Coordination between Primary Care Teams and Family Health Support Units and influence on Primary Care delivery. / Articulação entre a EqSF/AB e o NASF/AB e sua influência na produção do cuidado no contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde.

This article aims to compare the implementation of coordinated actions by family health/primary care (FH/PC) teams and extended family health and primary care units (NASF-ABs) in the Northeast and rest of Brazil, and the influence of implementation on collaborative working. The independent variables were 19 coordinated actions assessed by Module II of the 3rd Cycle of the National Program for Improving Primary Care Access and Quality (PMAQ-AB). The three collaborative working outcomes were "FH/PC team readiness to work jointly with the NASF-AB", "support received by the FH/PC team from the NASF-AB", and "The NASF-AB's contribution to resolving patients" needs. The implementation of coordinated actions by the Northeast and at national level was compared using the two-proportions z-test and the influence of these actions on the outcomes was assessed using hierarchical linear regression models: The Northeast implemented more actions that at national level (p<0.05). The implemented actions that had the most positive influence on the three outcomes were "Case conferences", "Joint development of singular therapy plans for complex cases", "Shared appointments" and "Results monitoring". The Northeast implemented more actions and the implemented actions had a positive influence on collaborative working.

O objetivo deste artigo é comparar a realização de ações de articulação entre as equipes EqSF/AB e NASF/AB entre a região Nordeste e Brasil e sua influência no trabalho conjunto das equipes. As variáveis independentes foram 19 ações de articulação investigadas pelo módulo II do 3º Ciclo do PMAQ-AB. Os três desfechos referentes ao trabalho conjunto foram a disponibilidade da EqSF/AB em trabalhar com o NASF/AB, o apoio recebido do NASF/AB e a contribuição do trabalho deste para a resolutividade das ações para os usuários. A comparação entre o Nordeste e o Brasil na realização das ações de articulação foi realizada pelo Teste Z e a influência final de tais ações nos desfechos foi avaliada por Modelo Hierárquico de Regressão Linear. A região Nordeste realizou mais ações de integração entre a EqSF/ AB e o NASF/AB (p<0,05). As ações realizadas que apresentaram maior influência positiva nos três desfechos foram "discussão de casos", "elaboração conjunta do Projeto Terapêutico Singular", "realização de consultas compartilhadas" e "monitoramento dos resultados". A região Nordeste realizou mais ações de articulação, e elas apresentaram influências positivas no trabalho conjunto.

Articulação entre a EqSF/AB e o NASF/AB e sua influência na produção do cuidado no contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde / Coordination between Primary Care Teams and Family Health Support Units and influence on Primary Care delivery

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é comparar a realização de ações de articulação entre as equipes EqSF/AB e NASF/AB entre a região Nordeste e Brasil e sua influência no trabalho conjunto das equipes. As variáveis independentes foram 19 ações de articulação investigadas pelo módulo II do 3º Ciclo do PMAQ-AB. Os três desfechos referentes ao trabalho conjunto foram a disponibilidade da EqSF/AB em trabalhar com o NASF/AB, o apoio recebido do NASF/AB e a contribuição do trabalho deste para a resolutividade das ações para os usuários. A comparação entre o Nordeste e o Brasil na realização das ações de articulação foi realizada pelo Teste Z e a influência final de tais ações nos desfechos foi avaliada por Modelo Hierárquico de Regressão Linear. A região Nordeste realizou mais ações de integração entre a EqSF/ AB e o NASF/AB (p<0,05). As ações realizadas que apresentaram maior influência positiva nos três desfechos foram "discussão de casos", "elaboração conjunta do Projeto Terapêutico Singular", "realização de consultas compartilhadas" e "monitoramento dos resultados". A região Nordeste realizou mais ações de articulação, e elas apresentaram influências positivas no trabalho conjunto.

Abstract This article aims to compare the implementation of coordinated actions by family health/primary care (FH/PC) teams and extended family health and primary care units (NASF-ABs) in the Northeast and rest of Brazil, and the influence of implementation on collaborative working. The independent variables were 19 coordinated actions assessed by Module II of the 3rd Cycle of the National Program for Improving Primary Care Access and Quality (PMAQ-AB). The three collaborative working outcomes were "FH/PC team readiness to work jointly with the NASF-AB", "support received by the FH/PC team from the NASF-AB", and "The NASF-AB's contribution to resolving patients" needs. The implementation of coordinated actions by the Northeast and at national level was compared using the two-proportions z-test and the influence of these actions on the outcomes was assessed using hierarchical linear regression models: The Northeast implemented more actions that at national level (p<0.05). The implemented actions that had the most positive influence on the three outcomes were "Case conferences", "Joint development of singular therapy plans for complex cases", "Shared appointments" and "Results monitoring". The Northeast implemented more actions and the implemented actions had a positive influence on collaborative working.

