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To reduce treatment-related side effects in low-risk prostate cancer (PCa), both focal therapy and deferred treatments, including active surveillance (AS) and watchful waiting (WW), are worth considering over radical prostatectomy (RP). Therefore, this study aimed to compare long-term survival outcomes between focal therapy and AS/WW. Data were obtained and analyzed from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Patients with low-risk PCa who received focal therapy or AS/WW from 2010 to 2016 were included. Focal therapy included cryotherapy and laser ablation. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare overall mortality (OM) and cancer-specific mortality (CSM) between AS/WW and focal therapy, and propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to reduce the influence of bias and unmeasured confounders. A total of 19 292 patients with low-risk PCa were included in this study. In multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis, the risk of OM was higher in patients receiving focal therapy than those receiving AS/WW (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.79, P = 0.037), whereas no significant difference was found in CSM (HR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.23-4.11, P = 0.977). After PSM, the OM and CSM of focal therapy and AS/WW showed no significant differences (HR = 1.26, 95% CI: 0.92-1.74, P = 0.149; and HR = 1.26, 95% CI: 0.24-6.51, P = 0.782, respectively). For patients with low-risk PCa, focal therapy was no match for AS/WW in decreasing OM, suggesting that AS/WW could bring more overall survival benefits.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Propensity Score , Proportional Hazards Models , Prostatectomy/methods , Prostatic Neoplasms/surgery , Watchful WaitingABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To explore the association of maternal periconceptional folic acid or multiple micronutrients supplementation during periconceptional period and the serum vitamin E (Vit.E) concentration in the 1st trimester of gestational period.@*METHODS@#A retrospective cohort study was conducted based on the prenatal health care system and clinical laboratory information system. Totally, 22 171 pregnant women who had their prenatal health care and gave birth in Tongzhou Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Beijing from Jan. 2016 to Dec. 2018 were recruited. The usage patterns of nutritional supplements [folic acid (FA) or multiple micronutrients (MM)] during periconceptional period were independent variables, and serum Vit.E concentration and serum Vit.E concentration≥11.2 mg/L in the 1st trimester of gestational period were outcome variables for generalized linear regression model and Logistic regression model, respectively, to analyze the relationships between the independent and outcome variables.@*RESULTS@#The range of the serum Vit.E concentration in the 1st trimester of gestational period was 5.2-24.0 mg/L, and the median concentration was 10.1 (8.8-11.6) mg/L; the excess rate of the serum Vit.E of those who took MM supplementation was 0.3%, and the rates for the groups of FA only or no nutritional supplements used were both 0.1%. Compared with women without nutritional supplement or the women taking FA, the women who took MM had higher serum Vit.E levels in the 1st trimester of gestational period (both P < 0.05). The women taking FA or MM initiated before the conception showed that the serum Vit.E concentration in the 1st trimester of gestational period was higher than that after the conception (P < 0.05), and the serum Vit.E concentration of women who took regularly was higher than that of irregular taking (P < 0.05); with taking compliance elevated, the serum Vit.E concentration of the two groups of women taking FA or MM increased (P < 0.05). The risk of serum Vit.E concentration≥11.2 mg/L among the women taking MM was higher than that of the women without nutritional supplements or taking FA only [odds ratio (OR)=1.36, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.21-1.53; OR=1.39, 95%CI: 1.31-1.48)]; women who took FA or MM showed a lower risk for serum Vit.E concentration≥11.2 mg/L of taking it after the conception than before, the ORs (95%CI) were 0.86 (95%CI: 0.77-0.96) and 0.88 (95%CI: 0.81-0.95), respectively; the women taking the two supplements regularly had higher risk for serum Vit.E concentration≥11.2 mg/L than irregular taking, the ORs (95%CI) were 1.16 (95%CI: 1.05-1.29) and 1.13 (95%CI: 1.04-1.22) for FA and MM users, respectively; with the compliance increasing, the women taking MM had a higher risk of serum Vit.E levels≥11.2 mg/L in the 1st trimester [OR (95%CI) was 1.10 (1.07-1.14)], but for FA users, the OR (95%CI) was 1.04(1.00-1.08).@*CONCLUSION@#Vit.E nutritional status in women in early gestational period in Beijing was generally good, and the excess rate of serum Vit.E was higher in women who took MM during periconceptional period than those without nutritional supplement or taking FA only, suggesting that women need to consider their own Vit.E nutritional status to choose the type of nutritional supplements during periconceptional period, so as to avoid related health hazards.
