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Objective To assess the differences in nutrient composition by chemical analysis method and weighing method,A corps of armed police forces daily dietary nutrient intakes were investigated in Tianjin,to understand the status of the actual intakes of dietary nutrient.Methods A dietary survey was performed using the weighing method and with ref-erence to China food composition database in 2002.The intake of each nutrient was calculated through chemical analysis;Nutritional analysis was used in the collection of duplicate food portions during the dietary survey.Results For most of the main dietary nutrients(protein,fat and carbohydrates),minerals (Na,K,Mg,Ca,Zn,Cu and Se)and vitamins (β-car-otene,vitamin E,thiamine,riboflavin,vitamin C,niacin,and vitamin A),the calculated values of intakes were found to exceed those obtained via chemical analysis.Conclusion Differences of the two methods of dietary survey were ultimately due to the analysed values were below the calculated ones.So it is necessary to improve methods of food storage and trans-portation in order to obtain adequate nutrition and to improve the health of troops.
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Objective To explore the expression of cadherin (Cad) genes in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML),and to elucidate the significance of Cad genes in the development of CML.Methods E-Cad and N-Cad gene expression levels in bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) from 48 CML patients (29 in chronic phase,19 in progressive phase) were detected by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).Results Gene expression of E-Cad and N-Cad was detectable in CML BM-MNC.E-Cad gene expression level was lower in progressive CML than that in chronic CML (0.20 ± 0.35 vs 1.19 ± 0.87,P < 0.01),while N-Cad was highly expressed in progressive CML than in chronic CML (0.89 ± 0.45 vs 0.57 ± 0.47,P < 0.05).E-Cad gene expression level was negatively corrclatcd with thc pcrccntagc of peripheral blood progenitor cells (r =-0.705,P < 0.01).Conclusion E-Cad and N-Cad gene expression correlates with the progression of CML,and might be used as an evaluation index for disease development.
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Objective To investigate the effects of oxidative stress on homocysteine and related amino acids metabolism in methionine-loading BRL rat hepatocytes.Methods Cultured BRL rat hepatocytes were divided into control and oxidatively stressed group(100 μmol/L H2O2 was added in culture medium for 2 hours),methionine group(50 mmol/L methionine was added in culture medium for 1 hour),and oxidatively stressed + methionine group(100 μmol/L H2O2 was added in culture medium for 2 hours + 50 mmol/L methionine was added in culture medium for 1 hour).At the end of the experiment,culture fluid was collected.Homocysteine,cysteine,and glutathione were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography,and amino acids were assayed by amino acids analyzer.Results Compared with the control group,the contents of homocysteine[(3.76 ± 0.22)vs.(1.54±0.05)μmol/L,P=0.000]and cysteine[(199.80 ±8.75)vs.(99.11 ±2.47)μmol/L,P=0.000]significantly increased in methionine group,and the contents of homocysteine[(3.84 ± 0.34)vs.(1.54 ±0.05)μmol/L,P=0.000]and cysteine[(200.66±8.60)vs.(99.11 ±2.47)μ mol/L,P=0.000]also increased in oxidatively stressed + methionine group.Compared with oxidatively stressed group,the concentrations of homocysteine[(3.76 ± 0.22)vs.(1.67 ± 0.13)μmol/L,P =0.000],cysteine[(199.80 ± 8.75)vs.(82.64±15.88)μmol/L,P=0.000],and glutathione[(1.50 ±0.14)vs.(1.00 ±0.11)μ mol/L,P=0.011)]significantly increased in methionine group,and the concentrations of homocysteine[(3.84 ± 0.34)vs.(1.67±0.13)μmol/L,P=0.000],cysteine[(200.66±8.60)vs.(82.64±15.88)μmol/L,P=0.000]and glutathione[(1.40 ± 0.30)vs.(1.00 ± 0.11)μmol/L,P =0.028]significantly increased in oxidatively stressed + methionine groups.Compared with the control group,the contents of serine[(12.41 ± 1.51)vs.(24.00 ±2.54)mg/L,P =0.000],glutamate[(33.31 ±0.17)vs.(43.10 ±0.52)mg/L,P =0.000]and glycine[(6.23 ± 0.18)vs.(24.66 ± 10.87)mg/L,P =0.000]significantly decreased,while taurine [(7.99 ±0.16)vs.(6.17 ±0.15)mg/L,P =0.000]increased significantly in oxidatively stressed group.Compared with the oxidatively stressed group,the concentrations of serine[(16.98 ± 0.39)vs.(12.41 ± 1.51)mg/L,P=0.006)]and glutamate[(35.44 ±0.82)vs.(33.31 ±0.17)mg/L,P =0.002]in methionine group significantly increased,while taurine[(3.77 ±0.16)vs.(7.99 ±0.16)mg/L,P =0.000]significantly decreased in methionine group.Compared with the methionine group,the contents of serine[(12.59 ± 0.66)vs.(16.98±0.39)mg/L,P=0.008],glutamate[(30.87±0.60)vs.(35.44±0.82)mg/L,P=0.000]significantly decreased while taurine[(4.37 ± 0.12)vs.(3.77 ± 0.16)mg/L,P =0.001]in oxidatively stressed + methionine group significantly increased.Conclusion Oxidative stress can somehow promote homocysteine production in methionine loading BRL rat hepatocytes,but it is not the main effects.