Acolhimento na Estratégia Saúde da Família: análise de sua implantação em município de grande porte do nordeste brasileiro / Acogida en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia: análisis de la implantación en un municipio de gran porte del Nordeste brasileño / User Embracement in the Family Health Strategy: analysis of implementation in a large municipality of Northeast Brazil

O acolhimento requer postura ética e política na reorganização do processo de trabalho na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). O estudo objetivou analisar a implantação do acolhimento em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família (USF) de um município de grande porte do nordeste brasileiro. Trata-se de um estudo de caso com método qualitativo realizado por meio de entrevista semiestruturada com dez profissionais. Os dados qualitativos foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo, sob o paradigma da produção social da saúde. Da percepção positiva dos profissionais emergiu categorias relacionadas a: facilitação do acesso à USF, resolutividade, processo de trabalho otimizado e humanização. A implantação do projeto proporcionou mudanças significativas e sustentáveis, com impacto na gestão e cuidado na APS.

La acogida requiere una postura ética y política en la reorganización del proceso de trabajo en la Atención Primaria de la Salud (APS). El objetivo fue analizar la implantación de la acogida en una Unidad de Salud de la Familia (USF) de un municipio de gran porte del Nordeste brasileño. Estudio de caso con método cualitativo por medio de entrevista semiestructurada con diez profesionales. Los datos cualitativos se sometieron al análisis de contenido, bajo el paradigma de la producción social de la salud. De la percepción positiva de los profesionales surgieron categorías relacionadas a la facilitación del acceso a la USF, resolución, proceso de trabajo optimizado y humanización. La implantación proporcionó cambios significativos y sostenibles, con impacto en la gestión y cuidado en la APS.

User embracement requires an ethical and political posture in the reorganization of the work process in Primary Health Care (PHC). The objective was to analyze the implementation of user embracement in a Family Health Unit (FHU) in a large municipality of northeast Brazil. Case study with a qualitative method using semi-structured interviews with ten professionals. Qualitative data submitted to content analysis, under the paradigm of social production of health. The positive perception of professionals emerged from categories related to: facilitating access to the FHU, resolutivity, optimized work process and humanization. The implementation provided significant and sustainable changes, with an impact on the management and care of the PHC.

Dental pain associated with untreated dental caries and sociodemographic factors in 5-year-old children.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental pain and to examine its association with untreated dental caries in 5-year-old children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 261 5-year-old children in Northeast Brazil. Parents answered questions about their socioeconomic conditions and their children's toothache. Trained dentists assessed dental caries using the decayed, missing and filled teeth (dmf-t) index. Binary logistic regression models were used to estimate the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and the confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the association of dental pain with covariates. The significance level was set at five percent. RESULTS: The prevalence of dental pain was 28.7%, and 48.2% of children had untreated dental caries. Dental pain was associated with untreated dental caries (OR=5.7; 95% CI: 3.1-10.53; p<0.001) and living with one parent or other family members (OR=2.3; 95% CI: 1.2-4.4; p=0.008). Sociodemographic factors were not associated with dental pain. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of dental pain in preschool children is high, and this condition is associated with both untreated dental caries and living with one parent or other family members. Key words:Toothache, socioeconomic factors, dental caries.

Degree of family cohesion and social class are associated with the number of cavitated dental caries in adolescents.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between number of cavitated dental caries in adolescents and family cohesion, drug use, sociodemographic factors and visits to the dentist. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 746 adolescents aged 15 to 19 years from Campina Grande, Brazil. The parents answered a questionnaire addressing sociodemographic data, and the adolescents answered questionnaires on drug use, type of family cohesion and visits to the dentist. Two examiners underwent training and calibration exercises (K > 0.80) to diagnose dental caries using the Nyvad criteria. A directed acyclic graph was created to select the variables to be controlled in the statistical model. Associations between the independent variables and the outcome were determined using robust Poisson Regression analysis for complex samples (α = 5%). Rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. The prevalence of dental caries and cavitated lesions among the adolescents was 92.8% and 41.6%, respectively. The following variables remained associated with the number of cavitated lesions in the multivariate analysis: disengaged (RR: 6.30; 95%CI: 1.24-31.88; p = 0.028 ), separated (RR: 4.80; 95%CI: 1.03-22.35; p = 0.046) and connected (RR: 5.23; 95%CI: 1.27-21.59; p = 0.024) levels of family cohesion, and high social class (RR: 0.55; 95%CI: 0.39-0.76; p = 0.001). In conclusion, this paper posits that adolescents with a lower socioeconomic status, and those whose family cohesion was classified as disengaged, separated or connected, had a larger number of cavitated lesions.

Degree of family cohesion and social class are associated with the number of cavitated dental caries in adolescents

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between number of cavitated dental caries in adolescents and family cohesion, drug use, sociodemographic factors and visits to the dentist. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 746 adolescents aged 15 to 19 years from Campina Grande, Brazil. The parents answered a questionnaire addressing sociodemographic data, and the adolescents answered questionnaires on drug use, type of family cohesion and visits to the dentist. Two examiners underwent training and calibration exercises (K > 0.80) to diagnose dental caries using the Nyvad criteria. A directed acyclic graph was created to select the variables to be controlled in the statistical model. Associations between the independent variables and the outcome were determined using robust Poisson Regression analysis for complex samples (α = 5%). Rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. The prevalence of dental caries and cavitated lesions among the adolescents was 92.8% and 41.6%, respectively. The following variables remained associated with the number of cavitated lesions in the multivariate analysis: disengaged (RR: 6.30; 95%CI: 1.24-31.88; p = 0.028 ), separated (RR: 4.80; 95%CI: 1.03-22.35; p = 0.046) and connected (RR: 5.23; 95%CI: 1.27-21.59; p = 0.024) levels of family cohesion, and high social class (RR: 0.55; 95%CI: 0.39-0.76; p = 0.001). In conclusion, this paper posits that adolescents with a lower socioeconomic status, and those whose family cohesion was classified as disengaged, separated or connected, had a larger number of cavitated lesions.