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Dietary Supplements , Folic Acid , Retrospective Studies , Vitamin E , VitaminsABSTRACT
In order to meet the clinical needs of long-acting sustained-release thienorphine, injectable thienorphine loaded microspheres were developed, and the accelerated stability study was carried out to explore the suitable storage and transportation conditions of the microspheres. Using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as carrier material, 3 batches of microspheres were prepared in pilot scale with emulsion solvent evaporation method. By investigating the in vitro release of thienorphine loaded microspheres at 37, 45, 52, and 60 ℃, and applying the Arrhenius equation, the linear relationship between the release rate constant (lgk) and the temperature (1/T) was established to obtain the equation: lgk = -8.073/T + 24.35 (R2 = 0.985 3), which showed that the release of microspheres at high temperature can be used to predict the release in vitro at 37 ℃, and 52.0 ± 0.5 ℃ was selected as the accelerated release condition in vitro. The quality research methods were established to investigate the changes of critical quality attributes such as microsphere morphology, drug loading, particle size and distribution, polymer molecular weight, and the related substances under accelerated conditions. The difference factor f1 and similarity factor f2 were used to assess the similarity of release behavior under accelerated conditions. The results showed that under the accelerated experimental conditions of 25 ± 2 ℃ and relative humidity (RH) 60% ± 5%, the critical quality attributes of injectable thienorphine loaded microspheres had no significant change in 6 months, suggesting that the long-term storage condition could be 5 ± 3 ℃.
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OBJECTIVE@#Androgen deficiency is common in aging males and may have unfavourable health consequences. Large-scale studies suggested low testosterone level might increse mortality and morbidity in ageing males. However, young men with low testosterone level might be neglected. Recent studies reported young men with infertility may have reduced testosterone level. To investigate the incidence of androgen deficiency in males with infertility and possible factors affecting the low testosterone level.@*METHODS@#Between January 2011 and December 2012, 407 men with infertility caused by varicocele (VC), obstructive azoospermia (OA) and nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) in our center were included. The number of men in each group of OA, NOA and VC was 141, 97 and 169, respectively. All the eligible patients underwent a serum testosterone assessment by a single morning blood draw (between 8:00 to noon) to test for concentration of the total testosterone. All serum samples were determined by radioimmunoassay in our andrology laboratory. Androgen deficiency was defined as having a total testosterone level less than 300 ng/dL.@*RESULTS@#The mean age was (30.4±5.8) years. The mean testosterone level was (4.18±1.64) ng/dL (range 0.30 to 11.32 ng/dL). The overall incidence of androgen deficiency was 26.5% (108/407). The incidences of androgen deficiency in NOA, OA and VC groups were 40.2% (39/97), 19.1% (27/141) and 24.9% (42/169), respectively, which were significantly higher in the NOA than in the VC and OA groups (P < 0.001). The incidences had no difference between the VC and OA groups (P=0.229). Univariate analysis revealed the cause of infertility, FSH and the mean testis volume as possible affecting factors for androgen deficiency. However, on multivariate analysis the only cause of infertility was an independent predictor. The incidence of androgen deficiency was the highest in the NOA group [OR 0.492 (95% confidence interval 0.288-0.840)].@*CONCLUSION@#NOA and varicocele might be risk factors of androgen deficiency. Young men with NOA may have a higher possibility of low testosterone level. Testosterone level should be followed up after NOA and varicocele treatment. Androgen deficiency should be assessed in males with infertility in clinical practice.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Androgens , Azoospermia/etiology , Testis , Testosterone , Varicocele/complicationsABSTRACT
Objective@#To evaluate the associations of sarcopenia, handgrip strength and calf circumference with cognitive impairment among Chinese older adults.@*Methods@#Totally 2,525 older adults were recruited from the Healthy Aging and Biomarkers Cohort Study. Cognitive impairment was assessed by the Chinese Mini-Mental State Examination. Handgrip strength was calculated from the means of the right and left hand values. Calf circumference was measured at the site of maximum circumference of the non-dominant leg. The formula developed by Ishii was used to define sarcopenia. Multiple logistic regression was performed to evaluate the associations of sarcopenia, handgrip strength, and calf circumference with cognitive impairment.@*Results@#The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 34.36%. The adjusted odds ratio ( @*Conclusion@#Sarcopenia, identified by low handgrip strength and low calf circumference, was positively associated with cognitive impairment.
