Herbal Textual Research on Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

By reviewing ancient materia medica， medical and prescription books， combined with modern literature， the textual research of Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix has been conducted to verify the name， origin， producing area， harvesting and processing methods. Through textual research， the results show that the mainstream name of this herb recorded in the past dynasties is Fangji， which is also called Hanzhong Fangji because it is produced in Hanzhong city， and after the Tang dynasty， it was gradually divided into Hanfangji and Mufangji， and there is the saying that Han Zhushuiqi， Mu Zhufengqi. The names of Fenfangji and Guangfangji were first seen in the republic of China. In addition， Fenfangji was once distributed in Hankou， so it was also known as "Hanfangji"， which is easily confused with the traditional Hanzhong Fangji for short. Based on the original research， it is concluded that Aristolochia heterophylla（Hanzhong Fangji）is the mainstream of Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix used in the Qing dynasty and before， and the application history of Cocculus orbiculatus can be traced back to before the Tang dynasty. After the Ming dynasty， Stephania tetrandra gradually became another main origin， and in the Republic of China， A. fangchi was used as a medicine for Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix， but in modern times it was banned because it contained aristolochic acid as a toxic ingredient， and S. tetrandra has become the mainstream legal origin. The traditional production area of Hanzhong Fangji is Hanzhong， Shaanxi province， while today the mainstream of S. tetrandra is manly produced in Jiangxi and other places. Based on the quality evaluation research， the quality of Hanzhong Fangji is better with the radial texture of section used as radial solution， yellow solid and fragrant. Fenfangji with solid quality， white inside， powdered enough， less fiber and radiating texture is better. From the harvesting and processing research， the root of Fangji is mostly harvested in spring and autumn， and the outer bark should be removed in some literature. Before the Ming dynasty， this herb was dried in the shade， and after the Ming dynasty， it was dried in the sun. The modern production processing of Fangji is to harvest it in autumn， wash it， remove the rough bark， dry it to half dry， cut it into sections， and then cut it longitudinally if it is large， and dry it. Based on the results， combined with current studies on the toxicity of aristolochic acid and influencing factors such as commercial circulation， it is suggested that S. tetrandra should be used as the origin of Fangji， the processed products are selected according to the prescription requirements， and those without specified requirements can be processed by referring to the raw products in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Effect of miR-30c targeting Wnt/β-catenin signal on the proliferation and apoptosis of human retinal endothelial cells induced by high glucose / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of miR-30c targeting Wnt/β-catenin signal on the proliferation and apoptosis of human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) induced by high glucose.Methods:Human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) were cultured and given normal concentration (control group) and high concentration glucose (high glucose group) respectively. According to the experimental design, miR-30c mimic, negative control (miR-NC), Wnt1 overexpression vector (pcDNA3.1-Wnt1) and empty vector (pcDNA3.1) were transfected respectively. RT-PCR was used to detect the expression level of miR-30c in each group. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of Wnt1, β-catenin and GSK-3β protein in each group. The dual luciferase experiment verified the targeting relationship of miR-30c to Wnt1. Thiazole blue method was used to detect the proliferation activity of each group. Flow cytometry was employed to detect the level of apoptosis of each group of cells.Results:Compared with the control group, the expression of miR-30c in the high glucose group was significantly reduced [ (0.94±0.11) vs (0.32±0.06), P<0.001]; compared with the control group, the cell proliferation activity of the high glucose group was significantly reduced, and the apoptosis rate was significantly increased [ (0.75±0.08) vs (0.13±0.04), (3.53±0.29) % vs (14.89±0.94) %, P<0.001]; compared with the high glucose+miR-NC group, the cell proliferation activity of the high glucose+miR-30c group was significantly increased, and the apoptosis rate was reduced [ (0.14±0.04) vs (0.64±0.06), (14.14±0.86) % vs (6.28±0.45) %, P<0.001]; compared with the miR-NC group, the luciferase activity of the miR-30c group co-transfected with WT-Wnt1 was significantly reduced [ (0.97±0.09) vs (0.26±0.03), P<0.001]; compared with the control group, the protein expression of Wnt1, β-catenin and GSK-3β in the high glucose group were significantly increased [ (0.43±0.05) vs (1.02±0.09), (0.25±0.04) vs (0.82±0.10), (0.39±0.04) vs (0.76±0.11), P<0.001]; compared with the high glucose+miR-NC group, the protein expression of Wnt1, β-catenin and GSK-3β in the high glucose+miR-30c group were significantly reduced [ (1.04±0.10) vs (0.68±0.06), (0.79±0.09) vs (0.34±0.05), (0.74±0.12) vs (0.48±0.06), P<0.001]; compared with the high glucose+miR-30c group, the cell proliferation activity was significantly reduced in the high glucose+miR-30c+pcDNA3.1-Wnt1 group, and the apoptosis rate was significantly increased [ (0.66±0.07) vs (0.31±0.05), (4.26±0.57) % vs (9.75±0.85) %, P<0.001]. Conclusion:miR-30c may negatively regulate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, promote cell proliferation, and inhibit cell apoptosis induced by high glucose.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes miR-183 target regulation of retinal dehydrogenase 11 to inhibit the development of retinitis pigmentosa / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective:To observe the expressions of miR-183 and retinal dehydrogenase 11 (RDH11) in exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC), and to preliminarily explore their targeting relationship and their effects on retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells.Methods:BMSC from C57BL/6 (C57) mice were isolated and cultured, and BMSC-derived exosomes were identified. BMSC were divided into blank group, simulation blank control group (mimic-NC group), miR-183 simulation group (miR-183-mimic group). C57 mice and retinal degeneration 10 (rd10) mouse RPE cells were cultured with reference to literature methods. RPE cells from rd10 mice were transfected with BMSC exosomes and co-cultured and divided into control group, exosome group, mimic-NC-exosome group (mimic-NC-exo group), miR-183-mimic-exosome group (miR-183-mimic-exo group). The relative expression levels of miR-183, RDH11 mRNA and protein in C57 mice, rd10 mice and RPE cells in each group were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The targeting relationship between miR-183 and RDH11 was analyzed by bioinformatics website and dual luciferase reporter. Cell counting kit 8 was used to detect the effect of miR-183 on BMSC exosomes on RPE cell proliferation; in situ labeling end labeling method was used to detect RPE cells apoptosis. One-way ANOVA was used to compare multiple groups.Results:Compared with C57 mouse RPE cells, the relative expression of miR-183 in rd10 mouse RPE cells was down-regulated, and the relative expression of RDH11 mRNA was up-regulated, and the differences were statistically significant ( t=5.230, 8.548; P=0.006, 0.001). Compared with the blank group and the mimic-NC group, the relative expression of miR-183 mRNA in the exosomes of the miR-183-mimics group was significantly increased ( F=60.130, P <0.05 ). After 24 h of co-culture, exosomes entered RPE cells. Compared with the mimic-NC-exo group, the relative expression of miR-183 mRNA in RPE cells in the miR-183-mimic-exo group was significantly increased, the proliferation ability was enhanced ( t=7.311, P=0.002), and the number of apoptotic cells was decreased ( F=10.949, P=0.012), and the differences were statistically significant ( t=4.571, P=0.002). Bioinformatics website and dual-luciferase report confirmed that miR-183 has a targeting relationship with RDH11. Compared with the mimic-NC group, the relative expression of RDH11 mRNA and protein in the exosomes of the miR-183-mimic group was decreased, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=5.361, 6.591; P=0.006, 0.003). After co-culture, compared with the control group, there was no significant difference in the relative expression of RDH11 mRNA and protein in RPE cells in the exosome group ( t=0.169, 1.134; P=0.874, 0.320); The relative expressions of RDH11 mRNA and protein in RPE cells in -183-mimic-exo group were decreased, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=5.554, 5.546; P=0.005, 0.005). Conclusion:Up-regulation of BMSC-derived exosomal miR-183 promote the proliferation of RPE cells in vitro by targeting the expression of RDH11 and reduce the number of apoptosis.

