ABSTRACT
Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a signi?cant complication of diabetes mellitus and is the leading cause of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) globally. Early detection is crucial to prevent progression to ESRD. This study evaluates the effectiveness of Renal Artery Doppler ultrasound in the early identi?cation of DN. The study aims to assess the accuracy and reliability of Renal Artery DopplerAim and Objective: ultrasound in detecting early-stage DN. It seeks to identify speci?c Doppler parameters, such as resistive index, pulsatility index, and peak systolic velocity. Additionally, the study explores the correlation between Renal Artery Doppler ?ndings and traditional markers of DN, including the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and estimated glomerular ?ltration rate (eGFR). In this cross-sectional observational study,Methods: 150 diabetic patients aged 18-75 years were evaluated. Renal Artery Doppler parameters, including resistive index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), and peak systolic velocity (PSV), were measured and compared with ACR and eGFR. The resistive index (RI) showed a strong positiveResults: correlation with ACR (r = 0.68, p < 0.001) and a negative correlation with eGFR (r = -0.52, p < 0.001). The pulsatility index (PI) also correlated with ACR (r = 0.64, p < 0.001) and eGFR (r = -0.49, p < 0.001). The Renal Artery Doppler ultrasound demonstrated a sensitivity of 89.5%, a speci?city of 83.2%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 85.7%, a negative predictive value (NPV) of 87.1%, and an overall diagnostic accuracy of 86.3%. These results suggest that Renal Artery Doppler ultrasound, particularly through the measurement of resistive and pulsatility indices, is a reliable and accurate method for early detection of diabetic nephropathy. This tool can be effectively used in clinical settings to monitor diabetic patients, enabling timely intervention to prevent or slow the progression of kidney disease. Renal Artery Doppler ultrasound is a reliable, non-Conclusion: invasive diagnostic tool for the early detection of diabetic nephropathy, offering high diagnostic accuracy.
ABSTRACT
Probiotics are living microorganisms known for their beneficial properties and have been extensively researched and utilized in various products worldwide. These microorganisms have essential nutritional needs and exhibit significant functional qualities. Probiotics have been employed to enhance the well-being of both animals and humans by influencing the balance of microorganisms in the intestines. Several probiotic strains, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacilli, became identified and studied for their potential in mitigating the incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) infections or as a therapeutic approach for treating such infections. With the rise of microbiota displaying resistance and tolerance to traditional medications and antibiotics, the effectiveness of drugs has diminished. Several probiotic strains have been identified to possess notable properties, including potent anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects. Consequently, introducing beneficial bacterial species into the GI tract offers an appealing approach to restore microbial balance and prevent diseases. Furthermore, probiotics have demonstrated the capacity to inhibiting the action of intestinal bacterial enzymes responsible being synthesizing colonic carcinogens. Probiotics offer a promising preventive and therapeutic advancement, but further research is required to better understand their specific impact on intestinal health. Probiotics can also exert a direct influence on other microorganisms, including pathogens, which is crucial in preventing and treating infections and restoring the balance of microorganisms in the GI tract. The present review deals with probiotic formulations, their mechanisms, and role in human health.
ABSTRACT
Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a very rare congenital cardiac disorder with an incidence of about 1 in 300000 live births. The majority of patients are symptomatic in early infancy with symptoms of intractable heart failure. Only very few patients survive to adulthood with minimal symptoms. A young female was referred to us in view of breathlessness, clinical examination didn抰 show any signs except a grade 2 systolic murmur in the pulmonary area. The patient underwent 2D echocardiography evaluation which revealed suspicion of ALCAPA and was confirmed using coronary angiography. The patient underwent surgical closure of ALCAPA along with left internal mammary artery (LIMA) to left anterior descending (LAD) anastomosis, postoperative period was uneventful, on routine follow-up the patient is doing well with resolution of dyspnea. ALCAPA is a very rare disorder and most of it is diagnosed in infancy and not many surviving beyond infancy, high degree of suspicion of ALCAPA is needed for young patients presenting with symptoms of angina, heart failure.
