Buffering effect of positive childhood experiences on mental health risks among adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the buffering effect of positive childhood experiences (PCEs) on mental health risks among adolescents before and after COVID-19 epidemic.@*Methods@#In October 2019 (before the outbreak of COVID-19), 1 322 students from grades 4 to 9 were recruited from primary and secondary schools in two counties of Chizhou city, Anhui Province. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect general demographic information, PCEs, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, self harm behavior, suicidal ideation. Follow up survey was conducted after school re opening (May 2020). Mental health status before and after the COVID-19 epidemic was compared among students with different PCEs by multiple logistic regression analyses.@*Results@#The detection rates of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, self harm behavior and suicidal ideation (22.6%, 16.0%, 40.0%, 29.9%) of the respondents after school re opening were significantly higher compared that before the epidemic (16.5%, 13.5%, 31.1 %, 22.6%). There were no significant differences in the detection rates of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms,self harm behavior and suicidal ideation between high PCEs group before and after the epidemic ( Z =-0.05,0.27,0.84,1.84, P >0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of depressive symptoms and self harm behavior in the low PCEs group after school re opening was 1.39 times higher than that before the epidemic (95% CI= 1.05 -1.84, P <0.05). The risk of non suicidal self injury behavior in the low PCEs group after school re opening was 1.31 times higher than that before the epidemic (95% CI= 1.05 -1.62, P <0.05). There were no significant differences in mental health detection rates in high PCEs group before and after the epidemic ( P >0.05).@*Conclusion@#During the time of COVID-19 epidemic, PCEs is associated with lower rates of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, self harm behavior and suicide ideation in adolescents. The findings suggest that more support and help should be given to adolescents from the perspectives of family, school and peers, so as to reduce the adverse effects of public health emergencies on adolescents mental health.

Utilization of used fungus-growing materials of Gastrodia elata / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to explore the resource utilization of used fungus-growing materials produced in the cultivation of Gastrodia elata. To be specific, based on the production practice, this study investigated the recycling mechanism of used fungus-growing materials of G. elata by Phallus inpudicus. To screen edible fungi with wide adaptability, this study examined the allelopathic effects of Armillaria mellea secretions on P. impudicus and 6 kinds of large edible fungi and the activities of enzymes related to degradation of the used fungus-growing materials of G. elata. The results showed that P. impudicus can effectively degrade cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in used fungus-growing materials of G. elata. The cellulase activity of A. mellea was significantly higher than that of P. impudicus, and the activities of lignin peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and xylanase of P. impudicus were significantly higher than those of A. mellea, which was the important reason why A. mellea and P. impudicus used different parts and components of the used fungus-growing materials to absorb carbon sources and develop ecological niche differences. The growth of P. impudicus was significantly inhibited on the used fungus-growing materials of G. elata. The secretions of A. mellea had allelopathic effects on P. impudicus and other edible fungi, and the allelopathic effects were related to the concentration of allelopathy substances. The screening result showed that the growth and development of L. edodes and A. auricular were not significantly affected by 30% of A. mellea liquid, indicating that they had high resistance to the allelopathy of A. mellea. The results showed that the activities of extracellular lignin peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and xylanase of the two edible fungi were similar to those of P. impudicus, and the cellulase activity was higher than that of P. impudicus. This experiment can be further verified by small-scale production tests.

Construction of protoplast genetic transformation system for Mycena--symbiont of Gastrodia elata / 中国中药杂志

Mycena, a symbiont of Gastrodia elata, promotes seed germination of G. elata and plays a crucial role in the sexual reproduction of G. elata. However, the lack of genetic transformation system of Mycena blocks the research on the interaction mechanism of the two. In order to establish the protoplast transformation system of Mycena, this study analyzed the protoplast enzymatic hydrolysis system, screened the resistance markers and regeneration medium, and explored the transient transformation. After hydrolysis of Mycena hyphae with complexes enzymes for 8 h and centrifugation at 4 000 r·min~(-1), high-concentration and quality protoplast was obtained. The optimum regeneration medium for Mycena was RMV, and the optimum resistance marker was 50 mg·mL~(-1) hygromycin. The pLH-HygB-HuSHXG-GFP-HdSHXG was transformed into the protoplast of Mycena which then expressed GFP. The established protoplast transformation system of Mycena laid a foundation for analyzing the functional genes of Mycena and the molecular mechanism of the symbiosis of Mycena and G. elata.