Herbal Textual Research on Armeniacae Semen Amarum in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

By consulting ancient Chinese herbal medicines and medical books， the textual research of Armeniacae Semen Amarum has been conducted to verify the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing changes. Through textual research， Shennong Bencaojing began to contain Xinghe. After Xinxiu Bencao， Xingheren were gradually taken as the mainstream name， Xingren was first used as the correct name since Leigong Paozhilun， and gradually became the mainstream rectifying in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Before the Qing dynasty， there was no distinction between Armeniacae Semen Amarum and Armeniacae Semen Dulcis in the materia medica works， while the differences between them were clearly defined in some works of the Qing dynasty， but did not record them separately. In order to make them more accurate in clinical application， Armeniacae Semen Amarum was recorded as the correct name in the 1953 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， and Armeniacae Semen Dulcis was included in the provincial standards. The original plants of Armeniacae Semen Amarum from Prunus armeniaca （Armeniaca vulgaris in Flora of China） and its cultivated varieties with bitter seeds were taken as the mainstream， which are reflected in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Its yellow ripe fruit was generally harvested in May， the seed kernel was taken out for drying or baking， finally the seed coat was removed to use. It is recorded that the production area of Armeniacae Semen Amarum is Taihang Mountain area of Shanxi province in ancient times. At present， its producing area is mainly concentrated in Shanxi， Shandong， Hebei and other places in north China. Historical literature pointed out that Armeniacae Semen Amarum had small toxicity， and heat treatment could reduce toxicity and increase efficiency， its main processing method was blanching and stir-frying. In addition， it is generally believed that raw products with seed coat can enhance its sweating effect since the Ming and Qing dynasties. Until now， three processed products are stipulated in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia， namely raw products， boiled and fried products. Based on textual research， it is recommended that A. vulgaris should be used as the original plant of Armeniacae Semen Amarum in famous classical formulas， and the use of processed products should follow the processing requirements marked in the formulas.

