ABSTRACT
Background: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic conditions in the world. The worldwide prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has risen dramatically over the past two decades because of increasing obesity and reduced activity levels. The purpose of this study was to show the association between depression and diabetes. Methods: It was a cross-study. The study included 240 patients who were chosen randomly with no gender bias. A convenient subject of 240 diabetic patients was interviewed. Results: Out of the total 240 diabetic patients, included in this study, the majority of patients, 52.63% in the age group of 60 years had depression with a Hamilton score of >19 while 47.37% of patients in the age of 40 to 50 years had Hamilton score of >19. 84.21% of males had depression with a Hamilton score >19 as compared to females who had a Hamilton score of 15.79%. The patients within the age group of 40-59 have 2.5 times more risk of having depression as compared to the age group of 20 to 39 and patients in the age group >60 years have 4.23 times higher risk of depression as compared to patients in the age group of 20 to 39 years. The association between gender and depression shows that males have a higher rate of depression (78.17%) as compared to females (21.81%) with an odd's ratio of 3.0. Conclusions: Our study showed a high prevalence of depression and anxiety in male patients and the elderly age group. Planning and implementation of screening for mental health issues in the elderly population diagnosed with a lifestyle disease-such as type 2 diabetes mellitus-with existing comorbidities should be recognized as one of the most important goals of the public health system. It seems necessary to involve medical teams in the screening process to verify the symptoms, promptly establish the diagnosis, and initiate the appropriate depression treatment. In diabetic patients, depression remains underdiagnosed and an important aspect of the diabetic specialists would be the awareness of this quite common co-morbidity.
ABSTRACT
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible deterioration of renal function and cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in CKD patients. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the pattern of lipid profile among cases of CKD. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted for 1 year covering total 200 cases (males and females) of newly diagnosed or known cases of CKD. Parameters recorded were as follows: Fasting blood sugar, Serum urea (S. Urea), Serum Creatinine (S. Creatinine), and lipid profile. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by Cockcroft-Gault formula. Results: Mean age was 51.04 years in conservative management patients and 53.20 years in hemodialysis patients. Overall, male-to-female ratio was 1.82:1. S. Creatinine, S. Urea, and eGFR were deranged more in patients on hemodialysis (Group 2). Mean values of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and serum triglycerides (TG) were significantly higher in patients on hemodialysis compared to those on conservative management, while mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly lower. Dyslipidemia was more common in female CKD patients (P = 0.02). Conclusion: Dyslipidemia in CKD worsened as patients progressed to severe stages with significant increase in TG, LDL, and VLDL levels in hemodialysis cases in comparison to conservatively managed, confirming presence of atherogenic lipid profile needing early intervention to prevent cardiovascular complications.
ABSTRACT
Background: Rabies continue to be a major public health challenge in India. It can certainly be prevented by timely and appropriate administration of WHO recommended pre and post exposure prophylaxis. Intradermal regimen is running successfully and beneficial both in monetary as well as non-monetary terms. Aim& Objective:To evaluate the reduction in direct cost incurred with the use of intradermal regimen as compared to intramuscular regimen. Settings and Design: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in Government Medical College Jammu, a tertiary care centre. Methods and Material: A total of 17535 patients attending Anti Rabies Section of GMC Jammu were studied from Jan 2015 to September 2017.The patients belonging to Category II and III received 0.1 ml 2 site ID purified vero cell culture vaccine (PVCCV) on days 0, 3, 7 and 28 (2-2-2-0-2) and Rabies Immunoglobulin (RIG)(Category III only). Cost borne per patient receiving intradermal regimen was calculated and compared with cost borne in case Intramuscular regimen would have been used. Statistical analysis: Results were presented in descriptive manner using percentages and proportions. Conclusions: Intradermal regimen reduces the direct cost as compared to intramuscular regimen.