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Objective: To investigate the effects of quercetin on hepatic vein metabolic profiles in rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were administrated orally with 40 mg/kg quercetin. Hepatic vein plasma was collected at 0 h, 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h and 4 h respectively after administration and analyzed by 1H NMR. Results: The identifiable biochemical effects associated with quercetin dosing included decreased plasma concentration of glucose and increased plasma concentration of succinate,β-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate. Conclusion: Quercetin changes hepatic metabolism in rats, manifested mainly as increased glucose catabolism and production of ketone bodies.
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HPLC method is quick,accurate,and sensitive,and can be applied to the determination of riboflavin in hepatic tissue.
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Objective:To investigate the effects of quercetin on metabolic profiles of portal blood plasma in rats. Method:Twenty five male Wistar rats were administered orally with 40 mg/kg bw quercetin. Portal blood was collected at 0,0.5h,1 h,2 h and 4 h after dosing respectively and analyzed by 1H NMR. The acquired data were subjected to partial least-squares discriminant analysis. Results:The identified biochemical effects associated with quercetin dosing included increased plasma concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide,lactate,glucose,alanine,glutamate,succinate,?-hydroxybutyrate,acetone and decreased plasma concentrations of citrate and tyrosine. Conclusion:Quercetin may change the intestinal endogenous metabolism significantly in rats.
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Objective: To investigate the dynamic changes of plasma and erythrocyte riboflavin and its derivatives concentrations after riboflavin deficiency and so as to provide theoretic basis for their application in riboflavin status assessment. Methods: The riboflavin deficiency was induced in rats by feeding a riboflavin deficient diet. The plasma and erythrocyte riboflavin and its derivatives (FMN and FAD) were analysed with HPLC method. The blood glutathione reductase activity coefficient (BGRAC), erythrocyte GSH concentration and urinary riboflavin excretion were also measured. Results: The plasma riboflavin concentration as well as the urinary riboflavin excretion were decreased rapidly early after riboflavin deficiency and followed by plasma riboflavin derivatives. The erythrocyte riboflavin and its derivatives and GSH concentrations were decreased significantly later. On the other hand, the BGRAC was increased significantly in the early period of riboflavin deficiency and the change, however, was limited in a narrow range. Conclusion: The plasma and erythrocyte riboflavin concentration can be applied as a marker in riboflavin status assessment but human studies are necessary for further research.
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Objective: To investigate the effects of pomegranate peel extract on antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice fed high fat diet in comparison with pomegranate juice extract. Method: The hyperlipidemic model was developed by feeding C57BL/6J mice a high fat diet. The effects of pomegranate peel extract (supplemented in drinking water) on serum FRAP value, paraoxonase(PON), GSH-Px and SOD activities as well as serum and hepatic lipids contents were observed. The morphologic change of aortic walls was also examined. Results: The antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism were improved by supplementation of pomegranate peel extract in hyperlipidemic mice. The pathologic changes manifested in aortic walls were also inhibited. The pomegranate juice extract presented similar effects. Conclusion: The pomegranate peel extract inhibited the early process of atherosclerosis. The possible mechanisms were related to the improved antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism.
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AIM: To investigate the effects of exogenous L-carnitine on lipid metabolism in semi-starved rats fed on high fat diet. METHODS: The semi-starved rats were restricted half in calorie intake on high fat diet for 2 week. L-carnitine was supplied at dose of 250 mg/kg?bw. The changes of plasma carnitine concentration, urinary excretion of ketone body, serum lipase activity, muscle carnitine palmitoyl transferase activity, triglyceride secretion and clearance rate were measured. RESULTS: The results showed that the concentration of plasma free carnitine increased significantly in carnitine supplemented rats compared to normal and semi-starved rats.The activities of muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase and serum lipase were significantly enhanced in carnitine supplemented rats. The triglyceride secretion rate(TGSR) was also improved remarkably by carnitine supplementation. Meanwhile, the urinary excretion of ketone body was reduced significantly in carnitine supplemented rats compared to semi-starved rats. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that carnitine supplementation can significantly increase the plasma concentration of free carnitine and accelerate the lipid metabolism in semi-starved rats fed on high fat diet.