Dynamic changes of volatile components in Forsythia suspensa at different harvest periods based on GC-MS and chemometrics analysis / 中国中药杂志

Forsythiae Fructus is the dried fruit of Forsythia suspensa and the volatile compounds are its main bioactive components. According to the different harvest periods, F. suspensa can be divided into Qingqiao(mature F. suspensa) and Laoqiao(ripe F. suspensa). To investigate dynamic changes of volatile components in Qingqiao and Laoqiao samples collected at different periods, the present study extracted and analyzed the total volatile oils in Qingqiao and Laoqiao samples(four harvest periods for Qingqiao and two for Laoqiao) by steam distillation method. The results indicated that the content of volatile oils in F. suspensa samples at different harvest periods was significantly different. The content of volatile oils in Qingqiao samples(except those harvested in the first period) was higher than that of Laoqiao, and the content of volatile oils in both Qingqiao and Laoqiao increased with the harvest period. Furthermore, volatile compounds in F. suspensa were qualitatively analyzed by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS), and 28 volatile compounds were identified. Chemometrics analyses including principal component analysis(PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) were further applied to explore differential markers and dynamic changes of volatile components in Qingqiao and Laoqiao samples at different harvest periods. Finally, four volatile compounds, including α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, and 4-terpenol were selected as potential differential markers. The relative content of α-pinene and 4-terpenol was consistent with that of total volatile oils in the changing trend.

miR-142-5p target regulation of forkhead transcription protein O subfamily 3 mediateing helper T cell 17 cell inflammation reaction promotes the development of autoimmune uveitis / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective:To observe the expression of miR-142-5p and forkhead transcription protein O subgroup 3 (FOXO3) in CD4 + T cells of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) model rats, and preliminarily explore the targeting relationship between the two and the effect on EAU impact. Methods:Ten Lewis rats were randomly divided into model group and control group. Rats in the model group wree induced an EAU animal model by adoptive immunization. Twenty days after immunization, CD4 + T cells were extracted from the eyeballs and draining lymph nodes of rats in the control group and model group, and divided into control group, model group, mimic-negative control (NC) group, miR-142-5p-mimic group, and small interference (si)-NC group, si-FOXO3 group for in vitro experiments. The miR-142-5p-mimic group and si-FOXO3 group were transfected with miR-142-5p-mimic and si-FOXO3, respectively. Twenty-five Lewis rats were randomly divided into model group, mimic-NC transfected group, miR-142-5p-mimic transfected group, si-NC transfected group, and si-FOXO3 transfected group. The above-mentioned in vitro experimental groups were injected with cells respectively. Slit lamp microscopy and EAU score were performed on 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 days after immunization; on 20 days after immunization, hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed for histopathological grading. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the relative expression of miR-142- 5p and FOXO3 mRNA in CD4 + T cells and eye tissues of rats in each group, and helper T cell 17 (Th17) marker interleukin (IL)-17, IL-22, retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma (ROR gamma) relative expression level in the supernatant. Bioinformatics website and dual luciferase was used to predict the targeting relationship between miR-142-5p and FOXO3. One-way analysis of variance or t test was used for comparison between groups. Results:All rats in the model group showed symptoms of EAU to varying degrees, and the symptoms became worse with time. Compared with the control group, the relative expression of miR-142-5p mRNA in CD4 + T cells of the model group increased, and the relative expression of FOXO3 mRNA decreased. The differences were statistically significant ( t=7.374, 10.423; P=0.002, 0.001). Compared with the mimic-NC group, the relative expression of miR-142-5p mRNA in the CD4 + T cells of the miR-142-5p-mimic group increased, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=6.540, P=0.003). Compared with the model group, mimic-NC group, and si-NC group, the relative expression of IL-17, IL-22, and RORγ mRNA in CD4 + T cells in the miR- 142-5p-mimic group and si-FOCO3 group increased significantly. The difference was statistically significant ( F=26.110, 6.292, 5.269, 55.660, 10.490, 11.430; P<0.05). Compared with the mimic-NC transfected group, the relative expression of miR-142-5p mRNA in the ocular tissues of the miR-142-5p-mimic transfected rats increased significantly, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=6.690, P<0.05). Compared with the transfected si-NC group, the relative expression of FOXO3 mRNA in the eye tissue of the transfected si-FOXO3 group was significantly decreased, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=17.751, P<0.05). Rats in the mimic-NC transfected group, miR-142-5p-mimic transfected group, si-NC transfected group, and si-FOXO3 transfected group prolonged with time after immunization, and the EAU scores showed an upward trend. The EAU score and histopathological grade of rats in the miR-142-5p-mimic transfected group were higher than those in the mimic-NC transfected group, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=5.633, 6.286; P<0.05). The EAU score and histopathological grade of the rats in the transfected si-FOXO3 group were higher than those in the transfected si-NC group, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=6.852, 6.635; P<0.05). FOXO3 has a targeting relationship with miR-142-5p. Conclusions:In EAU rat CD4 + T cells, the expression of miR-142-5p is up-regulated, while the expression of FOXO3 is down-regulated. miR-142-5p targets the expression of FOXO3 to promote the development of Th17 cell-related inflammatory factors.