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , China/epidemiology , Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology , Hand Strength , Leg/anatomy & histology , Logistic Models , Sarcopenia/pathologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To study the safety of two ventilator weaning strategies after high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) for the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) in preterm infants.@*METHODS@#A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted for 101 preterm infants with NRDS, with a gestational age of ≤32@*RESULTS@#There was no significant difference in the failure rate of ventilator weaning within 72 hours (8% vs 14%, @*CONCLUSIONS@#For preterm infants with NRDS, the strategy of weaning directly from HFOV is safe and reliable and can reduce the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation, and therefore, it holds promise for clinical application.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , High-Frequency Ventilation , Infant, Premature , Prospective Studies , Respiration, Artificial , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/therapy , Ventilator WeaningABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the effect and mechanism of Chaihu Jia Longgu Mulitang （CJLM） on hippocampal NOD-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3）inflammasome pathway in rats with depression. Method:Sixty male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group，a model group， a MCC950 （1 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>） group， and high- （13 g·kg<sup>-1</sup>）， medium- （6.5 g·kg<sup>-1</sup>）， and low-dose （3.25 g·kg<sup>-1</sup>） Chaihu Jia Longgu Mulitang groups， with 10 rats in each group．The depression model was induced by isolation combined with chronic unpredictable mild stimulation（CUMS） in rats except for those in the normal group. Rats were treated correspondingly for 21 days by intraperitoneal injection in the MCC950 group and gavage in other groups. The normal group and the model group received an equal volume of normal saline. The depression-like behaviors of rats were observed by sucrose preference test （SPT） and novelty-suppressed feeding test. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to determine the levels of interleukin-1<italic>β </italic>（IL-1<italic>β</italic>） and IL-18 in the hippocampus of depressed rats. Western blot was used to detect the protein levels of NLRP3， apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a C-terminal caspase recruitment domain （ASC）， and Caspase-1. Result:Compared with the normal group， the model group showed decreased sucrose preference rate （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， prolonged novelty-suppressed feeding time （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， enhanced protein expression of NLRP3，ASC， and caspase-1<italic> </italic>（<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）， and elevated expression of IL-1<italic>β</italic> and IL-18 （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Conclusion:CJLM can alleviate depression-like behaviors in CUMS-induced model rats， and the underlying mechanism is related to the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway．
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Objective:To study the effects of different drought conditions on the growth and photosynthetic physiological parameters of Acanthopanax senticosus，in order to provide the theoretical basis for standardized planting and rational development and utilization of A. senticosus. Method:In this study，three-year-old A. senticosus was used as experimental samples. The growth parameters，photosynthetic parameters，and photosynthetic physiological parameters were determined to study the effects of different drought conditions on the growth and photosynthesis of A. senticosus. Result:The plant height and leaf number were significantly lower than the control group under drought stress conditions，and the leaf area was higher than the control group under drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate，stomata conductance and transpiration rate were not significantly different between the control group and the moderate drought stress group. They were significantly decreased in the severe drought stress group，while the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration increased with the severity of drought stress. With the treatment time，the initial fluorescence was higher in the severe drought stress group than in the control group，and the moderate drought stress group was lower than the control group，the maximum fluorescence was significantly lower in the severe drought stress group than in the control group， potential photochemical efficiency and maximum photochemical efficiency were significantly elevated in the moderate drought stress group. Conclusion:Drought stress can significantly inhibit the growth of A. senticosus. Severe drought conditions can significantly inhibit the photosynthesis of A. senticosus leaves. This effect is related to the regulation of stomatal size，but not related to the activity of photoreaction center.