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AIM: To investigate the effects of exogenous L - carnitine on lipid metabolism in semi - starved rats fed on high fat diet. METHODS: The semi - starved rats were restricted half in calorie intake on high fat diet for 2 week. L - carnitine was supplied at dose of 250 mg/kg· bw. The changes of plasma carnitine concentration, urinary excretion of ketone body, serum lipase activity, muscle carnitine palmitoyl transferase activity, triglyceride secretion and clearance rate were measured. RESULTS: The results showed that the concentration of plasma free camitine increased significantly in carnitine supplemented rats compared to normal and semi - starved rats. The activities of muscle carnitine palmitoyhransferase and serum lipase were significantly enhanced in carnitine supplemented rats. The triglyceride secretion rate (TGSR) was also improved remarkably by carnitine supplementation. Meanwhile, the urinary excretion of ketone body was reduced significantly in carnitine supplemented rats compared to semi - starved rats. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that carnitine supplementation can significantly increase the plasma concentration of free carnitine and accelerate the lipid metabolism in semi - starved rats fed on high fat diet.
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AIM: To investigate the antagonistic effect of zinc on hepatic ischemia- reperfusion (HIR) injury and the effect of zinc on the expression of adhesion molecules in rat liver to clarify the mechanisms involved. METHODS: After zinc supplementation (5 ?mol/kg bw,po) , the changes in hepatocellular morphology,ALT and AST activities in serum,MDA levels in serum,and expression of ICAM-1,VCAM-1 in liver of the animals subjected to HIR were examined. RESULTS: The results showed that HIR (30 minutes of ischemia followed by 90 minutes of reperfusion) significantly increased ALT, AST activities and MDA levels in serum. The destruction of hepatic structure was observed in HIR rats. In the mean time, the expression of adhesion molecule was enhanced.After zinc administration, ALT and AST activities in serum and MDA levels in serum were all decreased. The structure of hepatocyte was nearly normal.The further experiment showed that adhesion molecule expression was suppressed.CONCLUSION: These results indicate that zinc may protect liver against ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting the production of free radicals and the expression of adhesion molecule.
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Objective To analyze the flavonoid content of common fruits consumed in China.Method Thirty-eight fruits were sampled from Beijing,Tianjin,Shanghai and Hangzhou.The contents of quercetin,kaempferol,luteolin,myricetin,apigenin were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography.Results Pomegranate and hawthorn were the highest in contents of 5 flavonoids among 38 fruits.Quercetin distributed more widely and was more abundant than other flavonoids in fruits.The daily intake of 5 flavonoids from fruits by Chinese people was estimated to be 2.80 mg.Conclusion The content of flavonoids varies significantly among different fruits and quercetin is the most common flavonoid contained in fruits.
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An elemental diet, commercially named Elementalio, contains an amino acid mixture and many other essential nutrients. The amino acid mixture is prepared from hydrolysis of swine blood and supplemented with certain crystalline L-amino acid. The animal experiments suggest that it has a better nutritional effect than other domestic elemental diets in terms of body weight gain, nitrogen balance and correction of hypoproteinemia.
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Objective:[WT5BZ]To explore the molecular mechanism of protection of zinc against hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury(HIRI). [WT5HZ]Methods:[WT5BZ]The expression of hepatic metallothionein 1(MT 1)gene and regulation by zinc were determined by RT PCR(reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction)in HIRI rats. [WT5HZ]Results:[WT5BZ]1.Hepatic MT 1 mRNA was expressed in all groups;2.The level of hepatic MT 1 mRNA in HIRI group(ischemia 30 min,reperfusion 90 min)was significantly lower than control.After zinc supplementation,the content of hepatic MT 1 mRNA was increased significantly;3.The hepatic MT 1 expression was also enhanced by zinc in normal rats. [WT5HZ]Conclusion:[WT5BZ]The results of our studies suggest that the regulation of hepatic MT 1 genes by zinc is one of the main ways contributed to the mechanism of protection by zinc in HIRI.