Progress in antitumor activity of baicalin / 药学学报

Flavonoids baicalin is the main bioactive component extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Baicalin has high medicinal value and shows extensive pharmacological effects including antitumor, antibiosis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidation, neuro-protection, and significant potential in tumor treatment. Recent studies have shown that baicalin suppresses the growth of many kinds of human cancer. The underlying mechanisms include induction of apoptosis, induction of cell cycle arrest, inhibition of tumor metastasis, suppression of angiogenesis, and so on. This article reviewed the research progress of baicalin on its antitumor pharmacology and possible mechanisms at home and abroad, and provided the basis for its further research.

Quality evaluation of Saposhnikoviae Radix based on QAMS combined with information entropy-response surface method / 中国中药杂志

This research was used with high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), combined with information entropy-response surface method(RSM) to investigate the ethanol concentration, extraction time, liquid-to-material ratio. Taking the content of four chromogens as evaluation indexes, the weight coefficients of each index were given, and the comprehensive score was calculated to optimize the extraction process. Then, prim-O-glucosylcimifugin was used as the reference, the relative calibration factors(RCFs) of cimifugin, 4'-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol and sec-O-glucosylhamaudo to prim-O-glucosylcimifugin were calculated respectively. The contents of four components in Saposhnikoviae Radix were determined by both external standard method(ESM)and quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker(QAMS) method, and the results were compared. At last, combined with principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) to evaluate the quality of the Saposhnikoviae Radix in different production areas. The optimal extraction process parameter of the Saposhnikoviae Radix was as follows: liquid-to-material ratio is 60∶1(mL·g~(-1)), extraction time is 35 min, and ethanol concentration is 70%. The repeatability of the RCFs was perfect, and the results calculated by the QAMS were consistent with the results from the ESM. The stoichiometric results indicate that there are obvious differences in the distribution of Saposhnikoviae Radix in different production areas, and cimifugin and prim-O-glucosylcimifugin are the characteristic compounds that cause this difference. In this study, the optimal extraction process is stable and feasible, and the method of QAMS is accurate and reliable. From the perspective of four chromogens, there are differences in the quality of the Saposhnikoviae Radix in different production areas. Therefore, the established extraction process combined with the method of QAMS can be used to evaluate the quality of Saposhnikoviae Radix and provide a scientific basis for the quality control of Saposhnikoviae Radix.