ABSTRACT
AIM: To assess the nutrient balance and nutrient use efficiency on red gram. Place and Duration of Study: A field experiment was carried out during Rabi season 2023-24 at Instruction farm of Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore. Experimental field was silty clay loam in texture with available N (311.0 kg ha-1), P2O5 (15.7 kg ha-1), K2O (185 kg ha-1). Statistical Design: Randomized Block Design (RBD). Methodology: The study consist of 8 treatment and replicated three times T1- 100% RDF + FYM 12.5 t ha-1 + 2% DAP, T2- 100% RDF + FYM 12.5t ha-1 + 2% Urea, T3- 100% RDF + FYM 12.5 t ha-1 + 40 ppm NAA spray, T4- 100% RDF + FYM 12.5 t ha-1 + 10 ppm Salicylic, T5-100% RDF + FYM 12.5 t ha-1 + 75 ppm GA3, T6- 100% RDF + FYM 12.5 t ha-1 + 5 kg TNAU Pulse wonder T7- 100% RDF + FYM 12.5 t ha-1 T8- Control. Results: Application of 100% RDF along with 12.5 t ha-1 FYM + 5 kg ha-1 TNAU pulse wonder resulted in Maximum nutrient NPK uptake, nutrient availability and agronomic efficiency was observed. Conclusion: Application of full dose of RDF along with FYM and TNAU pulse wonder reacted better in terms of NPK uptake, nutrient availability and agronomic efficiency when compared to other foliar treatment in the evaluation of nutrient balance and nutrient use efficiency.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Supraclavicular approaches serve as a common method for administering regional anesthesia in upper limb procedures. In improving the impact with a length of pain relief, medical professionals frequently include additional substances such as dexmedetomidine, buprenorphine, dexamethasone, clonidine, sodium bicarbonate, and tramadol alongside local anesthetics. The intent of this study was to evaluate its impact of incorporating buprenorphine and dexmedetomidine into ropivacaine 0.5%. Materials and Methods: The trial of 90 patients between the ages of 18 and 60, who were identified as American Society of Anesthesiologists Grade 1 and 2, and scheduled upper limb surgery using the supraclavicular approach, were included. They were assigned into distinct groups, each of the groups consisting of thirty individuals. Group R was administered anesthesia consisting of 25 ml of ropivacaine 0.5% along with 1 ml of saline. Group B was administered anesthetics containing ropivacaine 0.5% and buprenorphine, which was diluted in saline. Group D was administered a solution containing ropivacaine 0.5% and dexmedetomidine, which was diluted in saline. Results: Group D had an earlier sensory blockade onset (8.25 min) compared to Group B (9.64 min) and Group R (12.89 min). Group D demonstrated a notably quicker motor blockade onset (9.21 min) in contrast to Group B (12.07 min) and Group R (15.03 min). In contrast with the other groups, Group D exhibited a more longer time frame of both sensory and motor blockades and also an extended period of anesthesia after the surgery. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine was a more effective adjuvant over buprenorphine in the brachial plexus blocks. This resulted in significantly lower postoperative pain scores at 407.67 min and 612.32 min for the plain ropivacaine and buprenorphine groups, respectively.
ABSTRACT
Behcet’s’s disease is a systemic vasculitis involving small to large veins and arteries. It is a sporadic disease, mostly prevalent among the ancestors of the silk route. It is characterized by recurrent oral ulcers, genital ulcers, and uveitis. It also can manifest as skin, vascular, gastrointestinal, neurological, cardiac, and renal involvement. Though overall mortality is around 5%, delay in diagnosis and treatment may lead to significant morbidity. Cardiovascular and pulmonary arterial aneurysms are dreadful complications of this disease. Being uncommon in south India it is liable to be wrongly diagnosed and treated. Delay in the diagnosis and treatment may lead to severe complications. Here we present a case of Behcet’s disease which was managed at primary health care inadequately. We also demonstrated a quick response to steroids which are the mainstay of treatment. In this case presentation we illustrated pre and post treatment scrotal and oral Behcet’s’s lesions for clinicians to memorize. We also discussed international criteria to diagnose Behcet’s disease (ICBD) in concurrence with our case. In this presentation, we briefly described the involvement of other systems and their treatment. This article also elaborated on the latest developments in the treatment of Behcet’s disease.
