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Background: Hypertension, a major cause of cardiovascular disease, is increasingly common among urban professionals, including school teachers, who face unique stressors and lifestyle challenges. Understanding these factors is essential for developing targeted health interventions. This study aims to determine the prevalence and key determinants of hypertension among government school teachers in Patna. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from November 2021 to October 2022 with 1321 teachers from 325 urban schools in Patna. The sample size was calculated based on a 45.4% estimated hypertension prevalence, with a 3% margin of error and 20% non-response rate. Teachers were selected using stratified sampling with probability proportional to size. Results: Of the 1283 respondents, 61.34% were male and 38.66% female. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 14.1%, higher in males (15.5%) than females (11.9%). Hypertension was significantly associated with frequent fast-food consumption, extra salt intake, tobacco use, stress, and higher BMI (p<0.05), though not with age, gender, physical activity, or depression. Conclusions: Improving dietary habits, reducing tobacco use, and managing BMI among teachers can significantly reduce hypertension. Healthier teachers create a better teaching environment, positively impacting student learning outcomes and enhancing the overall educational experience.
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A three-year-old Labrador bitch brought to the TVCC-FVAS-BHU-Mirzapur, with the history of whelped one dead puppy 12 hrs before further no progress of delivery. The bitch administered with a total dose of 30 IU of oxytocin intramuscularly but there was no progress. Abdominal palpation revealed presence of fetal like mass and per-vaginal examination revealed presence of fetal parts in the birth canal. The bitch was treated with oxytocin @ 0.2 IU/kg body weight slow IV with 25% dextrose 0.2ml/kg body weight slow IV, a dead male fetus was removed through mutational operation after 15 minutes, after that no puppies were palpable. Radiographic examination revealed presence of four fetuses in the abdominal cavity. It was then decided to go for cesarean section. The surgical operation was done as per the standard routine procedures. The bitch was treated with antibiotic and analgesic for 3 days. The bitch had uneventful recovery with proper postoperative care. In the present study we concluded that the dystocia was due to uterine rupture and this can be corrected through exploratory laparotomy.
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Heart failure poses significant challenges in perioperative settings, with an increasing prevalence in India. While much attention has been given to the management of symptomatic heart failure, there is a dearth of literature on asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ALVSD). In this case report, we present the successful perioperative management of a 35?year?old male with ALVSD and a low ejection fraction undergoing lower limb surgery under combined spinal epidural anesthesia. Our approach aimed to maintain hemodynamic stability, minimize myocardial overload, and mitigate the adverse effects of neuraxial blockade.
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Agroecology offers a comprehensive approach to sustainable agriculture by integrating ecological principles with socioeconomic considerations to improve the resilience and productivity of food systems. This review delves into the core principles of agroecology, including biodiversity, ecosystem services, social equity and explores various practices such as crop diversification, soil health management and integrated pest management. The environmental, economic and social impacts of these practices are examined to highlight their contributions to sustainable food systems. Case studies from different regions demonstrate the successful application of agroecological methods and their benefits for local communities. Additionally, the review discusses the importance of policy and institutional support in promoting agroecology, underscoring the need for enabling policies, educational initiatives and research efforts. Despite its many advantages, agroecology faces obstacles, such as limited awareness, resource constraints and policy hurdles. The review concludes with recommendations for overcoming these challenges and identifies future research opportunities to advance agroecology. By synthesizing current knowledge and outlining key areas for further study, this review provides a detailed understanding of agroecology抯 potential to transform agricultural practices toward sustainability, offering valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners and researchers alike.
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The present study was carried out to assess the phytochemical and antioxidant potential of 24 chilli landraces grown in hilly regions of India viz. Himachal Pradesh & Assam and genotypes were evaluated for different phytochemical parameters and antioxidant assays. Highest total sugar (3.43 %), reducing sugar (2.22 %), polyphenolic content (153.85 mg /100g GAE), total carotenoids (101.66 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (12.85 mg/100g) and reducing power assay (70.76 mM/g TE) were found in the genotype 慍hilli SC-1�, while 慍hilli CHI-15� was found superior for total flavonoid content (547.01 mg/100g QE). The genotype, 慍hilli SC-1抐ollowed 慍hilli L-2� were found best owing to their Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity. The above results were also confirmed with spectral studies using FT-IR spectroscopy and genotype 慍hili SC-1� was found best in all the concerned parameters as the highest peaks of the respective sample were observed concerning all other samples. Further, principal component analysis indicated that the genotype 慍hilli SC-1�, 慍hilli LC-2�, 慍hilli AC-9� and 慍hilli AC-10� are the major contributors to divergence within different quality traits under study.