Chemotype Study of Volatile Components from Perillae Folium of Different Germplasms / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To analyze the chemotypes of volatile components from Perillae Folium of different germplasms ，and to investigate the relationship of germplasm and leaf color with chemotype. METHODS ：The fingerprints of volatile components from 30 batches of Perillae Folium were prepared by GC-MS with P 4 peak as reference. Similarity Evaluation System for TCM Chromatographic Fingerprint （2004A edition ）was applied to evaluate the similarity and confirm common peaks. The volatile components of Perillae Folium were determined by the same GC-MS method. Qualitative Navigator （B.08.00）software was used to analyze and compare with NIST 17.0 standard mass spectrum database. The compounds corresponding to the peak were analyzed ； clustering analysis was carried out with Origin 2018 software. RESULTS ：There were 13 common peaks in the fingerprints of volatile components from 30 batches of Perillae Folium . The similarities were 0.13-1.00. Totally 54 components were identified from 30 batches of Perillae Folium of different germplasm. Cluster analysis showed that 30 batches of Perillae Folium samples could be clustered into three categories ；among them ，SCY-1，YNT-9，YNX-17，YN-28 were clustered into one category ，with phenylpropanoid-elemicin（PP-e as ）the main volatile component ，being PP-e type ；GS-4，GS-7，GS-11，GS-19，HBA-14， HBA-20，GZZ-8，LN-39，GSL-27，GSQ-32，GSQ-33，GST-31，YNW-12，LN-38 were clustered into one category ，and the content of perilla ketone （PK）in them was the highest except for LN- 38， being PK type [the content of phenylpropanoid-apiol（PP-a）in LN- 38 was higher than that of perilla ketone ，being PP-a type] ；HBS-2，HBS-3，HBS-6， C201859）HBS-15，HBS-16，HBS-24，HBS-25，GX-26，SXS-30，SCC- 36，RB-37，SC-29 were clustered into one category ，and thecontent of perillaldehyde （PA）was the highest ，being PA type.The color characteristics of Perillae Folium of different germplasm showed that Perilla frutescens （L.） Britt. var.frutescens with green leaves on both sides was PK type ，while P. frutescens （L.）Britt. var. arguta with purple leaves on one or both sides was PA type ，and P. frutescens （L.） Britt var. auriculato-dentata C. Y. Wu et Hsuan ex H. W. Li was PP-e type. CONCLUSIONS：The chemotype of volatile components in Perillae Folium have a certain corresponding relationship with their leaf colors. Most of P. frutescens （L.）Britt. var. arguta with purple leaves on one side or both sides are PA type. P. frutescens （L.） Britt. var. acuta （Thunb.）Kudo，P. frutescens （L.）Britt var. auriculato-dentata C. Y. Wu et Hsuan ex H. W. Li and P. frutescens （L.）Britt. var. frutescens with green leaves on both sides do not belong to PA type ，among which P. frutescens （L.）Britt var. frutescens is PK type ，while P. frutescens （L.）Britt var. auriculato-dentata C. Y. Wu et Hsuan ex H. W. Li is mostly PP-e type.

Chemical Constituents of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma with Different Growth Years and Different Origins Based on LC-MS / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To study the components of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma of different origins and growth years. Method::Rapid liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q-TOF-MS) was applied to detect the raw data of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma.After peak extraction, alignment, and normalization, the multivariate statistical analysis was made for the resulted dataset to find out the different compounds.The compounds were identified by using accurate molecular weight and tandem mass spectra, and the standard references were used to further confirm the identification.The changing trends of these components in different ginseng samples were observed. Result::The ginseng samples of different growth years and different origins were divided into different groups in the score plot of PLS-DA, and the variables with the variable importance in projection (VIP) value of more than 1 were considered to contribute more to the separations, then the t-test was applied to determine whether potential biomarkers were statistically significant (P<0.05) between the two groups.The contents of eleven compounds, including ginsenoside Rb1, Rh4, and Rk2, were significantly different between ginseng samples aged 3 and 5 years, and the contents of these compounds increased as the rise of the ginseng growth years.Ginsenosides Rg1, Rf, Rh1, Rb1, and other six compounds were significantly different in ginseng samples from Jilin and Heilongjiang province. Conclusion::LC-MS is a rapid and accurate method for the analysis of ginseng samples, and could help to find out the different components among samples.

Dynamic changes of volatile components of Qiai from different harvest time based on GC-MS and chemometrics analysis / 中国中药杂志

Artemisiae Argyi Folium, the dried leaves of Artemisia argyi, has been widely used in traditional Chinese and folk medicines for a long time. Qiai is one of the top-geoherb of Artemisiae Argyi Folium. Qiai contains various bioactive constituents, such as volatile oils, phenolic acids, flavonoids and terpenoids. Phytochemical studies demonstrated that volatile compounds are the main bioactive constituents in Qiai. Try to investigate dynamic changes of volatile components of Qiai from different harvest time and explore the optimum harvest time of Qiai, in this study, the contents of total volatile oils in Qiai collected from five different harvest time were analyzed by steam distillation method. The results showed that the contents of volatile oils of Qiai were higher in the third harvest time(around the Dragon Boat Festival), which is basically consistent with the traditional harvest time. Furthermore, a sensitive method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) was established for qualitative analysis of volatile compounds in Qiai, and a total of thirty volatile compounds were identified. Chemometrics methods including principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminate analysis(OPLS-DA) were applied to explore chemical markers and dynamic changes of volatile components in Qiai from different harvest time, and the results indicated that there were obvious differences in the relative contents of volatile compounds of Qiai samples from different harvest time. Eight volatile compounds, including α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, D-camphor, trans-carveol, α-copaene, isobornylisobutyrate, humulene, and caryophyllene oxide were selected as potential chemical markers. Among the eight chemical markers, the relative contents of α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, α-copaene and caryophyllene oxide were higher in the third harvest period(around the Dragon Boat Festival), which is consistent with the contents of total volatile oils. The present study could provide the basis for investigating the optimum harvest time of Qiai, and might be useful for the quality control of this herbal medicine.

