were (65.22±17.88)%, (56.58±20.20)% and (62.57±14.60)%, respectively. The overall correct rate and the correct rates of SCD prevention and treatment knowledge among GP residents were higher than those among assistant GPs ( t=10.55, 9.20, 8.62, 3.42, P<0.001); the overall correct rates and the correct rates of SCD first aid knowledge of female GPs were higher than those of males ( t=2.26, 2.13, P=0.025, 0.033); the overall correct rate and the correct rates of each dimensions in age group ≥28 years were higher than those in age group <28 years ( t=4.21, 3.37, 3.20, 2.00, P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared to GP residents,the assistant GPs was the factor influencing the lower levels of the overall knowledge ( OR=0.24, 95 %CI:0.16-0.38, P<0.001), knowledge of prevention ( OR=0.19, 95 %CI:0.10-0.32, P<0.001) and knowledge of early diagnosis ( OR=0.35, 95 %CI: 0.23-0.52, P<0.001);compared to male responders,the females had significantly higher pass rate in SCD first aid knowledge ( OR=1.56, 95 %CI:1.07-2.28, P=0.020). Conclusions:The SCD knowledge levels of the prevention, early diagnosis, and emergency treatment are less satisfactory among GPs in Henan province; it is necessity for targeted training on the weak points of SCD knowledge for GPs.
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Objective:To investigate the efficacy of tumescent anesthesia combined with skin and soft tissue expansion for the repair of congenital giant melanocytic nevi.Methods:From July 2015 to December 2019, 41 patients with congenital giant melanocytic nevi, including 24 males and 17 females aged 7 - 45 years, were collected from the Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University. Skin lesions ranged from 5 cm × 12 cm to 12 cm × 18 cm in size, and were located on the scalp in 13 cases, on the face in 18 cases, as well as on the trunk in 10 cases. Before surgery, the composition of tumescent solution was adjusted according to the body weight, operation duration, skin lesion area, etc., and the total dose and peak plasma concentration of lidocaine should be below 35 mg/kg and 4 mg/L respectively. All the patients received tissue expander placement and second-stage flap transfer under tumescent anesthesia.Results:During surgery, satisfactory effect of tumescent anesthesia was achieved in all the 41 patients, the pain score assessed by a numerical rating scale was 1.82 ± 0.54. In addition, the surgical field and dissection levels were clear with little bleeding and no related complications. Follow-up of 3 - 36 months showed that the skin flaps matched the surrounding skin tissues well, with relatively concealed incision lines and soft flat scars.Conclusion:For the treatment of congenital giant melanocytic nevi, tumescent anesthesia is effective and safe, which combined with skin and soft tissue expansion can effectively reduce the incidence of postoperative complications, and this strategy is worthy of clinical promotion.
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Through consulting the ancient herbal medicine， prescription books and medical books， combined with modern relevant literature， standards and other information， this paper made a textual research on the name， origin， producing areas， harvesting and processing methods of Astragali Radix according to different historical development periods， providing a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing Astragali Radix. According to the textual research， the original name of Astragali Radix is Huangqi， and "Qi" originally refers to the medicinal material Zhimu. Some people began to mistake it for Huangqi in the Ming dynasty， and then gradually used Astragali Radix as a medicinal material. The mainstream basis of Astragali Radix can be determined as the dried roots of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus or A. membranaceus. In different historical periods， A. floridus， A. chrysopterus， A. emestii and other plants of Astragalus or even non-Astragalus were used as local Astragali Radix. The earliest production areas of Astragali Radix were Sichuan， Shaanxi， and Gansu， and then gradually expanded to the northeast. Since the Song dynasty， Mianqi in Shanxi province has been regarded as the genuine variety. In the Qing dynasty， besides Shanxi province， Inner Mongolia was also regarded as a genuine place. In the Republic of China， Huangqi produced in northeast China was praised highly. It is mainly produced in Shanxi， Inner Mongolia， Gansu， northeast and other provinces. The main commodity is cultivated products， and the quality of wild imitation cultivation in Datong and Xinzhou is better than other places. There are many processing methods of Huangqi recorded in the materia medica and prescription books， most of which are raw products， and honey processing is the mainstream of processed products. Based on the current situation of resource cultivation and production， 11 famous classical formulas in The Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas （The First Batch） containing Huangqi suggested that all use A. membranaceus var. mongholicus， especially those from Datong and Xinzhou in Shanxi Province. In addition to honey processing of Qingxin Lianziyin， it is suggested to use raw products for other formulas.