Resistance of different ecotypes of Gastrodia elata to tuber rot / 中国中药杂志

Tuber rot has become a serious problem in the large-scale cultivation of Gastrodia elata. In this study, we compared the resistance of different ecotypes of G. elata to tuber rot by field experiments on the basis of the investigation of G. elata diseases. The histological observation and transcriptome analysis were conducted to reveal the resistance differences and the underlying mechanisms among different ecotypes. In the field, G. elata f. glauca had the highest incidence of tuber rot, followed by G. elata f. viridis, and G. elata f. elata and G. elata f. glauca×G. elata f. elata showed the lowest incidence. Tuber rot showcased obvious plant source specificity and mainly occurred in the buds and bottom of G. elata plants. After infection, the pathogen spread hyphae in host cortex cells, which can change the endophytic fungal community structure in the cortex and parenchyma of G. elata. G. elata f. glauca had thinner lytic layer and more sugar lumps in the parenchyma than G. elata f. elata. The transcription of genes involved in immune defense, enzyme synthesis, polysaccharide synthesis, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, hydroxylase activity, and aromatic compound synthesis had significant differences between G. elata f. glauca and G. elata f. elata. These findings suggested that the differences in resis-tance to tuber rot among different ecotypes of G. elata may be related to the varied gene expression patterns and secondary metabolites. This study provides basic data for the prevention and control of tuber rot and the improvement of planting technology for G. elata.

Risk factors of acute kidney injury in patients with multiple wasp stings / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective:To evaluate the risk factors of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with multiple wasp stings.Methods:Patients with multiple wasp stings were retrospectively enrolled in Hanzhong Central Hospital from September 2010 to November 2020. Based on whether the patients developed AKI, the patients were divided into AKI group and non-AKI group. The general characteristics and laboratory examinations between the two groups were compared. The logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors of AKI.Results:A total of 356 patients with multiple wasp stings were recruited in this study, with 196 males (55.1%). The age was 56.0(45.0, 64.0) years old. There were 59 patients (16.6%) with hypertension and 13 patients (3.6%) with diabetes. There were 51 patients (14.3%) in the AKI group and 305 patients (85.7%) in the non-AKI group. Baseline data and biochemical examinations indicated that the two groups showed significant differences in gender, age, sting sites (systemic or local), sting needles, proportions of gross hematuria, leukocyte count, hemoglobin, creatine kinase, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, proportions of urinary protein, and proportions of urine occult blood (all P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis results showed that the increasing number of sting needles (every 10 needles increase, OR=1.866, 95% CI 1.289-2.071, P=0.001), gross hematuria ( OR=9.770, 95% CI 2.586-36.910, P=0.001), decreasing hemoglobin (every 1 g/L increase, OR=0.016, 95% CI 0.001-0.355, P=0.009), increasing aspartate aminotransferase (every 100 U/L increase, OR=1.311, 95% CI 1.144-1.502, P<0.001), and increasing total bilirubin (every 10 μmol/L increase, OR=1.200, 95% CI 1.008-1.430, P=0.041) were independent influencing factors of AKI. Conclusions:The increasing number of sting needles, gross hematuria, decreasing hemoglobin, increasing aspartate aminotransferase, and increasing total bilirubin are independent risk factors of AKI in patients with multiple wasp stings.

Exploration and practice of innovative model of ability-oriented training for general practitioners / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To explore an innovative model of ability-oriented training for general practitioners and to evaluate its implementation effectiveness.Methods:A total of 49 general practitioners who participated in the training in 2015 were selected as the research objects, and they were trained in a new mode with innovative teaching and training system and comprehensive assessment mode as the main content. The results of theoretical examination and self-assessment scores of post competency were compared before and after the training. SPSS 19.0 was used for t test. Results:The theoretical examination results of the first year of training were higher than those before training [(77.23±0.55) scores vs. (69.14±4.63) scores], with significant differences ( t=12.15, P=0.001); and the results of the second year of training were also higher than those of the first year of training [(83.72±0.45) scores vs. (77.23±0.55) scores], with significant differences ( t=8.12, P=0.001). The self-assessment questionnaire showed that there were significant differences in such five abilities of the students' competency as medical knowledge and clinical skills, autonomous learning, interpersonal communication, teamwork, core values and doctor professionalisms through the comparison of systematic training ( t=2.76, 4.53, 12.09, 2.33, 2.40, all P<0.05). Conclusion:The innovative training model for general practitioners is effective, and the practice of the new model could provide reference for continuously improving the training and education of general practitioners in China.