Bridging system for severe comminuted femoral fracture / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the clinical effect of bridging system in the treatment of severe comminuted femoral fracture.@*METHODS@#From March 2016 to October 2018, 50 patients with severe comminuted femoral fracture including 35 males and 15 females, aged 48 to 72(54.6±8.7) years, were admitted. All cases were comminuted fractures of the femoral shaft, 16 with proximal femur fractures and 7 with distal femur fractures. All cases were all unilateral fractures, 23 on the left and 27 on the right. The time from injury to operation was 5 to 60 (26.7±13.3) hours. The cause of injury was traffic accident, 12 cases with high fall, 35 cases fell and 3 cases fell accidentally. The patients were treated with bridge combined internal fixation system, and the operative effect and fracture healing were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The operation was successful in all patients. There was no change to other fixed operation. The operation time was (75.8±12.3) min, the amount of bleeding was(356.4±64.8) ml, and there was no serious postoperative complications such as infection, internal fixation displacement, re fracture and nonunion. After 6 to 36 months follow-up, the fracture healing was evaluated by Warden's score. With the extension of observation time, Warden's score gradually increased, and the time of bone healing was(5.5±0.9) months. Harris score and HSS score were used to evaluate the function of hip and knee joint respectively. With the extension of time, Harris score and HSS score increased gradually. Six months after operation, Harris score was 83.5±11.2, HSS score was 79.7±10.5. During the follow-up period, there were no serious complications such as internal fixation displacement, re-fracture, nonunion of fracture and deep vein thrombosis of lower extremity.@*CONCLUSION@#The bridge combined internalfixation system has better safety and effectiveness in the treatment of severe comminuted femoral fracture. As long as the requirements of local anatomy and biomechanics are strictly mastered and the operation risks are fully evaluated in combination with imaging, the better fixation effect can be achieved. The operation has less trauma, fewer complications and simple operation, which is believed to have a wider application potential. Due to the limited sample size and follow-up time, no clinical control was set up, the results of the study still need to be further verified by prospective trials.

Roles of integrin in tumor development and the target inhibitors / 中国天然药物

Integrin is a large family of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) which involves in the interaction of cells/cells and cells/ extracellular matrix (ECM) to mediate cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, etc. In recent years, aberrant expression of integrin has been clearly found in many tumor studies, indicating that integrin is closely related to tumor formation and development. Meanwhile, it has effects on tumor cell differentiation, cell migration, proliferation and tumor neovascularization. The study of drugs targeting integrins is of great significance for the clinical treatment of tumors. Because of its important role in tumorigenesis and development, integrin has become a promising target for the treatment of cancer. This review summarizes the role of integrin in tumor development and the current state of integrin inhibitors to provide a valuable reference for subsequent research.

Grade Standard of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:Through the analysis of the characteristics and main chemical components of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma,the correlation between the characteristics and components of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma was explored,and a new evaluation standard of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma grade was established to provide a more comprehensive and scientific basis for the quality evaluation of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma. Method:The appearance characteristics of 48 batches of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma samples were quantitatively measured. The contents of 9 kinds of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma were determined. The results of correlation analysis,principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to classify ginseng medicinal materials according to the analysis results,and the grade evaluation criteria were constructed. Result:First-class ginseng medicinal materials:diameter of main root>1.72 cm,length of reed head>2.61 cm,weight of single branch>14.15 g,content of ginsenoside Rb1>0.612 1%,content of ginsenoside Re>0.385 8%,content of ginsenoside Rg1>0.320 8%,no scar,impurities,moth,mildew. Second-class ginseng medicinal materials:the diameter of main root is 1.55-1.72 cm,the length of reed head is 1.74-2.61 cm,the weight of single branch is 10.24-14.15 g,the content of ginsenoside Rb1 is 0.496 8%-0.612 1%,the content of ginsenoside Re is 0.323 3%-0.385 8%,the content of ginsenoside Rg1 is 0.263 6%-0.320 8%,and there are no scars,impurities,worms and mildew. Third-class ginseng medicinal materials:main root diameter 1.29-1.55 cm,reed head length 1.34-1.74 cm,single branch weight 6.90-10.24 g,ginsenoside Rb1 content 0.389 5%-0.496 8%,ginsenoside Re content 0.235 2%-0.323 3%,ginsenoside Rg1 content 0.217 1%-0.263 6%,no impurities,worms,mildew. Fourth-class ginseng medicinal materials:diameter of main root11Conclusion:The appearance indexes of ginseng medicinal materials were divided according to the standards of taproot diameter,reed head length and single ginseng weight,and the content of ginsenoside Rg1,Re,Rb1 was used as the internal quality evaluation index. Ginseng commercial specifications were divided into four grades,which integrated the appearance and internal indicators,and had more scientific and comprehensive characteristics,which could be used as the basis for the classification of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma medicinal materials.