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Through consulting the ancient and modern literature， this paper makes a textual research on the name， origin， producing area， harvesting and processing of Poria， so as to provide a basis for the development of the famous classical formulas containing this medicinal material. The description of Poria and the characteristics of the attached figures in the Chinese herbal literature of the past dynasties are consistent with Poria cocos. The medicinal parts are dried sclerotia or P. cocos peel. Poria was originally produced in Taishan， Shandong province. In the Tang dynasty， along with the change of pine forest resources， producing area of Poria was transferred to Huashan area in Shaanxi province. In the Ming dynasty， the authentic producing area was transferred to Yunnan， and has continued to now. In ancient times， the processing methods of Poria were steaming， boiling， slicing， mashing and other subsequent processing after peeling. It is suggested that Poria in famous classical formulas should be sliced according to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
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Through consulting the ancient and modern literature， this paper makes a textual research on the name， origin， producing area， harvesting and processing methods of Asini Corii Colla， so as to provide a basis for the development of the famous classical formulas containing the medicinal material. Before the Tang dynasty， cow leather was the main source of Asini Corii Colla， and donkey was rare as an introduced species. From the end of Tang dynasty to Song dynasty， due to the development of doctors' understanding of the properties and effects of medicines， with the increase of the number of donkeys and the limitation of the use of cow leather， the source of Asini Corii Colla changed from cow leather to donkey skin. During the Ming and Qing dynasties， the theory of medicine property was further developed， and all doctors basically agreed that black donkey skin and E-well water were two essential factors for making genuine Asini Corii Colla. Therefore， it is suggested that Asini Corii Colla should take Equus asinus as the authentic origin in the development of the famous classical formulas， attach importance to the quality of water source， take Liaocheng in Shandong province as the authentic producing area， and the processing should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
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Based on the ancient literature of all dynasties， this article makes a systematic textual research on the name， origin， producing area， quality， harvesting and processing of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex used in the famous classical formulas， and clarifies its information of each link in different historical periods， so as to provide a reference and basis for the development and utilization of the related formulas. The results showed that the main varieties of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex were Magnolia officinalis or M. officinalis var. biloba. The main production areas are Hubei， Sichuan， Chongqing and other places， forming the famous authentic medicine. The processing methods of the past dynasties are mainly cleansing and processing with ginger. In the formulas clearly marked with ginger processing， ginger-processed products is suggested to choose. If not clearly marked， raw or ginger-processed products can be used as needed.
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This paper made a systematic textual research on the historical evolution and changes of the name， origin， producing area， harvesting and processing methods of Jujubae Fructus used in famous classical formulas by referring to the ancient literature， so as to provide a basis for the sampling and research of the formulas containing the medicinal materials. According to textual research， there are many names of Jujubae Fructus， most of which are named by characters or producing areas， which are called Dazao. Ziziphus jujuba has always been the mainstream variety in all dynasties， and Z. jujuba var. inemmis has also been used. Considering that the differences between the two are not obvious， we can use Z. jujuba and Z. jujuba var. inemmis as the origins of Dazao. The germplasm resources of Jujubae Fructus are rich， which are distributed all over the country. Qingzhou （now Shandong）， Jinzhou （now Shanxi） Jiangzhou （now Shanxi）， Puzhou （now Shanxi） have been recorded as authentic producing areas of Jujubae Fructus in the past dynasties， especially in Shandong. At the beginning of the 21st century， the planting of Jujubae Fructus in Xinjiang gradually developed， and now has a high market recognition， becoming an emerging production area of high-quality samples. Harvest period of Jujubae Fructus is mostly August in the past dynasties， and this is basically the same as today. The main processing method is simple cleansing and drying. Through textual research， it is suggested that Jujubae Fructus in famous classical formulas should be mainly from Shandong， Shanxi and other traditional high-quality producing areas， the processing method should follow the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia for simple cleansing and drying.
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Through the combing of ancient books of Chinese herbal medicine in the past dynasties， a textual research of Coptidis Rhizoma involved the name， origin， medicinal parts， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing methods in famous classical formulas was conducted in this paper. After textual research， the mainstream varieties of Coptidis Rhizoma in the Ranunculaceae family before Tang and Song dynasties were Coptis chinensis and C. chinensis var. brevisepala， after the Ming and Qing dynasties， C. deltoidea， C. teeta and C. omeiensis were gradually praised. In ancient times， the authentic producing area of Coptidis Rhizoma has the characteristics of gradually moving to the west. The eastern Coptidis Rhizoma was highly praised in the early stage， while in the later stage， western Coptidis Rhizoma like chicken feet was highly praised. In the early stage， western Coptidis Rhizoma probably originated from C. chinensis and its genus， while Coptidis Rhizoma like chicken feet was cultivated， and no wild species has been found so far. As Coptidis Rhizoma has mixed use of multiple origins in ancient books of past dynasties， based on the current shortage of market resources in C. teeta and C. deltoidea， there are also endangered and protected plants of C. chinensis var. brevisepala and C. omeiensis， combined with the mainstream medicines and resources of past generations， it is recommended to choose C. chinensis as the base of the formulas. In ancient times， there were many processing methods for Coptidis Rhizoma， such as frying and wine-， ginger-， honey-processed. In the process of developing famous classical formulas， the appropriate processing specifications of Coptidis Rhizoma should be selected based on the original source records and the requirements of the medicinal material.