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This study investigates the genetic divergence and yield and quality-related attributes of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) through principal component analysis (PCA) and genetic divergence studies. Conducted during the Kharif 2022 season at the Seed Breeding Farm, Rice Improvement Project, Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, JNKVV, Jabalpur, the research focused on 98 genotypes, evaluating 30 agronomic attributes based on DUS guidelines. Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation, path coefficient, D2 analysis, and PCA were employed to analyze the data.The findings reveal significant genetic diversity among the genotypes, with traits like stem length, fertile spikelet, and panicle weight contributing notably to genetic divergence. PCA identified eight principal components accounting for 81.97% of the total variability, with the first component alone contributing 22.34%. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding genotypic and phenotypic characteristics for effective selection and breeding of diverse genotypes, ultimately enhancing hybrid rice technology and regional adaptability.The research highlights key traits contributing to genetic divergence and provides insights into the genetic architecture of hybrid rice, aiding in the development of high-yield, quality rice varieties. The comprehensive analysis of yield and quality traits offers a valuable resource for breeders aiming to improve hybrid rice cultivars, ensuring food security and nutritional value for the global population.
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Producing nutritious food is the ultimate objective of organic farming, since it helps in improving soil formation, nitrogen fixation, nutrient recycling, erosion mitigation, and carbon sequestration. An experiment was conducted at Nalanda College of Horticulture, Noorsarai, Nalanda during summer season of 2017 and 2018 to assess the effect of integrated and sole applications of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of bottle gourd under onion-onion-bottle gourd crop sequence. The experiment consists of seven treatments viz.,T1-100%NPK through inorganic fertilizers (IFs) 120:60 and 40 Kg N:P2O5 and K2O); T2-50%NPK through IFs+50%N through farm yard manure (FYM); T3-50% N through FYM+50% N through vermicompost (VC); T4-1/3 of N each through FYM + VC + neem cake (NC); T5-50% N through FYM + PSB + azotobactor; T6-50% N through FYM+50% N through VC+PSB + azotobactor and T7-1/3 of N each through FYM + VC + NC +PSB + azotobactor. These seven treatments were replicated thrice in Randomized Block Design. Results revealed that T1-100%NPK through inorganic fertilizers recorded 222.3 q ha-1 fruit yield, which was statistically at par with T2 (192.3 q ha-1). T1 recorded maximum vine length followed by T2 T7 and T6. After completion of the cropping system; onion-onion-bottle gourd, soils were subjected to analysis. EC, pH and soil organic carbon (SOC) didn’t differ significantly. Available N, P and K also found non-significant due to different fertilizer and organic manure sources, but maximum available N was observed in 100% inorganic plots (T1) followed by integrated (T2) and 100 % organics (T6) . Maximum P and K were observed in T6. T1-100% IFs sources recorded highest gross return (1.56 Lakh), net return (1.16 Lakh) and B: C ratio (2.87) followed by T2. On the basis of result it has been concluded that T2 having 50 % NPK through inorganic fertilizer + 50 % N through FYM may found suitable for sustainable bottle gourd production as it performed at par with T1 in respect to crop growth and yield.
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Histamine is central to allergic reactions and is primarily concentrated in mast cells throughout the body. The four types of histamine receptors (H1, H2, H3, and H4) influence both the peripheral and central nervous systems. H1 receptors, found in various tissues, induce itching, mucosal secretion, muscle contraction, and blood vessel dilation. Histamine stabilizes the active state of H1 receptors, while H1-antihistamines, such as levocetirizine, bind to different sites, inducing the inactive state and counteracting histamine effects. Levocetirizine, a second-generation antihistamine, selectively binds to H1 receptors and effectively inhibits allergic responses without significant sedative effects. It is recommended for both seasonal and perennial rhinitis and exhibits a favorable long-term safety profile. Studies on levocetirizine in pediatric patients show its efficacy in reducing allergy-related symptoms with good tolerability and safety. Notably, levocetirizine demonstrates superiority in managing symptoms of chronic idiopathic urticaria and allergic rhinitis compared to other commonly used antihistamines. This paper discusses the role of levocetirizine as a safe option for treating allergic conditions in the pediatric population and is further supported by insights from clinical experts.