ABSTRACT
Background: Staphylococcus aureus infections are one of the most common and serious hospital-acquired infections seen in developing countries. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important human pathogen and normally colonized in body parts including skin, nose, perineum and throat. MRSA is resistant not only to all ?-lactam groups but also other antibiotics including aminoglycosides, tetracycline and macrolides. In the present study the efficacy of agents used in the management of MRSA infections was determined by antibiotic gradient testing. Methods: A total of 60 clinical isolates of MRSA strains were collected from various diagnostic labs in central Kerala. Clinical isolates were reconfirmed as MRSA by gram staining, yellow-coloured colonies on mannitol salt Agar (MSA). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by disc diffusion method as recommended by CLSI guidelines. S. aureus isolates resistant to cefoxitin (30 µg) was identified as MRSA. Antibiotic gradient testing was performed to determine the MIC of vancomycin, tigecycline, linezolid, daptomycin, ceftaroline and mupirocin against MRSA isolates. Results: All the 60 MRSA isolates tested were sensitive to vancomycin, tigecycline, linezolid, daptomycin, ceftaroline and mupirocin (100%) and none of the MRSA isolates show resistance. Conclusions: Results of present study indicates that these agents may be used alongside vancomycin in management of infection caused by MRSA.
ABSTRACT
Background: The individual teratogenicity profiles of Lumacaftor and Ivacaftor are known, but the combined effects remain unexplored. Purpose: To evaluate the teratogenic profile of a combination of Lumacaftor and Ivacaftor in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Materials and Methods: This study adhered to the Committee for Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CCSEA) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. Sprague–Dawley rats were acclimated and housed individually under controlled conditions. A polygamous breeding scheme was implemented, and pregnant female rats were assigned to control, vehicle control or treatment group following OECD Test Guideline 414. Lumacaftor and Ivacaftor were administered to pregnant rats at various doses, such as MRHD, 5MRHD, 8MRHD and 10MRHD, from gestation days 6 to 17. Clinical observations, body weight and food consumption of pregnant rats were monitored. Postmortem examinations included caesarean section, reproductive performance (the number of corpora lutea, implantation sites, early and late resorptions and live foetuses) and assessment of foetal analysis. The foetal analysis incorporated external malformation evaluation, visceral examination and skeletal examination using alizarin red solution. Results: In pregnant rats exposed to Lumacaftor and Ivacaftor, the external examination was conducted on 206, 209, 199, 184, 198 and 201 foetuses in their respective groups, each consisting of 19 litters. Within this cohort, approximately 33% of foetuses underwent visceral examination. Additionally, across six groups approximately 50% of foetuses underwent skeletal examination. Importantly, no abnormalities were detected in skeletal, visceral or histopathological assessments across the treatment groups encompassing doses of a combination of Lumacaftor and Ivacaftor at MRHD, 5MRHD, 8MRHD and 10MRHD. Additionally, no significant morbidity or mortality related to the treatment was observed. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study indicates that the combination of Lumacaftor and Ivacaftor at doses equivalent to MRHD, 5MRHD, 8MRHD and 10MRHD did not induce significant teratogenic effects, affirming their safety during pregnancy in rats.
ABSTRACT
Background: Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest threats in human health. Extended spectrum ? lactamases mediated resistance is prevalent worldwide, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli leap out as this significant ESBL producers conferring resistance to the expanded spectrum cephalosporins. Colistin is being administered as last line therapy for patients that have failed to respond to other available antibiotics that are active against Gram-negative bacteria. Methods: The present study was conducted at school of medical education Kottayam, Kerala from January 2023 to November 2023.During the period of study 150 isolates of K. pneumoniae and 136 isolates of E. coli were collected from various diagnostic microbiology laboratories in Kerala. The colistin susceptibility pattern of ESBL producing isolates was detected by broth disc elution method recommended by CLSI. Results: In this study prevalence of multi-drug resistant is 6% and 9.6% and Extensively-drug resistant is 62% and 63.9% for K. pneumoniae and E. coli respectively. ESBL production was detected as 72% in K. pneumoniae and 79% in E. coli. The colistin susceptibility pattern of ESBL producing K. pneumoniae and E. coli was detected as 76.9% and 87.9% respectively Conclusions: Our result demonstrated that the recent use of colistin as last resort treatment for extensively drug resistant gram-negative bacilli, it is essential to know the prevalence of susceptibility pattern to this antibiotic.
ABSTRACT
Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae are Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen, belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae that can cause severe nosocomial infections particularly in immuno-compromised individuals. They exhibit co-resistance to multiple antibiotics which emphasize the need for non-antibiotic therapies. The goal of the presented study was to investigate the antimicrobial ability of probiotic Lactobacilli on clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, antimicrobial activities of probiotic L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus on K. pneumoniae were evaluated by Agar overlay interference technique. Clear zone around Lactobacilli were taken as positive inhibition. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of K. pneumoniae were determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, analyzed using interpretive standards of CLSI M100-S33 and categorized into MDR, XDR and Non MDR groups. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics such as mean and standard error and inferential statistics such as ANOVA single factor. Results: K. pneumoniae exhibited positive inhibition with both the probiotic strain. On comparing the zone of inhibition of L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus (both treated-pH adjusted and untreated), L. acidophilus had greater zone of inhibition against K. pneumoniae but concluded that statistically the values are insignificant (p>0.05). Based on antibiotic susceptibility pattern of K. pneumoniae, 63% of isolates were XDR, 3% were MDR and 34% were Non MDR Conclusions: It can be concluded that L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus had significant inhibitory effect against K. pneumoniae in vitro and should be further studied for their human health benefit.