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Purpose@#The aim of this study was to examine the behavioral responses of pregnant women during the early stage of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. @*Methods@#We recruited 1,099 women to complete an online questionnaire survey from February 10 to February 25, 2020. The subjects were divided into two groups (the pregnant women group and the control group). @*Results@#Concerns about infection: most of the participants watched the COVID-19 news at least once a day. Protective behaviors: the utilization rate of pregnant women (often using various measures) was higher than that of nonpregnant women. Exercise: 30.6% of the pregnant women continued to exercise at home, whereas in the control group, this percentage was 8.4%. Spouse relationship: 38.8% of the subjects’ relationship improved, whereas only 2.3% thought the relationship was getting worse. @*Conclusion@#Pregnant women had some unique behavioral responses different from that of nonpregnant women. It is important to understand the behavioral responses of pregnant women in this network era.
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Purpose@#The aim of this study was to examine the behavioral responses of pregnant women during the early stage of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. @*Methods@#We recruited 1,099 women to complete an online questionnaire survey from February 10 to February 25, 2020. The subjects were divided into two groups (the pregnant women group and the control group). @*Results@#Concerns about infection: most of the participants watched the COVID-19 news at least once a day. Protective behaviors: the utilization rate of pregnant women (often using various measures) was higher than that of nonpregnant women. Exercise: 30.6% of the pregnant women continued to exercise at home, whereas in the control group, this percentage was 8.4%. Spouse relationship: 38.8% of the subjects’ relationship improved, whereas only 2.3% thought the relationship was getting worse. @*Conclusion@#Pregnant women had some unique behavioral responses different from that of nonpregnant women. It is important to understand the behavioral responses of pregnant women in this network era.
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Objective:To determine the current situation of food safety risk monitoring ability of centers for disease control and prevention （CDCs） in a province， and provide reference for strengthening the construction of food safety monitoring ability in the future. Methods:A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among 14 CDCs who are responsible for food safety risk monitoring in the province in 2018. Results:The ratio of food inspection staff with senior， middle， and primary professional titles was 1∶1∶1. The educational background of food inspection staff at the provincial and municipal levels was mainly bachelor degree or above， while that of county level directly under the administration of the province was mainly college degree. The age composition of the staff at the provincial level tended to be elder； however， there were more staff with less working experience at the county level. The qualification proportion of laboratory area was 50%. The distribution proportion of food inspection equipment in the CDC at all levels was 83.3%， 79.5% and 36.3%， respectively. In total， 14 CDCs completed the monitoring task as required. They were all accredited with laboratory qualifications； however， one CDC did not conduct re-evaluation after the certification of food inspection qualification expired. Each CDC ensured the accuracy and reliability of monitoring data through the supervision in food testing. Conclusion:The food safety risk monitoring ability of the CDCs in the province is continuously improved， which can meet the needs of routine monitoring. However， the composition of professional titles of food inspection staff is not very reasonable. There is still a gap between the equipment configuration and the national requirements. The ability of food inspection needs to be improved， in which quality management and laboratory qualification should be further strengthened.