Prognostic factors associated with PRP in patients with diabetic retinopathy / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To investigate the prognostic factors associated with panretinal laser photocoagulation in patients with diabetic retinopathy(DR).<p>METHODS: Totally 182 patients(301 eyes)with DR from September 2015 to September 2017 in our hospital were collected. Preoperative automatic biochemical analyzer was used to examine blood biochemical indicators. According to the stage of disease, different treatments were given. Patients with early proliferative DR were underwent standard panretinal photocoagulation and suprahepatic retinal photocoagulation at high-risk. After 6mo follow-up of patients, record the prognosis of patients, screening for changes in visual acuity related factors.<p>RESULTS: Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age, visual acuity at first visit, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, glycosylated hemoglobin, severity of macular edema, hypertension and prognosis were correlated(<i>P</i><0.05).<p>CONCLUSION: Hypertension, age, hyperlipidemia, poor initial vision, high level of glycosylated hemoglobin and severe macular edema have some effects on the prognosis of DR patients after laser photocoagulation.

Progress of Visual Biosensor Based on Gold Nanoparticles / 分析化学

VisualiZation detection methods are used for determination of the concentration of unknown target by comparing the color change in the intensity or type of reaction solution by naked eye.VisualiZation detection method has some advantages such as simple and rapid operation, low detection cost, fast reaction speed, and detecting target concentration by means of naked eye.Gold nanomaterials are widely used in the construction of visual biosensors due to its unique optical properties.For example, when changing the distance or morphology of the particles, the plasmon resonance absorption peak of local surface will change accordingly.Herein, we reviewed the application of gold nanomaterials in visualiZation biosensors for the detection of target molecules, summed up the main problems of AuNP colormertic methods in the determination of actual samples, and provided an outlook of the future of gold nanoparticles-based biosensor in application development.

Quality evaluation of Artemisiae Argyi Folium based on fingerprint analysis and quantitative analysis of multicomponents / 中国中药杂志

Artemisiae Argyi Folium, the dried leaves of Artemisia argyi, has been widely used in traditional Chinese and folk medicines for treatment of hemorrhage, pain, and skin itch. Phytochemical studies indicated that volatile oil, organic acid and flavonoids were the main bioactive components in Artemisiae Argyi Folium. Compared to the volatile compounds, the research of nonvolatile compounds in Artemisiae Argyi Folium are limited. In the present study, an accurate and reliable fingerprint approach was developed using HPLC for quality control of Artemisiae Argyi Folium. A total of 10 common peaks were marked，and the similarity of all the Artemisiae Argyi Folium samples was above 0.940. The established fingerprint method could be used for quality control of Artemisiae Argyi Folium. Furthermore, an HPLC method was applied for simultaneous determination of seven bioactive compounds including five organic acids and two flavonoids in Artemisiae Argyi Folium and Artemisiae Lavandulaefoliae Folium samples. Moreover, chemometrics methods such as hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis were performed to compare and discriminate the Artemisiae Argyi Folium and Artemisiae Lavandulaefoliae Folium based on the quantitative data of analytes. The results indicated that simultaneous quantification of multicomponents coupled with chemometrics analysis could be a well-acceptable strategy to identify and evaluate the quality of Artemisiae Argyi Folium.

Quality evaluation of Taraxaci Herba based on fingerprint analysis and quantitative analysis of multi-components / 中国中药杂志