ABSTRACT
Background: The present investigation aims to evaluate both the intensity and occurrence of hepatic impairment in patients afflicted with gallstone disease, examining the involvement of bacteria in the progression of these alterations. Methods: This prospective observational investigation was carried out on 189 patients scheduled for open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy at IGIMS in Patna, Bihar, India. In all the patients, laboratory and radiological investigations were performed. A healthy section of the liver border near the gallbladder fossa was chosen and grasped with non-traumatic forceps. Approximately 1 cm of the liver edge was excised using scissors and forwarded for histopathological analysis. Results: An examination of 189 liver biopsy specimens revealed that 87 (46%) patients showed no abnormalities, while 102 patients (54%) exhibited one or more changes. Upon analysing the liver biopsy samples from the control cohort (41 patients) during autopsy, 37% of the cases were identified to display hepatic lipidosis, while 48% of the cases showed lymphocytic invasion. Importantly, no cases of acute inflammatory changes were detected in the control cohort. Microbiological analysis was conducted on 96 patients, of which 33 (34%) showed positive cultures, with one or more microorganisms isolated from either the biliary tract or liver. Among these, 74% (24 cases) originated from the bile or gallbladder, while 26% (9 cases) were isolated from the liver. Conclusions: Gallstone disease induces significant liver histological changes, notably more prevalent in patients with prolonged symptoms. The present study clearly identifies this and underscores the importance of timely diagnosis and intervention for the effective management of this disease.
ABSTRACT
Background: In accordance with section 3(1) of the 1875 Indian majority act, any individual residing in India must reach the majority age when they reach the age of 18 and not before. Third molar formation begins approximately the age of 18. This study aims to distinguish the third molar Demirjian stage(s) indicate that the individual is under the age of 18, and which do not, we will be able to determine the person's age. Methods: In this research, 202 patients' OPG radiographs aged 14-25 years were obtained. Their radiographs revealed 742 third molars in total. Third molar development was examined using Demirjian's eight-stage method, and average age was then calculated for each step of third molar growth. Stages under the age of eighteen and stages over the age of eighteen were analyzed. Results: Data revealed that a person was in stage C most likely under the age of 18 (minor) and at stage H, a person was most likely over the age of 18 (major). Stages A and B were not evident in the age range studied. The age associated with stage C was less than 18 years, while the age associated with stage H was greater than 18 years. Conclusions: Assessing third molar growth stages is a reliable non-invasive method for estimating an individual's age. Stage H indicates a likely age over 18 with completed root development, while stage C suggests an age under 18 with ongoing root development, making it a quick and useful approach.
ABSTRACT
The field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research FaTArm, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj) Faizabad (U.P.), during Rabi season of 2014-2015. The yield components like number of spikes m-2, spike length (cm), number of grain spike-1, grain weight spike-1(g), grain yield (kg ha-1), straw yield (q ha-1) and nitrogen contain in grain (%), nitrogen contain in straw (%), nitrogen uptake in grain (kg ha-1), nitrogen uptake in straw, protein content in grain (%) were maximum under 160 kg N ha-1 and among the varieties over PBW-373, NW-1014 being at par with HD-2327. The main aim of trial conducted that to know the different varietal parameters of wheat crop.
ABSTRACT
The poisonous and invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus L., also referred to as "famine weed" or "congress grass," is highly dangerous for human health, agriculture, and biodiversity. This plant is well known for its aggressive growth and allelopathic qualities, which prevent natural vegetation and good crops from growing. An overview of the benefits and treatment of Parthenium hysterophorus is given in this abstract. Many techniques, including mechanical removal, chemical herbicides, biological control agents, and cultural practices, are used to combat this weed. To successfully control its spread, integrated techniques are frequently advised. Parthenium hysterophorus has drawbacks, yet it also has some positive qualities. It has therapeutic qualities, and research indicates that it may be used in phytoremediation and the synthesis of biofuel. The main goal is to draw attention to how critical it is to manage Parthenium hysterophorus properly while investigating its possible benefits, underscoring the necessity of long-term, all-encompassing solutions to deal with this environmental threat.