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Background: Osteoporosis-related fractures are a significant health burden, leading to prolonged recovery and reduced quality of life. Nutritional supplementation may enhance bone healing and recovery in affected patients. This study aimed to estimate the impact of nutritious supplementation on bone mending and recovery in cases with osteoporosis-related fractures. Methods: A prospective experimental study was conducted at Assam Medical Council and Hospital from January 2021 to December 2023. An aggregate of 150 cases with osteoporosis-related fractures were enrolled and handled with a standardized nutritive supplementation protocol, including calcium, vitamin D, protein, and other micronutrients. Data on bone mineral viscosity Bone Mineral Density (BMD), fracture mending, functional issues, and biomarkers of bone development were collected at birth and follow-up intervals. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the impact of supplementation on these issues. Results: Noteworthy enhancements in BMD were watched at the lumbar spine (2.5%), hip (2.5%), and wrist (3.0%) destinations. Break recuperating was accomplished in 85% of patients, with a cruel radiographic union time of 10.2±2.3 weeks. Torment levels, as measured by the Visual Simple Scale (VAS), diminished essentially. In contrast, helpful execution, evaluated through the Brief Physical Execution Battery (SPPB) and Utilitarian Freedom Degree (FIM), appeared as stamped advancement. Serum biomarkers showed upgraded bone arrangement and decreased bone resorption. Conclusion: Wholesome supplementation improves bone recuperating, increments BMD, and moves forward utilitarian results in patients with osteoporosis-related breaks. These discoveries back the integration of focused on wholesome methodologies into standard osteoporosis administration to make strides in persistent recuperation and decrease break chance.
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Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections have grown more commonplace globally as an opportunistic infection that might have unfavorable effects on hospital and community settings. The three main mechanisms of bacterial resistance to betalactam medications are Metallo? Lactamases (MBL), AmpC ? lactamases, and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs). Methods: Pseudomonas aeruginosa samples were recognized in this investigation using motility, gram stain, colony morphology, and biochemical responses. The CLSI criteria were followed to detect ESBL production, and the Imipenem-EDTA combination disc test was used to test for MBL production. AmpC Disc Test was used to identify AmpC beta-lactamases. Results: 204(14.0%) P. aeruginosa were identified from a total of 1457 bacterial isolates. One hundred P. aeruginosa isolates were obtained from various clinical specimens. The 74 MDR isolates were more prevalent in patients receiving care indoors; coproduction of both MBL and AmpC enzymes was detected in 3% of P. aeruginosa isolates, coproduction of ESBL and MBL enzymes was detected in 20% isolates, coproduction of ESBL and AmpC enzymes was detected in 5% of isolates, coproduction of all three enzymes i.e. ESBL, AmpC ?-lactamases and MBL was not detected in any of the P. aeruginosa isolates. Conclusions: It is crucial to identify the presence of ESBL, Amp C, and MBL in hospital & community isolates. The coexistence of distinct ?-lactamase classes for a single bacterial strain might present difficulties in diagnosis and therapy.
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The future of farming holds great promise with the advancement of biological control techniques aimed at enhancing crop health and sustainability. Biological control involves harnessing natural enemies of pests, such as predators, parasitoids, and pathogens, to manage pest populations in agricultural ecosystems. This approach contrasts with conventional pesticide use, offering more environmentally friendly and sustainable solutions to pest management challenges. In recent years, biological control has seen significant technological advancements that promise to revolutionize crop protection practices. One such innovation is the development and application of microbial biopesticides, which utilize naturally occurring microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses to suppress pests and diseases. These biopesticides are often specific to target pests, minimizing harm to beneficial organisms and reducing chemical residues in crops and the environment. Moreover, the integration of precision agriculture technologies and data analytics has enhanced the efficacy and deployment of biological control strategies. Farmers can now monitor pest populations in real time, making informed decisions on when and where to apply biological agents. This precision not only optimizes pest control efforts but also minimizes input costs and environmental impact. Looking ahead, the future of farming with biological control techniques lies in further refining these methods through ongoing research and innovation. Advances in genetic technologies, such as CRISPR-based gene editing, offer the potential to engineer crops with inherent resistance to pests and diseases, reducing reliance on external control measures altogether. Furthermore, the promotion of ecological approaches like habitat manipulation and conservation biological control will enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services within agricultural landscapes, fostering resilient farming systems capable of adapting to future challenges posed by climate change and evolving pest pressures.