Content changes of triterpene saponins in crude and sweated Dipsacus asper:an iTRAQ-based analysis / 中国中药杂志

The present study aimed to explore the mechanism of the sweating of Dipsacus asper on content changes of triterpene sa-ponins by detecting the total triterpene saponins and the index component asperosaponin Ⅵ in the crude and sweated D. asper, and analyzing the differentially expressed proteins by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification(iTRAQ) combined with LC-MS/MS. After sweating, the content of total triterpene saponins decreased manifestly, while that of asperosaponin Ⅵ increased significantly. As revealed by the iTRAQ-LC-MS/MS analysis, 140 proteins with significant differential expression were figured out, with 50 up-regulated and 90 down-regulated. GO analysis indicated a variety of hydrolases, oxido-reductases, and transferases in the differential proteins. The results of activity test on two differentially expressed oxido-reductases were consistent with those of the iTRAQ-LC-MS/MS analysis. As demonstrated by the analysis of enzymes related to the triterpene saponin biosynthesis pathway, two enzymes(from CYP450 and UGT families, respectively, which are involved in the structural modification of triterpene saponins) were significantly down-regulated after sweating. The findings suggested that sweating of D. asper presumedly regulated triterpene saponins by affecting the expression of downstream CYP450 s and UGTs in the biosynthesis pathway of triterpene saponins of D. asper.

Cognition analysis of doctor-patient relationship from the perspective of medical students / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:Based on the current medical environment, to learn about cognition status of doctor-patient relationship among medical students and analyze causes of the tension between doctors and patients.Methods:Using the self-designed questionnaire "Clinical Medical Students' Cognition Survey on Occupational Status and Doctor-Patient Relationship", a cross-sectional survey was conducted on 527 medical students from 5-year and 7-year clinical program in Batch 2014 in a medical university in Heilongjiang Province. The survey mainly analyzed the causes of the tension between doctors and patients from the level of medical staff, patients and their families, hospitals and society. SPSS 22.0 was used for descriptive statistics and chi-square test.Results:The results showed that 93.7% of the medical students believed that the current doctor-patient relationship was not harmonious. There were cognitive differences among medical students in different gender ( P=0.029), first contact clinical grade ( P=0.003) and professional identity ( P<0.001). Conclusion:Medical students have a poor evaluation towards the current doctor-patient relationship. In order to construct harmonious doctor-patient relationship in the future, we can try to take measures such as carrying out relevant courses of doctor-patient communication, improving the medical students' communication skills and enhancing their professional identity.

Identification and expression analysis of the DaNAC transcription factor family in Dipsacus asper / 药学学报

italic>NAC transcription factor genes play an important role in regulating plant adversity stress tolerance and secondary metabolism. To explore DaNAC transcription factor participation in the synthesis of asperosaponin Ⅵ in Dipsacus asper, we analyzed the expression of DaNAC genes based on full-length transcriptome data from different tissues (root, stem, leaf, flower, seed) to provide a theoretical foundation for regulating the metabolism of D. asper. RNA-seq data was used to identify open reading frames. Bioinformatic methods were used to identify the conserved domain motifs and construct an evolutionary tree. qRT-PCR was carried out to analyze tissue-specific and adversity-stressed expression. Twenty-nine DaNAC sequences were identified, all of which contain the conserved NAM domain and conserved motif 1 and motif 2 at the N terminal. Five DaNAC genes are closely related to the NAC genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice that are involved in adversity stress and are clustered in the Group Ⅰ subfamily. qRT-PCR revealed that DaNAC genes are differentially expressed between tissues. The expression levels were highest in leaves, followed by roots, stems and petioles, and the lowest in flowers and seeds. Compared with normal growth conditions, the expression of four NAC genes was up-regulated by treatment with low temperature (15 ℃). The expression of three genes (34564NAC2, 33883NAC48, 6727NAC14) was up-regulated and one gene (34480NAC22) was down-regulated by 150 μmol·L-1 MeJA. The results illustrate that the expression of NAC genes is induced by adversity stress, which provides a foundation for further study on the role of NAC family members in adversity stress in D. asper.