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Objective@#To investigate the advantages and disadvantages of point electro-cauterization (PEC) and holmium laser cauterization (HLC) in the treatment of post-ejaculation hematuria.@*METHODS@#From January 2015 to December 2018, 73 patients with post-ejaculation hematuria, aged 24－63 (36.8 ± 4.2) years, underwent PEC (n = 35) or HLC (n = 38) after failure to respond to 3 months of conservative treatment. We compared the hospital days, total hospitalization expenses, maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), average urinary flow rate (Qavg), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) score, postoperative duration of hematuria, and recurrence rate at 3 and 6 months after surgery.@*RESULTS@#All the patients experienced first ejaculation but no post-ejaculation hematuria at 1 month after operation. The recurrence rates were lower in the PEC than in the HLC group at 3 months (5.71% vs 2.63%, P > 0.05) and 6 months postoperatively (8.57% vs 5.26%, P > 0.05). Compared with the baseline, the Qmax was decreased from (18.56 ± 2.53) ml/s to (13.68 ± 3.31) ml/s (P < 0.05) and the Qavg from (14.35 ± 2.26) ml/s to (9.69±1.84) ml/s in the PEC group at 1 month after surgery (P < 0.01), but neither showed any statistically significant difference in the HLC group. Mild to moderate anxiety was prevalent in the patients preoperatively, particularly in those without job or regular income and those with a long disease course or frequent onset, the severity of which was not correlated with age, education or marital status. The HAMA score was decreased from18.65 ± 4.33 before to 12.35 ± 3.63 after surgery in the PEC group (P < 0.01), and from 16.88 ± 2.11 to 6.87 ± 4.36 in the HLC group (P < 0.01). The mean hospital stay was significantly longer in the former than in the latter group (［5.2 + 1.3］ vs ［3.4 ± 0.5］ d, P < 0.01), while the total cost markedly lower (［6.35 ± 1.20］ vs ［12.72 ± 2.15］ thousand RMB ¥, P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Both PEC and HLC are safe and effective for the treatment of post-ejaculation hematuria, with no significant difference in the recurrence rate at 3 and 6 months after operation, but their long-term effect needs further follow-up studies. PEC may increase the risk of negative outcomes of the postoperative urinary flow rate, while HLC has the advantages of better relieving the patient's anxiety, sooner discharge from hospital and earlier recovery from postoperative hematuria, though with a higher total cost than the former.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Cautery , Ejaculation , Hematuria/surgery , Holmium , Laser Therapy , Lasers, Solid-State/therapeutic use , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the incidence of hypertension disorders complicating pregnancy (HDCP) and vitamin E (VE) nutritional status among pregnant women in Beijing, and to determine the relationship between serum VE concentration in the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk of developing HDCP.@*METHODS@#A retrospective cohort study was performed including 22 283 cases of pregnant women who underwent singleton deliveries in Tongzhou Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Beijing from January 2016 through December 2018 and received tests of serum VE concentrations in the first trimester of pregnancy. Nonconditional Logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between serum VE concentration levels and the risk of developing HDCP.@*RESULTS@#The total incidence of HDCP was 5.4%, with the incidence of gestational hypertension around 2.1% and the incidence of preeclampsia-eclampsia around 3.3%. The median concentration of serum VE in early pregnancy was 10.1 (8.8-11.6) mg/L, and 99.7% of the participants had normal serum VE concentrations. The incidence of gestational hypertension and that of preeclampsia-eclampsia had been annually increasing in three years; a linear-by-linear association had also been observed between the serum VE concentrations and the years of delivery. According to the results of the univariable and the multivariable Logistic regression analyses, higher risks of developing HDCP had been observed among women with higher serum VE concentrations. Compared to those with serum VE concentrations in interquartile range (P25-P75) of all the participants, the women whose serum VE concentrations above P75 were at higher risks to be attacked by HDCP (OR = 1.34, P < 0.001), gestational hypertension (OR = 1.39, P = 0.002), or preeclampsia-eclampsia (OR = 1.34, P = 0.001), as suggested by the results of the multivariable Logistic regression model analyses. In addition, the women with serum VE concentrations of 11.2 mg/L or above had a significantly higher risk of developing HDCP than those whose serum VE concentrations of P40-P60 of all the participants, and this risk grew higher as serum VE concentrations in the first trimester of pregnancy increased.