Integração ensino-serviço-comunidade em Odontologia: um estudo cultural / Integración enseñanza-trabajo-comunidad en Odontología: un estudio cultural / Teaching-service-community integration in Dentistry: a cultural study

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a integração ensino-serviço-comunidade em um curso de Odontologia, a partir dos estágios curriculares vistos na perspectiva dos trabalhadores de saúde, estudantes, usuários, gestores e professores. Foram realizadas 27 entrevistas semiestruturadas, posteriormente transcritas e analisadas tematicamente. As representações culturais sobre a integração estudada são ressignificadas processualmente a partir das interações e colisões entre os seus diferentes agentes, possibilitando o deslizamento de sentidos expressos e compartilhados. As representações também operam de forma contingente, ora facilitando, ora dificultando um processo de formação odontológica efetivamente dialógico. A integração ensino-serviço-comunidade, estudada a partir de um dos seus dispositivos, os estágios supervisionados, é um lugar de "sair de si" para vivenciar a teoria na prática e a prática na teoria, com ações sociais e pedagógicas que produzem atualizações, corresponsabilizações e conhecimentos orientados coletiva e intencionalmente para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).(AU)

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la integración enseñanza-servicio-comunidad en un curso de Odontología, a partir de las pasantías curriculares vistas bajo la perspectiva de los trabajadores de la salud, estudiantes, usuarios, gestores y profesores. Se realizaron 27 entrevistas semiestructuradas, que posteriormente se transcribieron y analizaron temáticamente. Las representaciones culturales sobre la integración estudiada se resignifican procesalmente a partir de las interacciones y choques entre sus diferentes agentes, posibilitando el deslizamiento de sentidos expresados y compartidos. Las representaciones también operan de forma contingente, tanto facilitando, como dificultando un proceso de formación odontológica efectivamente dialógico. La integración enseñanza-trabajo-comunidad, estudiada a partir de uno de sus instrumentos, las pasantías supervisadas, es un lugar para "salir de sí" para vivir la teoría-en-la-práctica y la práctica-en-la-teoría, con acciones sociales y pedagógicas que producen actualización, corresponsabilidades y conocimiento orientados de forma colectiva e intencional hacia el Sistema Brasileño de Salud.(AU)

The aim of this study was to analyze teaching-service-community integration in a Dentistry course, based on curricular internships seen in the perspective of health workers, students, users, managers and teachers. Twenty-seven semi-structured interviews were conducted, transcribed and thematically analyzed. The cultural representations about the studied integration are procedurally re-signified from the interactions and clashes between their different agents, enabling the sliding of expressed and shared meanings. The representations also operate in a contingent way, sometimes facilitating, sometimes hindering an effectively dialogic dentistry education process. Teaching-service-community integration, studied from one of its devices, supervised internships, is a place to get out of the self to experience theory-in-practice and practice-in-theory, with social and pedagogical actions that produce modernizations, co-accountability and knowledge oriented collectively and intentionally to the Brazilian National Health System.(AU)

Oral Health Impact Profile: need and use of dental prostheses among Northeast Brazilian independent-living elderly / Oral Health Impact Profile: uso e necessidade de próteses em idosos do nordeste do Brasil

Abstract This study aimed to explore the association between use and need of dental prostheses to the quality of life in elderly individuals in a Referral Center for Elderly Care in the northeastern of Brazil. A cross-sectional study was developed with 199 elderlies of both sexes. Data were collected from clinical examinations (WHO criteria) and a questionnaire regarding socioeconomic status, Oral Health Impact Profile index (OHIP-14) by a single calibrated examiner with Kappa = 0.91. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test, Poisson regression (p<0,05). The sample consisted of 84.9% women, mean age of 70.02 (sd±6.50) years. There was an independent association between quality of life and the covariates sex and need of dental prostheses. Men showed lower values of the score (PR = 0.734, p = 0.011) than women. Individuals without normative need for dental prostheses showed lower values of OHIP-14 (PR = 0.767; p = 0.003) than those in need.

Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a associação entre o uso e a necessidade de prótese dentária e qualidade de vida em idosos de um Centro de Referência de Atenção ao Idoso no Nordeste do Brasil. Um estudo transversal foi desenvolvido com a participação de 199 idosos de ambos os sexos. Os dados clínicos foram coletados conforme a Organização Mundial de Saúde, através de exames clínicos e questionário sobre dados socioeconômicos, índice Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14), por um examinador previamente treinado (kappa=0,91). Os dados foram analisados pelo Mann-Whitney, regressão de Poisson (p>0,05). A amostra consistiu de 84,9% de mulheres, com idade média de 70,02 (dp±6,50) anos. Houve associação independente entre a qualidade de vida e as covariáveis sexo e necessidade de prótese. Idosos do sexo masculino apresentaram menores valores do escore (RP=0,734; p=0,011) do que as mulheres. Indivíduos sem necessidade normativa de prótese dentária apresentaram menores valores do OHIP-14 (RP=0,767; p=0,003) do que aqueles com necessidade.