Effect of Zhenzhu Tiaozhi Capsule on HbA1c in Patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus： A Real-world Study / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the long-term effect of Zhenzhu Tiaozhi capsule（FTZ） on hemoglobin A1c（HbA1c）in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） based on real-world data. Method:T2DM patients who were provided with FTZ （FTZ group） and those receiving conventional hypoglycemic drugs （control group） were extracted from the hospital information system （HIS） of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University， followed by propensity score matching （PSM） for balancing the confounding factors between groups. With HbA1c as the efficacy evaluation index， the difference in efficacy between the two groups was compared using <italic>t</italic>-test and <italic>χ</italic>² test. For repeated measurement data of the same patient， the difference in efficacy and the stability of FTZ against HbA1c were analyzed by generalized estimating equation （GEE）. The factors that might affect the efficacy of FTZ against HbA1c were subjected to multivariate linear regression analysis （MLRA）， and the subgroup analyses were then conducted after the stratification of relevant factors. Result:There were 46 patients included in the FTZ group and 1 208 patients in the control group. PSM yielded 42 pairs of samples with balanced covariates between groups. As revealed by one-year observation， ① HbA1c in the FTZ group after treatment was 6.51%±1.09%. No significant difference was observed either in pre- and post-treatment comparison in the FTZ group or in its comparison with the control group. At the same time， the HbA1c compliance rate in the FTZ group was 73.8% after treatment. No significant difference was observed either in pre- and post-treatment comparison in the FTZ group or in its comparison with the control group. ② The GEE results showed that the post-treatment HbA1c levels in the two groups were not significantly different from each other. Moreover， the HbA1c level remained stable over treatment time. ③ MLRA and subgroup analyses results demonstrated that FTZ was more effective in patients with high baseline HbA1c ［<italic>β</italic>=-0.530，95% confidence interval（CI） -0.850～-0.209，<italic>P</italic><0.01］ or those who were complicated with hypertension （<italic>β</italic>=-0.918，95%CI -1.614～-0.222，<italic>P</italic><0.05）. Conclusion:In the real world， FTZ is able to control the blood sugar， and its effect is similar to those of conventional hypoglycemic drugs. Besides， it is capable of stabilizing the blood sugar for a long time.

Methyl jasmonate stimulates the synthesis and accumulation of asperosaponin VI in the roots of Dipsacus asper / 药学学报

We investigated the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the content of asperosaponin VI and the expression of genes involved in its synthesis. Dipsacus aspero seedlings were treated with MeJA at different concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 μmol·L-1, and leaves and roots were sampled following treatment for 1, 3 and 5 days. The content of asperosaponin VI and superoxide anion in the roots, malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves and superoxide dismutase were determined. The results show that 150 μmol·L-1 MeJA significantly increased the accumulation of asperosaponin VI in roots. The content of asperosaponin VI was greatest after treatment for 3 days, and was 2.16 times higher than the control. After MeJA treatment, SOD activity decreased and MDA content increased in leaves. Moreover, superoxide anion content in roots increased. The expression of squalene epoxidase (DaSE1) and geranyl diphosphate synthase (DaGPS), key enzymes in the synthesis of asperosaponin VI, were up-regulated compared with the control group. These results indicate that an optimal concentration of 150 μmol·L-1 MeJA increases the accumulation of asperosaponin VI by up-regulating the expression of key enzymes involved in the synthesis of asperosaponin VI, which facilitates resistance to adversity stress stimulated by MeJA.

The clinical application and development of traditional antitumor drugs / 药学学报

Traditional antitumor drugs are cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs that can directly kill tumor cells and inhibit the growth and proliferation of tumor cells. Modern chemotherapy for tumors was initiated by use of nitrogen mustard to treat lymphomas in 1946, which was derived from mustard gas. Starting with nitrogen mustard, many kinds of anti-tumor drugs, including alkylating agents, anti-metabolism drugs, anti-tumor antibiotics, and anti-tumor plant drugs, have been successively developed for clinical treatment. Traditional antitumor drugs are the cornerstone of tumor chemotherapy and play important roles in the comprehensive treatment and neoadjuvant therapy of malignant tumors. In recent years, the combination of traditional antitumor drugs with molecular targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy has greatly improved the survival rate of tumor patients. With the deepening understanding of tumor genome as well as tumor initiation and promotion, the concepts of precision medicine and individualized treatment have been proposed and achieved success in clinical practice. In this context, the strategies leading to personalized therapy with traditional anti-tumor drugs also need to be further studied and optimized. This review summarized the recent clinical application and research progress of traditional antitumor drugs.