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Aim: To assess the incidence and pathological effects during encysted progenetic Euclinostomum heterostomum metacercariae infestation in the freshwater fish spotted snakehead (Channa punctatus). Methodology: Samples of Channa punctatus were collected from Tilaiya Reservoir, Koderma, Jharkhand, India, during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. The encysted metacercariae trematodes were isolated from Channa punctatus. Characterization was performed based on the morphology and sequencing analysis of a partial 18S rRNA gene. Further, the kidney and liver samples from infected fish were subjected to histopathological studies. Prevalence, abundance, and Intensity of infection were further determined. Results: Morphological identification suggests that the encysted metacercariae belonged to Digenean trematodes of genera Euclinostomum, and amplification of partial sequence of 18S rRNA, and phylogenetic analysis revealed the isolated metacercariae were Euclinostomum heterostomum. The histopathological study of the kidney showed hepatocyte degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolation, and nuclear transformations. Liver fibrosis was observed in Channa punctatus. The prevalence during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon season ranged from 66.1% to 81.1%, abundance from 0.74 to 0.92, and intensity ranged from 1 to 1.14 using the Margolis formula. Interpretation: The study highlights the infestation of Euclinostomum heterostomum in Channa punctatus during the pre- monsoon climate appears favorable for the abundance of parasites. Hence, a proper inspection before consumption is necessary.
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Aim: To assess alteration in the protein levels of major organs and induction of micronuclei in the freshwater fish, Channa punctatus following exposure to chlorpyrifos, while also investigating the potential mitigating effects of extracts from Melissa officinalis and Mentha piperita on the adverse impacts induced by this pesticide. Methodology: Two weeks of acclimatized healthy fish were divided into four different groups. Group G1 served as the control group, while G2 contained chlorpyrifos (LC50/10, 96 hr). Group G3 was exposed to chlorpyrifos (LC50/10, 96 hr) along with 8 mg l-1 of Melissa officinalis ethanolic extract, and similarly, G4 contained chlorpyrifos (LC50/10, 96 hr) along with 8 mg l-1 ethanolic extract of Mentha piperita. Sampling was conducted over various durations of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The ethanolic extracts of Melissa officinalis and Mentha piperita were used as remedial compounds as they are rich in several bioactive compounds, primarily polyphenols. Results: The investigation revealed a notable decrease in the total protein content of kidney, liver, gills and muscles following exposure to chlorpyrifos after each sampling duration. While, upon exposure to remedies containing the ethanolic extracts of Melissa officinalis and Mentha piperita, the protein levels exhibited a significant recovery (p < 0.05) in a duration-dependent manner, compared to the control group. This suggests a promising ameliorative capability of Melissa officinalis and Mentha piperita against chlorpyrifos toxicity. Further, the induction of micronuclei by chlorpyrifos and their subsequent recovery through the application of phytoextracts Melissa officinalis and Mentha piperita displayed a similar pattern, indicating the potential protective effects of these extracts against chlorpyrifos-induced genotoxicity. Interpretation: It is plausible to conclude that standardized doses of Melissa officinalis and Mentha piperita hold the potential to enhance aquaculture practices and safeguard fish production in agriculturally contaminated water bodies. These findings emphasize their valuable contribution in sustaining fish health amidst toxic environments.
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Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are very rare tumors that constitute less than 1 percent of entire tumors of GIT. The case reported here is a 60 years male who came with complaints of mass in the abdomen and constipation. On examination, he had guarding. Radiological evaluation revealed a heterogenous mass behind the lesser sac displacing the solid organs posteriorly. And hence we proceeded with total gastrectomy with esophago-jejunostomy. Histopathological examination revealed GIST arising from stomach which was positive for CD34 and C-KIT. Post-surgery patient was started on adjuvant imatinib therapy.