Oral Health Impact Profile: need and use of dental prostheses among Northeast Brazilian independent-living elderly.

This study aimed to explore the association between use and need of dental prostheses to the quality of life in elderly individuals in a  Referral Center for Elderly Care in the northeastern of Brazil. A cross-sectional study was developed with 199 elderlies of both sexes. Data were collected from clinical examinations (WHO criteria) and a questionnaire regarding socioeconomic status, Oral Health Impact Profile index (OHIP-14) by a single calibrated examiner with Kappa = 0.91. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test, Poisson regression (p<0,05). The sample consisted of 84.9% women, mean age of 70.02 (sd±6.50) years. There was an independent association between quality of life and the covariates sex and need of dental prostheses. Men showed lower values of the score (PR = 0.734, p = 0.011) than women. Individuals without normative need for dental prostheses showed lower values of OHIP-14 (PR = 0.767; p = 0.003) than those in need.

Effectiveness of an intervention with mothers to stimulate children under two years.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effectiveness of an educational intervention with mothers to stimulate children under two years of age at risk for neuropsychomotor development. METHOD: Before-after intervention study, conducted with 52 mothers of children under two years old, enrolled in reference centers in early childhood education. Initially, maternal knowledge regarding child development and stimulation was assessed through a structured instrument. Then, workshops were held with the mothers and, after three months, maternal knowledge was revised, reapplying the data collection instrument. In the analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were used, applying the McNemar and Wilcoxon tests and the Rasch Model from the Item Response Theory. RESULTS: after the intervention, there was a significant increase in scores regarding the following aspects: knowledge of mothers about child development and stimulation from 5.77 ± 1.85 to 18.60 ± 1.94 (p <0.001); reduction of the maternal difficulty index in answering the instrument questions from 1.17 ± 0.57 to -1.98 ± 1.63 (p 0.01). CONCLUSION: the educational intervention contributed to the improvement of maternal knowledge regarding the development and forms of child stimulation, corroborating the importance of this action to advance the health of children at risk under maternal care at home.

Factors associated with prenatal care and HIV and syphilis testing during pregnancy in primary health care.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the factors associated with HIV and syphilis testing during pregnancy in Brazil. METHODS: This was an ecological study covering all Brazilian municipalities evaluated by the second cycle of the National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care, 2013-2014. The dependent variables were based on prenatal care access: prenatal care appointments, and HIV and syphilis tests during prenatal care. The independent variables were compared with demographic and social characteristics. Bivariate analysis was performed assessing the three outcomes with the independent variables. Variables with significant associations in this bivariate analysis were fit in a Poisson multiple regression analysis with robust variance to obtain adjusted estimates. RESULT: Poisson regression analysis showed a statistically significant association with the variables "less than eight years of study" [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.31; 95%CI 1.19-1.45; p < 0.001] and "participants of the cash transfer program" (PR = 0.80; 95%CI 0.72-0.88; p < 0.001) for the outcome of "having less than six prenatal care appointments" and individual variables. A statistically significant association was found for "participants of the cash transfer program" (PR = 1.43; 95%CI 1.19-1.72; p < 0.001) regarding the outcome from the comparison between HIV testing absence during prenatal care and demographic and social characteristics. The absence of syphilis testing during prenatal care, and demographic and social characteristics presented a statistically significant association for the education level variable "less than eight years of study" (PR =1.75; 95%CI 1.56-1.96; p < 0.001) and "participants of the cash transfer program" (PR = 1.21, 95%CI 1.07-1.36; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The individual factors were associated with prenatal care appointments and HIV and syphilis tests in Brazilian pregnant women. They show missed opportunities for diagnosing HIV and syphilis infection during prenatal care and indicate weaknesses in the quality of maternal health care services to eliminate mother-to-child transmission.

Inequalities in access to HIV and syphilis tests in prenatal care in Brazil.

This study aims to evaluate the social determinants of access to HIV and VDRL tests during pregnancy in Brazil. The dependent variables were based on prenatal care access: prenatal care appointments, no HIV and syphilis tests. The independent variables at the first level were formal education level, age, race, work and participation in the Family Income program conditional cash transfer program. The city-level variables were the human development index (HDI), Gini index, and indicators related to health services. An exploratory analysis was performed assessing the effect of each level through prevalence ratios (PR) calculation. A multilevel mixed-effect Poisson regression model was constructed for all outcomes to verify the effect of individual level and with both the individual and contextual levels. Regarding prenatal appointments, the main implicated factors were related to individual socioeconomic position (education level and participation in the Family Income Program conditional cash transfer program), however only HDI maintained significance for the city-level context. The city-level variance dropped from 0.049 to 0.042, indicating an important between-city effect. Regarding the outcomes performing tests in prenatal care, the worst conditions such as contextual (HDI > 0.694, p < 0.001; Gini index ≥ 0.521, p < 0.001) and individual (> 8 years of schooling, p < 0.001) showed a risk effect in the final model. Variables related to health services did not show significant effects. They were associated with individual socioeconomic position and a city-level contextual effect. These findings indicate the importance of strengthening HIV and syphilis infection control programs during pregnancy.