ABSTRACT
Background: Limited evidence is available on the psychological distress among patients hospitalized with COVID -19. We assessed the incidence of psychological distress, posttraumatic symptoms and substance use among patients hospitalized with COVID-19; and perceived stress, coping, and social support experienced by distressed and non-distressed patients and the predictors of psychological distress. Methods: Ours was a hospital-based cross-sectional study, conducted in a Union Territory of India. Patients were assessed (August – September, 2020) at the time of admission (within two days) with standardized instruments (N=250). Results: More than 19 percent of respondents had experienced significant psychological distress (probable cases) and nearly 9% reported post-traumatic stress symptoms. The cases and non-cases differ in terms of active coping (5.51±0.87 versus 5.06±1.06; t=3.10, p<0.01), emotional support (5.21±0.87 versus 4.86±0.79; t=2.57, p<0.01), behavioural disengagement (5.18±0.92 versus 4.55±1.15; t=3.56, p<0.001), venting (5.42±0.96 versus 4.80±1.24; t=3.30, p<0.01), acceptance (5.75±1.24 versus 5.29±1.50; t=2.23, p<0.05), religion (5.43±1.41 versus 6.06±1.46; t=-2.76, p<0.01) and self-blame (5.65±1.00 versus 4.82±1.39; t=3.95, p<0.001). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress (OR: 2.058; 95% CI: 1.49-2.84) was the only significant predictor of the psychological distress. Conclusions: Nearly one in five hospitalized patients with COVID-19 experience psychological distress. Screening and treatment for trauma and psychological distress should be an integral component of care for patients with COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was carried out at Soil Conservation and Water Management Farm of C S Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur during Zaid seasons i.e. 2022 and 2023 to assess the effect of irrigation scheduling and integrated nutrient management on blackgram.The experiment consisted of three irrigation schedulesviz.I1:0.4 IW/CPE, I2:0.6 IW/CPE, I3:0.8 IW/CPE, along with five integrated nutrient management options viz.F1: 100% RDF, F2:125% RDF.F3: 75% RDF + 2.5 ton FYM/ha,F4: 50 % RDF + 5 ton FYM/ha.F5: 50% RDF + 2.5 ton FYM/ha + 1 tonvermi-compost. The experiment was conducted in Split Plot Design replicated thrice irrigation scheduling systems in main plots and integrated nutrient management in sub plots. The result clearly revealed that significantly higher growth attributes viz plant height (35.25 cm and 37.56 cm), number of branches plant-1 (8.87 and 9.21), number of plant leaves (19.96 and 20.29) at harvest and yield attributes viz number of pod per plant (27.80 and 30.10) no of seed per pod (6.62 and 6.91) and also higher seed yield (9.30 q ha-1 and 9.90 qha-1 ), stover yield(23.21 q ha-1 and 24.03 q ha-1) were recorded with I3: 0.8 IW/CPE compared to I1: 0.4 IW/CPE and I2: 0.6 IW/CPE. Among the integrated nutrient management significantly higher growth attributes viz plant height (36.12 cm and 38.07 cm), number of branches plant-1 (9.01 and 9.32), number of plant leaves (20.05 and 20.45) at harvest and yield attributes viz number of pod per plant (28.44 and 30.17) no of seed per pod (7.05 and 7.37) and also higher grain yield (9.73 q ha-1 and 10.27 qha-1 ), stover yield(23.55 q ha-1 and 24.76 q ha-1) were recorded with F5:50% RDF + 2.5 ton FYM/ha + 1 ton vermi-compost as compared to other integrated nutrient management protocol.
ABSTRACT
The present investigation entitled Study the impact of abiotic factors on the population fluctuation of major insect pest of field pea was conducted at the Experiment field of Department of Plant breeding, seed Breeding farm, JNKVV Jabalpur (MP), Madhya Pradesh during the Rabi season 2020-21. Positive correlation of Acryothosiphon pissum, pod borer, and leafhopper with Maximum Temperature (0.581, 0.581, 0.582) and Acrythosiphon pissum with morning vapour pressure (0.453) may be given due weightage in formulating forewarning modules in the pest. Similarly positive correlation was found between Relative humidity and aphid (r = -0.304) and was found significant. Max temperature showed significant negative correlation (r=-0.581) with aphid, Pod borer and leafhopper’s population where minimum temperature and rainfall showed negative correlation (r=-0.453 and r= - 0.153) with aphid population. Whereas min temperature showed positive non-significant correlation (r= 0.413). Max temperature showed significant negative correlation (r = -0.581) with pod borer population. Morning vapour pressure shows significant negative correlation (r=-0.453) with aphid population.