Taraxaci Herba was derived from the dried Herba of Taraxacum mongolicum, T. borealisinense and several species from the Taraxacum genus. Taraxaci Herba has been widely used in traditional Chinese and folk medicines. According to the different growth and cultivation pattern, Taraxaci Herba could be divided into two species, wild Taraxaci Herba and cultivated Taraxaci Herba. In the present study, an accurate and reliable fingerprint approach was developed using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) for quality control of Taraxaci Herba. A total of 9 common peaks were marked, and the similarity of all the Taraxaci Herba samples was above 0.960. The established fingerprint method could be used for quality control of Taraxaci Herba. Furthermore, an HPLC method was established for simultaneous determination of six bioactive compounds, including monocaffeoyl tartaric acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, cichoric acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and luteolin in wild Taraxaci Herba and cultivated Taraxaci Herba. Moreover,chemometrics analysis such as principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were performed to compare and discriminate the wild samples and cultivated samples based on the quantitative data. The chemometrics results indicated that 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and luteolin were significant to effectively discriminate the wild Taraxaci Herba and cultivated Taraxaci Herba samples, and these two compounds could be recognized as chemical markers for quality evaluation of wild Taraxaci Herba and cultivated Taraxaci Herba. The fingerprint analysis and quantitative analysis of multi-components could be a well-acceptable strategy for evaluation the quality of Taraxaci Herba.

Clinical significance of changes of chemokine MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta levels in peripheral blood of patients with diabetic retinopathy / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To observe the changes of chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein(MIP-1α)and MIP-1β in peripheral blood of patients with diabetic retinopathy and to analyze its clinical significance. <p>METHODS: The patients with diabetic retinopathy(DM group), monproli fertive diabetic retinopathy(NPDR group)and proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR group)were selected in Foshan Fifth People's Hospital and the Fourth People's Hospital of Nanhai District, Foshan. There were 50 patients were treated in each group, and 50 healthy persons(control group)were selected for the same period. The differences in the levels of chemokine MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta, blood glucose and cytokines in peripheral blood of patients with different groups were observed. The correlation between the levels of chemokine MIP-1α and MIP-1β of peripheral blood in patients with diabetic retinopathy and the level of blood glucose and cytokines was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. <p>RESULTS: The levels of MIP-1α, MIP-1β and mean blood glucose(MBG)in the DM group were higher than those in the control group(<i>t</i>=6.306, 2.954, 3.617; <i>P</i><0.05). The levels of insulin like growth factor-1(IGF-1), fibroblast growth factor-21(FGF-21)and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in DM group were higher than those in control group(<i>t</i>=27.216, 7.778, 3.214; <i>P</i><0.05). The levels of MIP-1α, MIP-1β and MBG in PDR group were higher than those in NPDR group(<i>t</i>=6.620, 3.461, 3.378; <i>P</i><0.05). The levels of IGF-1, FGF-21 and VEGF in PDR group were higher than those in NPDR group(<i>t</i>=10.260, 12.611, 4.108; <i>P</i><0.05). The level of MIP-1α and MIP-1β in patients with diabetic retinopathy is positively correlated with the levels of MBG, IGF-1, FGF-21 and VEGF. <p>CONCLUSION: The levels of MIP-1α and MIP-1β in patients with PDR are relatively high, and are positively correlated with blood glucose and cytokines levels.

Efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells on systemic lupus erythematosus:a meta-analysis / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with multi-organ involvement and several typical autoantibodies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent stem cells with low immunogenicity that can differentiate into various kinds of cells, such as bone, cartilage, fat and skin tissue. MSC have immunomodulatory and reparative properties through interactions with immune cells. MSC have been used in the treatment of refractory SLE and lupus nephritis patients for more than ten years. Most clinical studies were self-controlled studies and only a few were randomized controlled trials. The objective of this study was to use meta-analysis method to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MSC treatment in SLE patients.@*METHODS@#The PubMed, Cochrane Library, Wanfang and VIP databases were searched for published randomized controlled trials and self-controlled studies before June 1, 2018. The search terms included the Chinese and English versions of mesenchymal stem cells, Mesenchymal Stromal Cells [Mesh], systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic [Mesh]. Two authors independently screened the literatures, assessed the quality of the studies and collected data according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The endpoints were the SLE disease activity index, 24 h urine protein and complement C3. Meta-analysis was performed with the Revman 5.3 software according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standard.@*RESULTS@#Eight studies involving 213 patients were included and three of the studies were randomized controlled trials with 66 patients involved. The MSC group showed that the SLE disease activity index decreased significantly [standard mean difference (SMD)=-1.76, 95% confidence interval (CI): -2.00 to -1.51, P<0.001), the 24 h urine protein decreased significantly (SMD=-1.74, 95%CI: -2.46 to -1.03, P<0.001), as well as the complement C3 increased significantly (SMD=1.28, 95%CI: 0.93 to 1.62, P<0.001). Four studies reported adverse events including fever, diarrhea and headache during the infusion.@*CONCLUSION@#Current evidences showed that MSC could improve the disease activity, proteinuria and hypocomplementemia in SLE patients. Large scale and high-quality randomized controlled trials are required to validate the efficacy and safety of MSC treatment in SLE patients.