Factors associated with prenatal care and HIV and syphilis testing during pregnancy in primary health care

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the factors associated with HIV and syphilis testing during pregnancy in Brazil. METHODS This was an ecological study covering all Brazilian municipalities evaluated by the second cycle of the National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care, 2013-2014. The dependent variables were based on prenatal care access: prenatal care appointments, and HIV and syphilis tests during prenatal care. The independent variables were compared with demographic and social characteristics. Bivariate analysis was performed assessing the three outcomes with the independent variables. Variables with significant associations in this bivariate analysis were fit in a Poisson multiple regression analysis with robust variance to obtain adjusted estimates. RESULT Poisson regression analysis showed a statistically significant association with the variables "less than eight years of study" [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.31; 95%CI 1.19-1.45; p < 0.001] and "participants of the cash transfer program" (PR = 0.80; 95%CI 0.72-0.88; p < 0.001) for the outcome of "having less than six prenatal care appointments" and individual variables. A statistically significant association was found for "participants of the cash transfer program" (PR = 1.43; 95%CI 1.19-1.72; p < 0.001) regarding the outcome from the comparison between HIV testing absence during prenatal care and demographic and social characteristics. The absence of syphilis testing during prenatal care, and demographic and social characteristics presented a statistically significant association for the education level variable "less than eight years of study" (PR =1.75; 95%CI 1.56-1.96; p < 0.001) and "participants of the cash transfer program" (PR = 1.21, 95%CI 1.07-1.36; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The individual factors were associated with prenatal care appointments and HIV and syphilis tests in Brazilian pregnant women. They show missed opportunities for diagnosing HIV and syphilis infection during prenatal care and indicate weaknesses in the quality of maternal health care services to eliminate mother-to-child transmission.

Effectiveness of an intervention with mothers to stimulate children under two years / Efetividade de uma intervenção com mães para a estimulação de crianças menores de dois anos / Efectividad de una intervención con madres para la estimulación de niños menores de dos años

Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of an educational intervention with mothers to stimulate children under two years of age at risk for neuropsychomotor development. Method: Before-after intervention study, conducted with 52 mothers of children under two years old, enrolled in reference centers in early childhood education. Initially, maternal knowledge regarding child development and stimulation was assessed through a structured instrument. Then, workshops were held with the mothers and, after three months, maternal knowledge was revised, reapplying the data collection instrument. In the analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were used, applying the McNemar and Wilcoxon tests and the Rasch Model from the Item Response Theory. Results: after the intervention, there was a significant increase in scores regarding the following aspects: knowledge of mothers about child development and stimulation from 5.77 ± 1.85 to 18.60 ± 1.94 (p <0.001); reduction of the maternal difficulty index in answering the instrument questions from 1.17 ± 0.57 to -1.98 ± 1.63 (p 0.01). Conclusion: the educational intervention contributed to the improvement of maternal knowledge regarding the development and forms of child stimulation, corroborating the importance of this action to advance the health of children at risk under maternal care at home.

Objetivo: analisar a efetividade de uma intervenção educativa com mães para a estimulação de crianças menores de dois anos em situação de risco para o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor. Método: estudo de intervenção do tipo antes-depois, realizado com 52 mães de crianças menores de dois anos e matriculadas em centros de referências em educação infantil. Inicialmente, foram avaliados os conhecimentos maternos quanto ao desenvolvimento e à estimulação infantil por meio de instrumento estruturado. Em seguida, realizou-se oficinas com as mães e, após três meses, os conhecimentos maternos foram reavaliados, reaplicando o instrumento de coleta de dados. Na análise, utilizou-se estatística descritiva e inferencial, sendo aplicados teste de McNemar, de Wilcoxon e o modelo de Rash da Teoria da Resposta ao Item. Resultados: após intervenção, houve aumento significativo dos escores quanto aos aspectos: conhecimento das mães sobre o desenvolvimento e estimulação infantil de 5,77 ± 1,85 para 18,60 ± 1,94 (p < 0,001); e redução do índice de dificuldade materna em responder as questões do instrumento de 1,17 ± 0,57 para −1,98 ± 1,63 (p < 0,01). Conclusão: a intervenção educativa contribuiu para a melhora dos conhecimentos maternos quanto ao desenvolvimento e às formas de estimulação infantil, corroborando a importância desta ação para o avanço da saúde da criança com risco sob os cuidados maternos no domicílio.