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Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIS) are an integral anti-tumor therapy for many malignancies. Most patients show very good tolerability to ICIs; however, serious immune-related adverse events (IRAE's) with ICIS have been poorly documented and prevent some patients from continuing ICIs or even become the direct cause of patient death. Here, we present the case of a 74 year-old male patient with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma who received three doses of Pembrolizumab and developed pancytopenia after each dose. Although the ?rst 2 episode of pancytopenia resolved with a treatment regimen of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), packed red blood cell and platelet transfusion, the third episode showed extreme resistance to these treatments.
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Introduction: Vault prolapse is a common health problem; however, severe morbidity is rare. However, it can have a marked effect on quality of life. Many surgical procedures have been described using the abdominal or vaginal approach. The procedure choice often depends on the individual surgeon’s choice and experience. The abdominal sacral colpopexy employs the interposition of a synthetic mesh or tissue graft between the vagina and sacrum. The surgical mesh consists of a flat, net-like structure that is surgically implanted to support weaknesses of soft tissue, hence its application in treating pelvic prolapses. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objectives are to evaluate abdominal sacrocolpopexy (ASC) with prolene mesh as an operative technique performed at our institution in symptomatic vault prolapse in post-hysterectomy patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 12 patients underwent ASC due to symptomatic vault prolapse after a hysterectomy between July 2021 and March 2023 at the obstetrics and gynecology department of BMIMS, Pawapuri, was retrospectively reviewed using the hospital information management system. Results: Twelve women had vault repair by ASC procedure. In three women along with sacrocolpopexy for vault prolapse, posterior colpoperineorrhaphy was done for rectocele. No major complication occurred during sacrocolpopexy in any patients. In none of these patients were blood transfusions necessary considering the small amount of blood loss. Conclusion: ASC has proven to be superior to other techniques. The choice of surgical approach depends on the preference and experience of the gynecologist. The procedure and experience of a gynecologist are important in repairing vault prolapse after total abdominal hysterectomy or vaginal hysterectomy to reduce recurrence.
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Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most prevalent Gram-negative bacteria associated with nosocomial infections. It is therefore necessary to study its trend of antimicrobial resistance. Few therapeutic alternatives are available as Extended spectrum Beta lactamases (ESBL)-producing organisms exhibit co-resistance to several antibiotics’ classes. To study’s aim is to study the prevalence, ESBL production, and resistance pattern of P. aeruginosa isolates obtained from respiratory samples employing phenotypic methods. Methods: This study was conducted on 560 clinical respiratory samples from patients presented to the School of Excellence in Pulmonary Medicine, NSCB Medical College, Jabalpur, India. It was a prospective study conducted in the Department of Microbiology on 100 P. aeruginosa samples obtained from respiratory samples of both patient’s in-patient department (IPD) and out-patient department (OPD). Result: Among the 560 samples subjected to identification and isolation of aerobic growth, 385 samples were positive for bacterial growth. Of these, 100 (26%) samples were positive for P. aeruginosa. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern was determined for all the isolated strains. P. aeruginosa isolates showed maximum resistance to ticarcillin/clavulanic acid (79%), aztreonam (78%), and ceftazidime (74%). However, P. aeruginosa strains showed maximum sensitivity to piperacillin/tazobactam (88%). The same isolates were also examined using the double disc synergy method for phenotypic characterization of ESBL against ceftazidime and clavulanic acid using the CLSI standards. About 49% of the resistant P. aeruginosa strains isolated from sputum samples were positive for ESBL. Conclusion: The current work strongly suggests further research on P. aeruginosa antibiotic-resistant strains for ESBL phenotypic characterization
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Background: Minor salivary glands are found throughout the entire upper aerodigestive tract. Minor salivary gland neoplasms represent less than 25% of intraoral salivary neoplasms. There are no uniform guidelines at present for treatment for minor salivary gland tumors as these are rare entities. The objective of the study was to evaluate the clinicopathological profile of minor salivary gland tumors and to evaluate follow up of patients after treatment. Methods: The present study was a prospective observational study conducted on 11 patients of the Pacific Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur from 1 December 2020 to 31 December 2023 with complaints of intra-oral swelling with biopsy proven MSGT were included. Results: Out of 11 patients, 7 were female and 4 were male. Highest incidence was found in patients in the 4th-5th decade of life. For most patients, painless swelling was the primary presentation. The most common site for minor salivary cancer was the hard palate 55%. The most common histological types were adenocystic carcinoma. In 10 cases complete surgical excision with clear margins was the preferred mode of treatment. In 1 palliative therapy was required. Among 11 patients, 2 required radiotherapy. Conclusions: MSGT are rare, early diagnosed and resection with wide margins/neck dissections + SOS adjuvant therapy is key to treatment.