Antioxidant mechanism of gastrodin combined with isorhynchophylline in inhibiting MPP~+-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells / 中国中药杂志

Gastrodiae Rhizoma-Uncariae Ramulus cum Uncis is the most frequently used herbal pair in the treatment of Parkinson's disease(PD). Gastrodin and isorhynchophylline are important components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma-Uncariae Ramulus cum Uncis herb pair with anti-Parkinson mechanism. This study aimed to investigate the effect of gastrodin combined with isorhynchophylline on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium(MPP~+)-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells and their antioxidant mechanism. The leakage of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) from cells to media was analyzed by spectrophotometry. Apoptotic cells were labeled with Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC) and propidium iodide(PI) and analyzed by flow cytometry. The cell cycle was analyzed using propidium iodide(PI) staining. Lipid peroxidation(LPO) level was analyzed by spectrophotometry. The mRNA expression of caspase-3 was examined by Real-time RT-PCR. The protein expressions of heme oxygenase 1(HO-1) and NADPH: quinoneoxidore-ductase 1(NQO-1) were determined by Western blot. Gastrodin combined with isorhynchophylline reduced the percentage of Annexin V-positive cells and cell cycle arrest in MPP~+-induced PC12 cells. Gastrodin combined with isorhynchophylline down-regulated the mRNA expression of caspase-3, up-regulated the protein expressions of HO-1 and NQO-1, and reduced LPO content in MPP~+-induced PC12 cells. PD98059, LY294002 or LiCl could partially reverse these changes pretreated with gastrodin combined with isorhynchophylline, suggesting that gastrodin combined with isorhynchophylline inhibited MPP~+-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells and oxidative stress through ERK1/2 and PI3 K/GSK-3β signal pathways. Our experiments showed that gastrodin combined with isorhynchophylline could down-re-gulate the mRNA expression of caspase-3 and up-regulate the protein expressions of HO-1 and NQO-1, so as to reduce oxidative stress and inhibit apoptosis.

Exploration and practice of innovative model of ability-oriented training for general practitioners / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To explore an innovative model of ability-oriented training for general practitioners and to evaluate its implementation effectiveness.Methods:A total of 49 general practitioners who participated in the training in 2015 were selected as the research objects, and they were trained in a new mode with innovative teaching and training system and comprehensive assessment mode as the main content. The results of theoretical examination and self-assessment scores of post competency were compared before and after the training. SPSS 19.0 was used for descriptive analysis and t test of data. Results:The theoretical examination results before training were significantly different from those after the first year of training, and the results of the first year of training were also significantly different from those of the second year of training ( t values were 12.15 and 8.12, respectively), ( P<0.05). The self-assessment questionnaire showed that through systematic training, five aspects of the students' competency such as medical knowledge and clinical skills, autonomous learning, interpersonal communication, teamwork, core values and doctor professionalisms were significantly improved to different degrees ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The innovative training model for general practitioners is effective, and the practice of the new model could provide reference for continuously improving the training and education of general practitioners in China.

Qidong Yixin Oral Liquid Activates Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway to Alleviate Adriamycin-induced Myocardial Injury in Mice / 中国实验方剂学杂志