Objetivo: analizar la efectividad de una intervención educativa con madres para la estimulación de niños menores de dos años en situación de riesgo, para el desarrollo neuropsicomotor. Método: estudio de intervención del tipo antes-después, que fue realizado con 52 madres de niños menores de dos años, inscriptos en centros de referencias en educación infantil. Inicialmente, fueron evaluados los conocimientos maternos cuanto al desarrollo y la estimulación infantil por medio de instrumento estructurado. Luego, fueron realizados talleres con las madres y, después de tres meses, los conocimientos maternos reevaluados, reaplicando el instrumento de recogida de datos. En el análisis, se utilizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial, siendo aplicadas pruebas McNemar, Wilcoxon y Modelo de Rash de la Teoría de la Respuesta al Ítem. Resultados: después de la intervención, hubo incremento significativo de los escores cuanto a los aspectos: conocimiento de las madres sobre el desarrollo y la estimulación infantil de 5,77±1,85 para 18,60±1,94 (p<0,001); reducción del índice de dificultad materna en responder las cuestiones del instrumento de 1,17 ± 0,57 para -1,98 ± 1,63 (p<0,01). Conclusión: la intervención educativa contribuyó para la mejora de los conocimientos maternos cuanto al desarrollo y a las formas de estimulación infantil, corroborando la importancia de esta acción para el avance de la salud del niño con riesgo bajo los cuidados maternos en el domicilio.

A Política Nacional de Educação Permanente em Saúde: percepção dos cirurgiões-dentistas da Atenção Primária à Saúde / The National Permanent Health Education Policy: dental surgeons' perception of Primary Health Care

Tomando-se como referência a Política Nacional de Educação Permanente em Saúde (PNEPS), que busca a formação dos trabalhadores de acordo com as necessidades da população, gestão e profissionais, o objetivo desse estudo foi conhecer e analisar a percepção do cirurgião-dentista (CD) da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) sobre a PNEPS. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo descritivo, transversal e observacional, com amostra composta por 173 CD atuantes nas Unidades de Atenção Primária em Saúde do Município de Fortaleza/CE. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário semiestruturado. Os dados categóricos foram expressos na forma de frequência absoluta e percentual, sendo analisados por meio do teste qui-quadrado. Avaliando o perfil socioeconômico, a maioria dos entrevistados foi do gênero feminino (74,6%), casado (72,8%), com renda média de 7 a 10 salários mínimos (49,1%). Quanto à PNEPS, 51,2% a conheciam parcialmente, sendo a Educação Permanente em Saúde (EPS) avaliada como regular por 48,8% e como boa por 33,3%. Destaca-se que a compreensão da EPS como fator contribuidor da formação profissional foi positiva para 97,7% dos entrevistados. Observou-se que maior participação nas atividades de EPS favorece a avaliação positiva da PNEPS. Essa política ainda é desconhecida por muitos CD da ESF. As atividades de EPS realizadas no município de Fortaleza são consideradas regulares pela maioria dos profissionais entrevistados. Visando avançar com a EPS, os participantes reforçam a importância das ações na perspectiva da reflexão pelo/no trabalho na atenção primária à Saúde, buscando mudanças no processo de trabalho em saúde e consequentemente a melhoria da atenção em saúde prestada à população (AU).

Taking as a reference the National Permanent Health Education Policy (NPHEP), which seeks the training of workers according to the needs of the population, management and professionals, the objective of this study was to know and analyze the perception of the dental surgeon (DS) of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) on NPHEP. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional and observational quantitative study, with a sample composed of 173 DS active on Primary Health Care Unities from the City of Fortaleza/CE. The data were collected by means of a semistructured questionnaire. The categorical data were expressed as absolute and percentage frequencies, and were analyzed by means of the chi-square test. Evaluating the socioeconomic profile, the majority of the respondents were women (74.6%), married (72.8%), with an average income of 7 to 10 minimum wages (49.1%). As for the NPHEP, 51.2% knew it partially, and Permanent Health Education (PHE) was evaluated as regular by 48.8% and as good by 33.3%. It is noteworthy that the understanding of PHE as a contributing factor of professional training was positive for 97.7% of respondents. It was observed that greater participation in the activities of PHE favors the positive evaluation of the NPHEP. This policy is still unknown by many DS of the FHS. The PHE activities carried out in the city of Fortaleza are considered regular by most of the professionals interviewed. Aiming to advance with the PHE, the participants reinforce the importance of actions in the perspective of reflection by/at work in primary health care, seeking changes in the work process in health and consequently the improvement of health care provided to the population (AU).

Olhar discente e a formação em Odontologia: interseções possíveis com a Estratégia Saúde da Família / The perspective of students and dental education: possible intersections with the Family Health Strategy / Mirada discente y la formación en Odontología: intersecciones posibles con la Estrategia Salud de la Familia

Objetivou-se compreender a percepção dos estudantes de Odontologia de uma instituição pública brasileira sobre a inserção desses na concretude do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), em particular nos territórios da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), e as possíveis contribuições desse processo nas suas formações acadêmicas. É um estudo de caso analítico, de abordagem qualitativa, realizado com discentes, mediante grupos focais com roteiros semiestruturados e associados à análise de portfólios produzidos por esses sujeitos pela análise de conteúdo. A partir do olhar do graduando, ora protagonista, ora coadjuvante, observaram-se elementos importantes na perspectiva do fortalecimento do SUS e simultaneamente da sua própria formação, no diapasão da integração ensino-serviço-comunidade. Os discentes percebem o território da ESF como vivo e potente cenário de aprendizado que aproxima o estudante dos serviços de saúde e seus usuários.