@*CONCLUSION@#Women in Beijing are at good nutritional status. From January 2016 to December 2018, the incidence of HDCP increased with serum VE concentration level, and serum VE concentration of 11.2 mg/L is an indicator of an increased risk of developing HDCP, suggesting that pregnant women should take nutritional supplements containing VE carefully.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced , Pre-Eclampsia , Pregnancy Trimester, First , Retrospective Studies , Vitamin EABSTRACT
This study aimed to compare the effects of bilateral cavernous nerve crushing (BCNC) and bilateral cavernous nerve resection (BCNR) on intracavernous pressure (ICP) and cavernous pathology in rats and to explore the optimal treatment time for the BCNC and BCNR models. Seventy-two male rats aged 12 weeks were randomly divided into three equal groups: Sham (both cavernous nerves exposed only), BCNC (BCN crushed for 2 min), and BCNR (5 mm of BCN resected). Erectile function was then measured at 1 week, 3 weeks, and 5 weeks after nerve injury, and penile tissues were harvested for histological and molecular analyses by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and cytokine array. We found that erectile function parameters including the maximum, area, and slope of ICP/mean arterial pressure (MAP) significantly decreased after BCNR and BCNC at 1 week and 3 weeks. At 5 weeks, no significant differences were observed in ICP/MAP between the BCNC and Sham groups, whereas the ICP/MAP of the BCNR group remained significantly lower than that of the Sham group. After BCNC and BCNR, the amount of neuronal-nitric oxide synthase-positive fibers, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells decreased, whereas the amount of collagen III content increased. These pathological changes recovered over time, especially in the BCNC group. Our findings demonstrate that BCNC leads to acute and reversible erectile dysfunction, thus treatment time should be restricted to the first 3 weeks post-BCNC. In contrast, the self-healing ability of the BCNR model is poor, making it more suitable for long-term treatment research.
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Objective::To investigate the effects of plant-soil feedback on secondary metabolites in roots, stems and leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus seedlings. Method::One-year-old seedlings of A. senticosus were planted in the soil where no A. senticosus had been planted before (group 1), soil where A. senticosus had been planted for 3 years (group 2), and soil where A. senticosus had been planted for many years in the greenhouse pot experiment, and the secondary metabolites of its roots, stems and leaves were then analyzed. Result::L-Phenylalanine, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, syringin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, eleutheroside E, isofraxidin, rutin, hyperoside, and quercetin had significant differences in leaves and roots of A. senticosus seedlings in the soil of group 3, but there was no significant difference in chlorogenic acid and eleutheroside E in stem. Eleutheroside E, isofraxidin, rutin and hyperoside were not detected in the leaves of seedlings planted in group 3.Most of the secondary metabolites in the roots of A. senticosus seedlings showed positive feedback, while in the stems of Acanthopanax senticosus seedlings, caffeine, A. senticosus glycosides, hypericin and quercetin showed negative feedback, and most of the secondary metabolites in the leaves of A. senticosus seedlings showed positive feedback. Conclusion::The plant and soil showed different feedback in different parts of the growth process of A. senticosus seedlings, and the soil where A. senticosus had not been planted was more advantageous to the secondary metabolites of A. senticosus seedlings. The results of the study provide a basis for the study of the effect of plant-soil feedback on the A. senticosus, and provide the theoretical basis and technical support for the artificial cultivation of A. senticosus.