<b>Objective::To study the protective effect and mechanism of Qidong Yixin oral liquid on doxorubicin-induced myocardial toxicity in mice. <b>Method::Ninety male ICR mice were randomly divided into normal group, model(DOX) group, DOX+ Qidong Yixin oral liquid group (9.55, 23.88, 47.75 g·kg^-1) and high dose group (47.75 g·kg^-1) with 15 mice in each group. The normal group and model group were given pure water by gavage, and each dose group of Qidong Yixin oral liquid was given different doses of Qidong Yixin oral liquid once a day for 21 days. On the seventh day, normal saline was injected into the abdominal cavity of the normal group and the high dose group of Qidong Yixin oral liquid. Doxorubicin was injected into the abdominal cavity of the other groups (15 mg·kg^-1). After 21 days, the weight and heart weight of mice were weighed and cardiac index was calculated. Serum was taken for the detection of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Heart was taken for hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), catalase (CAT) in myocardial tissue were detected. The expression of nuclear factor NF-E2 related factor (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were detected by Western blot. <b>Result::Compared with normal group, adriamycin could significantly reduce the body weight of mice (<italic>P</italic><0.01), increase the activities of LDH, CK and AST in serum(<italic>P</italic><0.01), and decrease the activities of antioxidant enzymes (<italic>P</italic><0.01). Compared with DOX group, high dose Qidong Yixin oral liquid could significantly increase the weight of mice (<italic>P</italic><0.05, <italic>P</italic><0.01), decrease the level of myocardial three enzymes(<italic>P</italic><0.01), increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes(<italic>P</italic><0.05, <italic>P</italic><0.01), and increase the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1(<italic>P</italic><0.01). <b>Conclusion::Qidong Yixin oral liquid has a good protective effect on doxorubicin myocardial toxicity. Its mechanism may be related to activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and alleviating oxidative stress injury.

Progress in Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Complications with Breviscapine / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Erigeron breviscapus, a species within the genus of Erigeron, is mainly distributed in Southwest China. It is cold in property, slightly bitter in taste, and has the effect of dispersing cold table, removing wind and dehumidification, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, relieving pain and inflammation. Breviscapine is the extract of E. breviscapus. It is mainly consisted of flavonoids, lignans, coumarins, terpenes, phytosterols, etc. As the major components of breviscapine, the content of breviscapine b (4′-hydroxybaicalin-7-O-glucuronide) and breviscapine a (apigenin-7-O-glucuronide) is greater than 90%. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that breviscapine has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidation, anti-fibrosis, anti-inflammation, anti-aging, anti-platelet aggregation, lowering blood lipid, increasing blood flow, improving microcirculation, preventing and treating tumors, and resisting brain injury. In clinical, breviscapine has been widely used in the treatment of diabetes, cerebral insufficiency, sequelae caused by cerebral hemorrhage, hypermucolipemia, cerebral thrombosis, kidney disease, liver disease, Alzheimer's disease, and some other complex diseases. Specially, in the treatment of diabetes and its chronic complications, such as diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic foot, diabetic retinopathy, breviscapine has showed significant efficacy. In addition, studies have demonstrated that the combined application of breviscapine, mecobalamine, and micopol can improve the therapeutic effect. In this work, the application of breviscapine in the treatment of chronic complications of diabetes mellitus and its related combination drugs were reviewed, by which we attempted to provide some valuable clues for the clinical application of breviscapine in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its chronic complications.

Identification of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius by Mitochondrial Cox Ⅱ Intron / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To develop a simple and accurate method for molecular authentication of Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolius.Method:The mitochondrial cox Ⅱ sequences of P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius were amplified by polymerase chain reaction（PCR）with universal primers. PCR products of the two species were sequenced in both directions, and sequence alignments were conducted for intron length polymorphisms exploitation. Multiplex PCR was established for the identification of P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius with their specific primers，which were designed respectively based on their insertion sequences. And the limit of detection of the multiplex PCR was also determined.Result:The insertion/deletion sequences were exploited in mitochondrial cox Ⅱ. Under the established multiplex PCR assay，P. ginseng generated a 729 bp specific band, while P. quinquefolius yielded a 141 bp specific amplicon，and the mixture of the two species yielded both 729 bp and 141 bp fragments. The established multiplex PCR assay could detect 0.1% of intentional adulteration of P. quinquefolius into P. ginseng, with down to 0.001 ng of genomic DNA.Conclusion:The established multiplex PCR assay can accurately identify P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius from different sources, without the optimization of reaction system and the introduction of additional mismatches，so as to provide a new molecular marker method for identifying botanical origin of P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius.