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Based on various ancient documents such as materia medica， prescription books， classics and history， combined with relevant research materials in modern times， this paper made a textual research on the name， origin， geoherbalism， harvesting time， processing methods of Chuanxiong Rhizoma， which provides a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing this herb. According to the textual research， the original name of Chuanxiong is Xiongqiong （芎䓖）， which was first recorded in Shennong Bencaojing ， there are many aliases and trade names in the past dynasties. Since the Song dynasty， doctors all take Xiongqiong produced in Sichuan as the best medicine， so they take Chuanxiong as the rectification of name. In the early stage， the origin of Chuanxiong Rhizoma was relatively complicated， and the main origin was Ligusticum chuanxiong， which was a cultivated and domesticated species of Ligusticum. However， wild related plants of Ligusticum are still used as medicine. After the Ming dynasty， new cultivated varieties appeared in various places， such as Jiangxi L. sinense cv. Fuxiong， which gradually turned to self-production and self-marketing after the Republic of China. After several changes in the authentic producing area of Chuanxiong Rhizoma， Tianshui in Gansu province was highly praised in the Tang dynasty， and Dujiangyan in Sichuan province was the best place in the Song dynasty and later dynasties. Chuanxiong Rhizoma has been widely used in the past dynasties as raw products， and it has also been processed with excipients. For example， wine-processed products can enhance the effect of promoting blood circulation， promoting Qi circulation and relieving pain. There are other processing methods such as stir-frying and vinegar processing. Chuanxiong Rhizoma in the famous classical formulas can be selected according to this research conclusion.
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By consulting the ancient herbal and medical books， combined with modern literature， the name， origin， geoherbalism， harvesting and processing changes of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias in famous classical formulas were sorted out. According to the research， ancient doctors only approved three kinds of bamboo medicinal materials， namely， Jinzhu （䈽竹）， Kuzhu （苦竹） and Danzhu （淡竹）， and took bamboo leaves， made Bambusae Caulis in Taenias and Zhuli （竹沥） for medicine. Bamboo medicinal materials with different origins have different properties， tastes and effects， after clinical optimization， it is gradually considered that Danzhu is the best source of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias and Zhuli. According to the morphological description of the original plants and the attached drawings， it is considered that the Danzhu in ancient Chinese materia medica should be Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis， which has been included in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia as one of the genuine sources of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias. Therefore， It is suggested that P. nigra var. henonis can be added as the source of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias in famous classical formulas， and the medicinal part is the dry middle layer of its stem. Ginger-processed can increase the anti emetic effect of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias， and the three formulas involving Bambusae Caulis in Taenias from The Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas （The First Batch） all contain ginger， and the processing method of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias is not marked in the original formula， so it is suggested to use raw products in the three formulas of Jupi Zhurutang， Wendantang and Zhurutang.
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In this study， name， origin， producing areas， harvesting time and processing methods of ancient Alismatis Rhizoma were systematically researched by consulting the literature of ancient herbs， medical and prescription books， so as to provide a basis for the development of famous classical formula containing this herb. According to textual research， the main base of ancient Alismatis Rhizoma was Alisma plantago-aquatica and A. orientale. A. canaliculatum and A. gramineum and other genera were sometimes used as the source of Alismatis Rhizoma， there was a confusion of medicinal varieties. The earliest producing area of Alismatis Rhizoma was in today's Henan province， and later Hanzhong， Shaanxi province， became the high-quality producing area of Alismatis Rhizoma. Since the Ming dynasty， its production area expanded to Fujian. In the Qing dynasty， Jian'ou in Fujian was the authentic production area of Alismatis Rhizoma. In the period of the Republic of China， Sichuan and Jiangxi were added to the production areas of Alismatis Rhizoma. Based on the research results， it is suggested that the dried tubers of A. orientale from Fujian and Jiangxi or A. plantago-aquatica from Sichuan should be used in the famous classical formulas. In ancient times， Alismatis Rhizoma was processed by wine， but most of the standards and specifications in modern times are no longer included the processing specifications of Alismatis Rhizoma with wine. Although salt-processed Alismatis Rhizoma is commonly used in modern times， it didn't become one of the main processing methods until the Qing dynasty. According to the relevant national documents， it is suggested that Alismatis Rhizoma without clear processing requirements in famous classical formulas should be used as raw products， and the formulas with processing requirements should be selected as processed products such as salt and wine according to the meaning of the formulas.