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Background: Anti-immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecule 5 (anti-IgLON5) disease is a strange disorder with a complex interplay between autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. The first case with severe air-flow disturbance and sleep apnea associated with the presence of anti-IgLON5 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or serum was described in 2014. The initial common presentation among these patients is sleep apnea with respiratory failure. Case description: A 68-year-old man presented with excessive daytime sleepiness, loud snoring, nocturnal awakening, breathlessness, involuntary movements, and difficulty in swallowing for 1 year. His arterial blood gas (ABG) showed hypercapnic respiratory acidosis. Both CSF analysis and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain were normal. Polysomnography (PSG) showed sleep apnea and rapid eye movement (REM) behavioral disorders. He was tested positive for myasthenia gravis and treated accordingly. Neurological involvements are explained by the presence of serum anti-IgLON5 antibodies. Case discussion: The IgLON5 proteins are cell adhesion molecules involved in neuroplasticity. Patients with anti-IgLON5 disease present with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), REM, and nonrapid eye movement (NREM) parasomnia, chorea, cognitive decline, and sleep-disordered breathing with stridor and bulbar symptoms. Respiratory failure is explained by bulbar symptoms, sleep apnea, and respiratory muscle fatigue due to myasthenia gravis. Detection of anti-IgLON5 antibodies is crucial for diagnosis. Patients with anti-IgLON5 disease were treated with steroids and immunosuppressants. Conclusion: The variable clinical presentation of neurological symptoms makes it difficult to distinguish the anti-IgLON5 disease from other neurological diseases. When a patient presents with heterogeneous neurological symptoms including distinctive sleep disorders with respiratory failure often accompanied by bulbar symptoms, the anti-IgLON5 disease should always be suspected.
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Background: The conventional drug regimen of sedation for patients requiring mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit (ICU) is propofol or midazolam. Dexmedetomidine is a newer drug for sedation with a better clinical profile. We conducted this study to compare the sedative efficacy of dexmedetomidine versus propofol in patients after head and neck cancer surgeries requiring mechanical ventilation. Methods:After ethics committee approval and written informed consent, 80 patients undergoing head and neck onco?surgery were recruited. The patients were randomly allocated to group I[1 mg/kg of bolus propofol over 15minutes followed by infusion of 1 mg/kg/hour titrated by increasing or decreasing the infusion dose to Ramsay Sedation Score (RSS) 2� or group II (a loading dose of dexmedetomidine 1 mcg/kg over 15 minutes followed by a maintenance dose of 0.4 礸/kg/hour titrated to desired sedation level). The RSS, behavioral pain scale (BPS), heart rate, blood pressure, fentanyl consumption, additional sedative agent, extubation time, length of ICU stays, mechanical ventilation duration, side effects, and patient抯 satisfaction were noted. Results: Total fentanyl required was 0.56 � 0.13 礸/kg/hour in group II and 0.58 � 0.18 礸/kg/hour in group I(P = 0.75). Extubation time, RSS, BPS, patient satisfaction, and ICU duration were similar in both the groups. The incidence of hemodynamic?related adverse effects were 41.67% in group II and 11.11% in group I (P = 0.006). Conclusion: The fentanyl requirement was comparable in both the groups in the postoperative period. Dexmedetomidine was associated with an increased incidence of bradycardia and hypotension as compared to the propofol group. Propofol should be the preferred sedative for postoperative mechanical ventilation after head and neck onco?surgeries.