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Objective:To study the effect of different shading conditions on the growth and photosynthetic physiological parameters of Acanthopanax senticosus，and provide a theoretical basis for standardized planting and rational development and utilization of A. senticosus. Method:Three-year-old A. senticosus was used as the experimental sample.The growth parameters and photosynthetic physiological parameters of plant height，leaf number and leaf area were determined to study the effects of different shading conditions on the growth and photosynthesis of A. senticosus. Result:Plant height，leaf number，and leaf area were significantly higher in the shading treatment than in the control group，and highest under moderate shading conditions.The net photosynthetic rate，stomatal conductance，and transpiration rate were significantly higher in the moderate shading group than in the control group，and decreased in the severe shading group，while the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration was significantly lower in the moderate shading group than in the other treatment groups.As the treatment time progressed，the initial fluorescence was not significantly higher in the moderate shading group than in the control group，but significantly higher in the severe shading group；the maximum fluorescence was significantly higher in the shading group than in the control group，in the moderate shading group.The potential photochemical efficiency and maximum photochemical efficiency were not significantly different between the moderate shading group and the control group and decreased in the severe shading group，which was significantly lower than other treatment groups. Conclusion:Shading treatment is beneficial to the growth of A. senticosus.The moderate shading condition can significantly improve the photosynthesis of A. senticosus.Severe shading treatment can significantly inhibit the photosynthesis of A. senticosus leaves.This effect is related to the regulation of stomatal regulation. The activity of the photoreaction center is related.
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Objectives:To explore the feasibility of applying virtual reality (VR) technology to surgical skills training for postgraduate students with VR technology and to evaluate its training effect.Methods:Taking the VR software for nephrectomy as an example, the VR software was applied to the surgical training of the surgery postgraduates, and compared with the traditional teaching methods to evaluate its training effect. Meanwhile the questionnaires about the performance characteristics and technological advantages of VR software were distributed to participators.Results:The examination performances in group with VR training were significantly better than that with traditional teaching methods (92.17±0.38 vs. 87.94±0.43, P<0.001). A total of 35 valid questionnaires were collected back. More than 82% of participators considered that VR surgery teaching had advantages of realistic training mode, strong three-dimensional effect, friendly interface, easy manipulation, favorable interaction, convenient full-scale viewing, splendid and plentiful course content, wonderful training effect and stimulating training interest. All of participators confirmed that VR surgery teaching can replace the traditional surgery training methods. Conclusions:It is feasible to apply VR technology in surgical skills training for postgraduates. The effect of surgical skills training with VR technology for postgraduates is significantly superior to the traditional training methods, which is worth further popularization and application.
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<b>Objective::To study the chemical constituents from <italic>n</italic>-butanol extract of <italic>Akebia trifoliata</italic> caulis. <b>Method::The 100 kg caulis of <italic>A</italic>. <italic>trifoliata</italic> was extracted with 75% ethanol (EtOH) for three times by heating reflux. These 3 extracts were decompressed and concentrated, and then dissolved in water. The solvent was successively extracted with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and <italic>n</italic>-butanol. The chemical constituents from the <italic>n</italic>-butanol fraction were isolated by macroporous, silica gel, sephadex LH-20 and ODS columns, and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography, and their chemical structures were determined through MS, NMR analysis (<sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>C-NMR) and spectroscopic data from literatures. <b>Result::Totally 14 compounds were isolated and identified as mutongsaponin B(<bold>1</bold>), mutongsaponin C(<bold>2</bold>), saponin PH(<bold>3</bold>), begoniifolide A(<bold>4</bold>), 2<italic>α</italic>, 3<italic>β</italic>, 23-trihydroxy-30-noroleana-12, 19-dien-28-oicacid-<italic>O</italic>-<italic>β</italic>-<italic>D</italic>-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-<italic>α</italic>-<italic>L</italic>-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-<italic>β</italic>-<italic>D</italic>-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-<italic>β</italic>-<italic>D</italic>-glucopyranosyl ester(<bold>5</bold>), akemisaponins D(<bold>6</bold>), akemisaponins E(<bold>7</bold>), asiaticoside(<bold>8</bold>), saponin PJ1(<bold>9</bold>), scheffoleoside A(<bold>10</bold>), symplocosneolignan A(<bold>11</bold>), kalopanax-saponins D(<bold>12</bold>), leonticin E(<bold>13</bold>), ciwujianoside A<sub>1</sub>(<bold>14</bold>). <b>Conclusion::Compounds <bold>1-4</bold>, <bold>11</bold>, <bold>13, 14</bold> were isolated from this plant for the first time. The discovery of these compounds further enriched the chemical constituents of <italic>A</italic>. <italic>trifoliata</italic>, and provided experimental and scientific basis for the comprehensive development and utilization of <italic>A</italic>. <italic>trifoliata</italic>.