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Through consulting the ancient herbal and medical books， combined with the field investigation， the name， origin， collection and processing of Dendrobium medicinal materials were researched， which provided a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing this kind of herbs. Due to the wide distribution of D. officinale， the Dendrobium species represented by D. officinale and D. huoshanense， which are short， fleshy and rich in mucus， should be the most mainstream of Dendrobium medicinal materials in previous dynasties. Compared with Shihu， Muhu with loose texture， long and hollow is born on trees. According to the characteristic description， it should be D. nobile， D. fimbriatum and so on， of which D. nobile was the mainstream. The Chinese meaning of Jinchai was confused in the past dynasties， so it was not suitable to be treated as a plant name. The production areas of Dendrobium medicinal materials in the past dynasties have changed with the discovery of varieties， artificial cultivation and other factors. Lu'an， Anhui province， was the earliest recorded in the Han and Wei dynasties. Since the Tang and Song dynasties， it had been extended to Guangdong and Guangxi， and it was considered that "Dendrobii Caulis in Guangnan was the best". In the Ming dynasty， Sichuan and Zhejiang products were highly praised， and in the Qing dynasty， Huoshan products were highly praised. Dendrobium medicinal materials had been used as medicine by stems in all dynasties. The medicinal materials were divided into fresh products and dry products. The fresh products can be used immediately after removing the sediment from the roots. The dry products need further processing， most of them used wine as auxiliary materials for steaming， simmer to paste or decoction into medicine. D. officinale and D. huoshanense have special processing specifications since the middle of Qing dynasty， that is， "Fengdou". According to the research results， in Ganluyin， the effect of Dendrobium medicinal materials is mainly heat clearing， and D. nobile with bitter taste can be selected. The main effect of Dendrobium medicinal materials in Dihuang Yinzi is tonic， D. officinale or D. huoshanense can be selected.
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Based on the ancient literature of all dynasties， this article makes a systematic textual research on the name， origin， producing area， quality， harvesting and processing of Zisu （Perillae） in the famous classical formulas， so as to clarify the information of the drug in different historical periods and provide a reference for the development and utilization of the related formulas. The main origin of Perillae in the ancient literature was Perilla frutescens var. frutescens （purple leaf type）， followed by P. frutescens var. acuta （purple leaf type）， but not Baisu. Modern chemical composition studies also show that there are obvious differences between Perillae and Baisu， which provides a scientific basis for distinguishing them. Although they are often treated as a species in plant classification， P. frutescens var. frutescens （purple leaf type） is recommended in the development of famous classical formulas， and Baisu should be avoided. Perillae is widely distributed， but its producing area did not record in most of the literature in the past dynasties， or the producing area is described as everywhere today. In the period of the Southern and Northern dynasties， the medicinal parts of Perillae included stems， leaves and seeds， and doctors in the Ming dynasty began to pay attention to the differentiation of different medicinal parts. The harvesting and processing methods of Perillae in the past dynasties are close to that of today. Perillae Fructus is mostly stir-fried and ground into medicine， Perillae Folium and Perillae Caulis are mainly simple cleansing. In production， we can refer to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
ABSTRACT
The name， origin， place of origin， medicinal parts， harvesting and processing of lotus are verified by consulting ancient Chinese herbal medicines and medical books， combined with modern literature， providing a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing lotus. According to textual research， the original base of lotus is Nelumbo nucifera since ancient times， rhizome （Nelumbinis Rhizomatis Nodus）， leaf （Nelumbinis Folium）， seed （Nelumbinis Semen）， embryo （Nelumbinis Plumula）， receptacle （Nelumbinis Receptaculum）， stamen （Nelumbinis Stamen） and other medicinal parts of N. nucifera can be used as medicine and have different clinical effects. Nelumbinis Semen was originally produced in Henan， and then gradually expanded to Jiangnan. Today， it can be cultivated and planted throughout the country， with Fujian， Hunan， and Jiangxi as the authentic production areas. After combing the medicinal parts of N. nucifera and the historical evolution of its processing， it is suggested that the dried and mature fruits of N. nucifera taking in autumn and removing the shell and Nelumbinis Plumula should be used in Qingxin Lianziyin. Nelumbinis Folium in Erdongtang should be harvested in summer and autumn， and the raw products was used as medicine and processed in accordance with the provision of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.