ABSTRACT
India is the second largest producer of fruits in the world with different fruit growing zones viz., temperate, arid and semi-arid, subtropical, and tropical zones. In this present era of climate change, fruit growers are facing environment-related problems such as sudden changes in temperature, irregular and heavy rainfall, and soil-related problems like compaction, salinity, alkalinity, and acidity. In addition to this, pest and disease incidence also play a major role in limiting fruit production. Objectives of rootstock breeding includes resistance or tolerance to biotic stress, adaptability to soil and environmental conditions, dwarfism, precocity in bearing, high yield and good fruit quality. The purpose of rootstock breeding varies with crops and geographical locations. Developing rootstocks resistant or tolerant to biotic stresses in apple (fire blight and woolly apple aphid), citrus (root rot, nematodes and viral diseases), grape (Phylloxera spp. and nematode) and mango (mango fruit fly and stone weevil) for specific tree characters (dwarfing, canopy management) and horticultural traits (yield and quality) are the important aspects in rootstock breeding. The reported rootstocks which are impactful in fruit cultivation like apple (MM-111), grape (Dogridge, 99-R, 110-R and 1103-P), and mango (Turpentine, Deorakhio and Olour). The use of rootstocks which are tolerant or adaptable to adverse climatic situations and biotic stress can be an alternative option for scientists and fruit growers to face the challenges encountered by the fruit industry.
ABSTRACT
Aims: This study aims to scrutinize the intricacies of nutrient management to optimize the cultivation of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) during the Rabi season of 2022-2023 in Coimbatore. The primary objectives include evaluating the efficacy of various treatments, such as recommended doses of inorganic fertilizer (RDF), rhizobium, and Phosphobacteria microbial inoculants as soil applicants, as well as TNAU Pulse Wonder, nano urea, and DAP as foliar sprays.Study Design: A meticulous Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications was employed to explore diverse treatments. This design allowed for a systematic investigation into the impact of different nutrient management strategies on the growth and yield of black grams.Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Coimbatore, and the Rabi season of 2022-2023 was chosen for its duration. The experimental setup was established at the research farm under the auspices of the Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences.Methodology: A total of ten treatments were tested, including various combinations of RDF (25:50:25), rhizobial culture, phosphobacteria, TNAU Pulse Wonder, nano urea, and DAP. Plant growth metrics, such as plant height and leaf count, were measured at 60 days after sowing (DAS). Yield attributes, including pod count, seeds per pod, and test weight, were also evaluated. Economic scrutiny included the calculation of the cost of cultivation, gross return, net income, and benefit-cost ratio.Results: Treatment T7, consisting of 75% RDF, rhizobial culture, phosphobacteria, and 1% TNAU Pulse Wonder, demonstrated substantial efficacy in enhancing plant growth metrics. At 60 DAS, this treatment exhibited an appreciable increase in plant height (39.89 cm) and leaf count (15.33). Moreover, T7 positively impacted crucial yield attributes, with elevated pod count (24.33), seeds per pod (9.33), and test weight (4.98 g). Economic scrutiny identified T7 as the epitome of economic viability, featuring a cost of cultivation at 30,240 INR, gross return of 125,587.80 INR, net income of 95,347.80 INR, and a commendable benefit-cost ratio of 4.15.Conclusion: These findings underscore the profound significance of strategic nutrient management paradigms for fostering sustainable and economically robust black gram cultivation. The identified treatment T7 stands out as a promising approach to optimize yields and economic returns in black gram cultivation, offering valuable insights for future agricultural practices.
ABSTRACT
Bamboo is a versatile group of fastest growing plant which is capable of providing ecological, economical, environmental and livelihood security to the people. The study investigates uses, contribution, scope of the green gold plant bamboo. The review of this study showed that bamboo has evolved into a highly valuable and superior plant which serves for food, fodder and many more also bamboo-based products have the potential to replace wood, plastics in a variety of industrial uses without harming the nature by maintaining sustainability. So in this review paper comprehensive overview of the recent literatures about multidimensional scope of bamboo in form of its greatest potential is being discussed.