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A UPCC-Q-TOF-MS method was established to analyze the components of polyoxyethylene 35 castor oil. The separation was performed at 50 ℃ on a Waters Acquity UPCC system by an Torus Diol column (3.0 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) with gradient elution of CO2 and methanol - acetonitrile (50∶50); the flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1, the back pressure was 2 000 psi, and methanol containing 2.5 mmol·L-1 ammonium formate was used as ionization reagent, whose flow rate was 0.2 mL·min-1. Positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI) mode and MSE technology were used. The qualitative analyses were carried out by using precise mass information of the parent and product ions and a PCA model was established by UPCC-Q-TOF-MS. L-02 cells and RBL-2H3 cells were used to study the cytotoxicity and histamine release of CrEL samples in vitro. A total of 13 kinds of CrEL components were obtained and their structures were identified by UPCC-Q-TOF-MS, with 255 compounds in total. The percentage content of 13 types of components was calculated by the normalization method. The content of polyoxyethylene glycerol tri-ricinoleate (PGTri-ricinoleate) in all samples was 0.36% - 2.80% and the main components were polyethylene glycol, polyethylene glycerol and polyoxyethylene glycerol mono-ricinoleate. All samples have different degrees of cytotoxicity and histamine release, which is negatively correlated with the content of PGTri-ricinoleate and positively correlated with the content of polyoxyethylene glycol fatty acid esters. The UPCC-Q-TOF-MS method is simple and rapid, has strong separation ability and high accuracy. It is suitable for the analysis of CrEL components. It is suggested that the fatty acid composition should be included in the monograph of CrEL for injection to increase the content of PGTri-ricinoleate and decrease the content of polyoxyethylene glycol fatty acid esters, so as to improve the product safety.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Jiaji" (EX-B 2) points combined with nerve mobilization on protein and mRNA expression of RhoA in rabbits with sciatic nerve injury, and to provide theoretical basis for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury by EA at "Jiaji" (EX-B 2) points combined with nerve mobilization.@*METHODS@#A total of 180 New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into a normal control group, a model control group, a nerve mobilization group, an EA group, an EA plus nerve mobilization group, 36 rabbits in each group. Each group was further divided into a 1-week subgroup, 2-week subgroup and 4-week subgroup, 12 rabbits in each subgroup. The sciatic nerve injury model was made by clamping method. The rabbits in the normal control group did not receive any intervention. The rabbits in the model control group was normally fed after operation. The rabbits in the nerve mobilization group were treated with nerve mobilization; the manipulation lasted for 1 s and relaxed for 5 s, 10 times per day, 6 days per week. The rabbits in the EA group were treated with EA at "Jiaji" (EX-B 2) points (L-L), once a day, 30 min each time, 6 times per week. The rabbits in the EA plus nerve mobilization group were treated with EA at "Jiaji" (EX-B 2) points, followed by nerve mobilization. The function of sciatic nerve on the injured side was evaluated by toe tension reflex and modified Tarlov score; the tissues of corresponding segments of spinal cord L-L and sciatic nerve were taken; the expression of RhoA gene was detected by real-time PCR and the expression of RhoA protein was detected by Western Blot.@*RESULTS@#① Toe tension reflex and modified Tarlov score: at 1, 2 and 4 weeks, the scores in the model control group were lower than those in the normal control group (all 0.05); at 2 weeks, the expression in the nerve mobilization group was higher than that in the EA group (all <0.01); at 4 weeks, the expression in the nerve mobilization group was lower than that in the EA group (all <0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#The nerve mobilization and EA at "Jiaji" (EX-B 2) points could both promote the repair of injured sciatic nerve, which may be related to the down-regulation of RhoA expression, and the combination of the two methods has better effects.