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Objective: To compare the antioxidant capacity of 66 vegetables and fruits. Methods: The ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay was used to measure the antioxidant capacity. The contribution of vitamin C contained in vegetables and fruits to the antioxidant capacity was also analyzed. Results: The lotus root was the strongest in antioxidant capacity among all vegetables and followed by ginger, rape, cowpea, taro, garlic bulb and spinach. The celery, yam and romaine lettuce were the weakest. The hawthorn was the strongest in antioxidant capacity among all fruits and followed by winter date, guava, kiwifruit, purple mulberry, strawberry and agate pomegranate. The honeydew melon, watermelon and persimmon were the weakest. The contribution of vitamin C to the antioxidant capacity of vegetables and fruits differed greatly among different vegetables and fruits. Conclusion: Some vegetables and fruits possess strong antioxidant capacity and were worthy of further studies.
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Objective To analyze the flavonoid content of common vegetables consumed in China.Method Forty-six vegetables were sampled from Beijing,Tianjin,Shanghai and Hangzhou.The contents of quercetin,kaempferol,luteolin,myricetin,apigenin were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography.Results Mei celery sampled from Hangzhou was the highest in content of 5 flavonoids among 46 vegetables.Quercetin distributed more widely and was more abundant than other flavonoids in vegetables.The daily intake of 5 flavonoids from vegetables by Chinese people was estimated to be 13.90 mg,in which quercetin accounted for 51.1%.Conclusion The content of flavonoids varies significantly among different vegetables and quercetin is the most common flavonoid contained in vegetables.The dietary intake of flavonoids was more from vegetables than fruits in Chinese people.
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In the present study, an amino acid mixture had been prepared from whole swine blood by acid hydrolysis, ion-exchange separation and adequate supplementation of L-Trp, L-Met, and L-Ile. The content of essential amino acid, chemical score and essential amino acid index of the product were 49.33, 63.77, and 92.38% respectively and its essential amino acid pattern was closely similar to casein or whole egg protein with sulfur-containing amino acid as its first limiting amino acid. In the rat growth experiment, its nutritional value had been proved to be comparable with casein and better than swine blood powder itself in terms of weight gain, PER, and NPR. Therefore, this amino acid mixture can be considered as an ideal food additive and nitrogen source for elemental diet and this is an important way in the utilization of swine blood.
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The effects of high concentrations (1-5mmol/L) of different amino acids in Hanks solution on the proliferation of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells were examined. In order to demonstrate the inhibitory effect of some amino acids at high concentration level, the further studies were conducted on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, human hepatoma cells and lung cancer cells, using Eagle's MEM as culture medium. The possible toxicity of the high concentrations of single amino acids to normal tissue cells was tested on mouse bone marrow cells. Although some amino acids exhibited a significant inhibitory effect, the responses of different tumor cells to the high concentrations of different amino acids were not entirely similar. Moreover, the effects presented by some amino acids on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in Hanks solution could be diminished or eliminated in Eagle's MEM. Among the aromatic and basic amino acids, only the tryptophan was found to be inhibitory to the multiplication of mouse bone marrow cells at high concentration levels in vitro.
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Objective: To investigate the effect of quercetin on hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (HIRI) in rats.Methods: Quercetin was administered intragastrically. Vitamin C was used as positive control. HIRI was induced by blocking and then releasing portal vein and hepatic artery in rats. The hepatic content of quercetin was analyzed by HPLC. Plasma GPT, GOT activities, MDA concentration and hepa-tic GSH and MDA contents, GSH-Px, SOD, XO activities, total antioxidant capacity (TAOC), ROS, DNA fragmentation were measured.Results: After HIRI, plasma GPT, GOT activities and MDA concentration were increased significantly. Hepatic GSH and TAOC were decreased remarkably. The activities of SOD and GSH-Px were significantly decreased while XO activity, ROS production and DNA fragmentation increased. Intragastric administration of quercetin increased hepatic quercetin and decreased ROS production and plasma activities of GPT, GOT and MDA concentration. Hepatic GSH and SOD, GSH-Px activities and TAOC also recovered remarkably, but no significant change in DNA fragmentation. Vitamin C was also effective in protecting against HIRI. Conclusion: Quercetin is effective against HIRI. The mechanism is associated with increased hepatic antioxidant capacity.
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Objective: To investigate the free radical scavenging activities of the extract from pomegranate peel and compare with that from juice. Methods: Free radicals (-2O, 稯H and ROO? scavenging activities were investigated in different special chemical systems. Its inhibition activity on LDL oxidation was studied with LDL oxidation model in vitro. Results:Both extracts had strong abilities to scavenge -2O, 稯H and ROO?radicals and prevent LDL oxidation in dose-dependent manner. The extract from peel showed higher activities than that from juice. Conclusion: The natural antioxidants in the extracts of pomegranate peel or juice can effectively scavenge -2O, 稯H and ROO?radicals, and prevent LDL oxidation significantly, especially much more in the former.