Isolation and Identification of Mycena of Pleurotus in Wumeng Mountain Area and Optimization of Its Production Conditions / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:Isolate and identify Mycena, expand the resources of geminating fungus of Gastrodia elata and optimize the culture conditions of Mycena，in order to provide information and guidance for the production of geminating fungus of G. elata. Method:Juvenile tuber tissue mass transfer separation and purification technology was used for the separation and purification of strains，traditional morphology microscopy was used to isolate the colony mycelia spores morphological characteristics, such as identification，polymerase chain reaction（PCR） amplification rDNA （Ribosomal DNA） internal transcribed spacer（ITS） was used for sequencing analysis and further homology with NCBI database retrieval，MEGA6 software was used to establish Phylogenetic tree by the Maximum likelihood method （MaximumLikelihood，M-L）, so as to classify and identify isolated strains. At the same time，orthogonal test was used to optimize the optimal growth conditions of Mycena. Result:A total of 86 strains were isolated, which belong to 21 species in 12 genera. WMMFJ，SHXG，WMM-21 and MFJ8103 were identified as M. purpureofusca, and ZT01-6 and ZT01-8 were identified as M. cf. purpureofusca. The growth rate of Mycena in wheat bran medium was significantly higher than in PDA medium. The optimal medium composition for the growth of germinating bacteria was 100 g potato，150 g wheat bran and 20 g corn flour，100 g glucose. And 1，3，5-Trihydroxybenzene significantly promoted the growth of WMMFJ，and played a role in promoting the growth of WMM-21 and ZT01-6，and 2-Methoxyphenol promoted the growth of WMMFJ. Conclusion:Six strains of Mycena were isolated and identified，four of them are M. purpureofusca，and two of them are M. cf. Purpureofusca. The separation method improved the separation effect of germinating bacteria.

Effects of High Temperature Stress on Growth Characteristics of Armillaria / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the effects of high temperature stress on the growth characteristics of different Armillaria strains，and to provide guidance for screening excellent Armillaria strains with high-temperature resistance. Method:14 strains of Armillaria from different G. elata producing areas were used as experimental materials to observe the growth characteristics and conduct phenotypic classification for the strains. rDNA-IGS sequence analysis was used for molecular identification to further determine the genetic relationship of the tested strains.The strain growth rate, biomass，mycelial length and other indicators under the condition of 23 ℃ （CK） and 30 ℃ high temperature stress were recorded. Result:All the 14 strains of Armillaria had the highest similarity and the closest relationship with Armillaria gallica，but there were significant differences in growth characteristics among different G. elata producing areas. The 14 strains of Armillaria were classified into Ⅳ groups，and the growth status was groupⅠ>group Ⅱ>group Ⅲ>group Ⅳ. After treatment with high temperature stress，the tolerance of each strain to high temperature also showed obvious differences，as shown in the average growth rate of the mycelial was GZ16>SX1>GZ1. The rank of relative mycelial length was GZ16>SX1>GZ3 and the relative biomass was GZ16>SX4>GZ1>HB1>AH2. Conclusion:Under high temperature stress，GZ16 was best in growth rate，relative length of mycelial，relative biomass and growth state，followed by SX1 and GZ1 strains. The results indicate that strains GZ16，SX1 and GZ1 have the strong resistance to high temperature and excellent growth characteristics at normal temperature，so these three strains are suitable to be produced in main G. elata producing areas in China.

Effect of Gastrodia elata Planting on Soil Microbial Community Structure / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To analyze the changes of soil microbial community structure before and after planting Gastrodia elata in different producing areas，and to investigate the response of soil microorganisms to the planting of G. elata. Method:ITS and 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing technologies were used to detect fungal and bacterial community compositions in the soil，including the soil without planting G. elata（CK1，CK2），the soil around G. elata（GE1，GE2）before harvesting, and the soil around the rhizomorph of Armillaria（AGE1，AGE2） in Dafang, Guizhou and Jinzhai, Anhui respectively. Result:Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the soil microorganisms changed significantly after G. elata planting as compared with the control soil. The sequencing results showed that the planting of G. elata increased the OTUs number of fungi and bacteria. As compared with the control soil，the diversity and abundance of fungal and bacterial communities showed an increase trend after the cultivation of G. elata in soil of Dafang, Guizhou， such changes of fungal communities were not significant, but the abundance of soil bacteria communities increased in Jinzhai, Anhui as compared with the control soil. The abundance of genera Ilyonectria and Nitrospira increased，while genera Russula decreased significantly both in the soil of Guizhou and Anhui. Furthermore，the abundance of Fusarium and Mortierella increased significantly in the soil of Dafang, Guizhou. Conclusion:The soil microorganisms were out of balance after planting of G. elata, and the abundance of pathogenic microorganisms such as Ilyonectria and Fusarium increased，which may be related to the plant diseases and insect pests of G. elata.