The aim of this study was to understand the perception of dental school students at a public Brazilian institution about their practical insertion in the Brazilian National Health System (SUS), especially within the strategies of the Family Health System (FHS). Furthermore, the study gathered their impressions on how this experience contributed to their academic education. This was an analytical qualitative study conducted with focus groups of dental school students, using semi-structured scripts. Furthermore, the portfolios produced by the participants were submitted to content analysis. Based on the perspective of the graduating students, who sometimes took on leading roles and at others supporting roles, important elements were presented to strengthen SUS and simultaneously their own education, within the standard of integrating teaching/service/community. The students perceived the FHS territory as a living and powerful context for learning that brought them closer to health services and their users.

El objetivo fue comprender la percepción de los estudiantes de odontología de una institución pública brasileña sobre su inserción en lo concreto del Sistema Brasileño de Salud (SUS), en particular en los territorios de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF) y las posibles contribuciones de este proceso en sus formaciones académicas. Es un estudio de caso analítico, de abordaje cualitativo realizado con discentes, mediante grupos focales con guiones semi-estructurados, asociados al análisis de portafolios elaborados por dichos sujetos, por el análisis de contenido. A partir de la mirada del estudiante de graduación, que a veces ocupa un papel de protagonista y otras de coadyuvante, se observaron elementos importantes en la perspectiva del fortalecimiento del SUS y simultáneamente de su propia formación, en el diapasón de la integración enseñanza/servicio/comunidad. Los discentes perciben el territorio de la ESF como un escenario de aprendizaje vivo y potente que aproxima al estudiante de los servicios de salud y de sus usuarios.

Inequalities in access to HIV and syphilis tests in prenatal care in Brazil / Desigualdades no acesso a testes para HIV e sífilis durante a assistência pré-natal no Brasil / Inequidades en el acceso a las pruebas de VIH y sífilis durante el cuidado prenatal en Brasil

This study aims to evaluate the social determinants of access to HIV and VDRL tests during pregnancy in Brazil. The dependent variables were based on prenatal care access: prenatal care appointments, no HIV and syphilis tests. The independent variables at the first level were formal education level, age, race, work and participation in the Family Income program conditional cash transfer program. The city-level variables were the human development index (HDI), Gini index, and indicators related to health services. An exploratory analysis was performed assessing the effect of each level through prevalence ratios (PR) calculation. A multilevel mixed-effect Poisson regression model was constructed for all outcomes to verify the effect of individual level and with both the individual and contextual levels. Regarding prenatal appointments, the main implicated factors were related to individual socioeconomic position (education level and participation in the Family Income Program conditional cash transfer program), however only HDI maintained significance for the city-level context. The city-level variance dropped from 0.049 to 0.042, indicating an important between-city effect. Regarding the outcomes performing tests in prenatal care, the worst conditions such as contextual (HDI > 0.694, p < 0.001; Gini index ≥ 0.521, p < 0.001) and individual (> 8 years of schooling, p < 0.001) showed a risk effect in the final model. Variables related to health services did not show significant effects. They were associated with individual socioeconomic position and a city-level contextual effect. These findings indicate the importance of strengthening HIV and syphilis infection control programs during pregnancy.

O estudo teve como objetivos avaliar os determinantes sociais do acesso a testes para HIV e sífilis (VDRL) durante a gravidez no Brasil. As variáveis dependentes foram definidas de acordo com o acesso à assistência pré-natal: consultas de pré-natal e testes para HIV e sífilis. As variáveis independentes no primeiro nível foram escolaridade, idade, raça, trabalho e participação no programa Bolsa Família. As variáveis de nível municipal foram o índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH), índice Gini e indicadores relacionados aos serviços de saúde. Foi realizada uma análise exploratória do efeito de cada nível, através do cálculo de razões de prevalência (RP). Para verificar o efeito do nível individual sobre os níveis individual e contextual, foi construído um modelo multiníveis de regressão de Poisson para efeitos mistos para todos os desfechos. Com relação às consultas de pré-natal, os principais fatores implicados estiveram relacionados ao nível socioeconômico individual (escolaridade e participação no programa Bolsa Família); entretanto, no nível municipal, apenas o IDH manteve significância estatística. A variância no nível municipal diminuiu de 0,049 para 0,042, indicando um importante efeito intermunicipal. Quanto ao desfecho realização dos testes na assistência pré-natal, as piores condições, tais como a condição contextual (IDH > 0,694, p < 0,001; índice Gini ≥ 0,521, p < 0,001) e a individual (> 8 anos, p < 0,001) mostraram um efeito de risco no modelo final. As variáveis relacionadas aos serviços de saúde não mostraram efeitos significativos. Estiveram associadas ao nível socioeconômico individual e a um efeito contextual de nível municipal. Os achados indicam a importância do fortalecimento de programas de controle de HIV e sífilis durante a gravidez.

Este estudio tiene como fin evaluar los determinantes sociales en el acceso a las pruebas de VIH y VDRL durante el embarazo en Brasil. Las variables dependientes estaban basadas en el acceso al cuidado prenatal: citas durante el cuidado prenatal y pruebas de VIH y sífilis. Las variables independientes en el primer nivel fueron: nivel formal de educación, edad, raza, trabajo y participación en el programa Bolsa Familia. Las variables dentro del nivel de ciudad fueron: índice de desarrollo humano (IDH), índice de Gini, e indicadores relacionados con los servicios de salud. Se realizó un análisis exploratorio, evaluando el efecto de cada nivel mediante el cálculo de la razón de prevalencias (RP). Se construyó una regresión de Poisson multinivel con efectos mixtos para todos los resultados, con el fin de verificar el efecto del nivel individual y en ambos niveles: individual y contextual. En relación con las citas prenatales, los factores principales implicados se relacionaron con la situación socioeconómica individual (nivel de educación y participación en el Programa Bolsa Familia), sin embargo, sólo el IDH mantuvo una relevancia estadística relacionada con el contexto del nivel de la ciudad. La varianza de nivel-ciudad bajó de 0,049 a 0,042, indicando un importante efecto intraciudad. Respecto a los resultados de las pruebas realizadas durante el cuidado prenatal, las peores condiciones como las contextuales (IDH > 0,694, p < 0,001; índice de Gini ≥ 0,521, p < 0,001) e individual (> 8 años de escolarización, p < 0,001) mostraron un efecto riesgo en el modelo final. Las variables informadas a los servicios de salud no indicaron efectos significativos. Estuvieron asociadas con la situación individual socioeconómica y el efecto nivel ciudad contextual. Estos resultados indican la importancia del fortalecimiento de los programas de control de infección por VIH y sífilis durante el embarazo.

Influence of the dental prosthetic status on self-perceptions of health and treatment needs: A cross-sectional study of middle-aged adults with chronic disease.

BACKGROUND: Subjective aspects of dental prosthesis need in middle-aged adults are poorly explored, especially when the population presents chronic diseases. Objectives: To investigate if the use and necessity of dental prosthesis influence the self-perceptions of health and dental treatment need in middle-aged adults with chronic diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in 210 middle-aged adults. Socio-demographic aspects, dental services use, oral and general perceptions of health, dental treatment need and OIDP were assessed using a standardized questionnaire. One trained dentist evaluated the use and necessity of dental prosthesis. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and multivariate logistic regression (p<0.05). RESULTS: The use of dental prosthesis showed a proportion of 2.2:1 for upper to lower arch. Dental prosthesis need was largely prevalent (90 and 95% in upper and lower arch, respectively). The self-perceptions of dental treatment need and oral health were associated with the use and necessity of dental prosthesis (p<0.05), which could not be observed in relation to the general self-perception. The adjusted model demonstrated that the subjective necessity of dental treatment was 16.04 (1.92-133.7) fold higher in individuals with necessity of rehabilitation in the lower arch. Besides, a positive self-perception of oral health (satisfied) was 2.59 (1.38-4.85) more expressive in individuals that used a dental prosthesis in upper arch. CONCLUSIONS: The self-perception of oral health was influenced by the use of maxillary dental prosthesis in individuals with chronic disease. Moreover, individuals were more likely able to perceive treatment need when the lower jaw was affected by tooth loss. Key words:Tooth loss, epidemiology, personal satisfaction, aged, chronic disease.

Formação em Odontologia e os estágios supervisionados em serviços públicos de saúde: percepções e vivências de estudantes / Dentistry training and supervised internship in public health services: students´ view and experiences

O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender as percepções de estudantes de Odontologia de uma instituição pública de ensino superior sobre os estágios supervisionados em serviços públicos de saúde. Trata-se de uma pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa com o recurso de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 18 estudantes, selecionados por conveniência, matriculados do primeiro ao último ano do curso. As entrevistas, audiogravadas e transcritas, foram analisadas a partir da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Foram evidenciadas a aproximação com a população, a experiência profissional humanizada e o conhecimento construído pela vivência nos serviços, produzindo novas estratégias de atuação no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). As sugestões relacionaram-se à diversificação dos cenários de prática e a um melhor planejamento de atividades para o desenvolvimento de competências e habilidades. Por meio dos estágios, a formação volta-se para o SUS, que será novamente beneficiado com a inserção desses futuros profissionais na rede de serviços, com consequente melhoria do cuidado em saúde da população (AU).

The aim of this study was to understand the perceptions of Dental students from a public university about the supervised internships in public health services. It is a qualitative research with the use of semi-structured interviews with 18 students, selected for convenience, enrolled from the first to the last year of the course. The interviews, audiotaped and transcribed, were analyzed using the content analysis technique. The proximity with the population, the humanized professional experience and the knowledge built by the experience in the services were highlighted, producing new strategies of action in the Brazilian Health System (SUS). The suggestions were related to the diversification of practice scenarios and better planning of activities for the development of skills and abilities. Through the internships, the training turns to the SUS, which will again benefit from the inclusion of these future professionals in the service network, with consequent improvement in the population´s health care (AU).