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Objective The contents of 11 nucleosides and base components in 10 batches of samples from 5 provinces(cities)including Chongqing,Yunnan and Shaanxi were determined,and the differences in nucleosides and base components in Fritillaria taipaiensis were compared by chemometric analysis,and the quality was comprehensively evaluated,so as to provide a reference for the cultivation of excellent varieties and the selection of medicinal materials.Methods Nucleoside and base components were extracted from Fritillaria taipaiensis by ultrasonication in aqueous solutions,and the content of each component was determined by HPLC-DAD method.The origin was classified by principal component analysis(PCA)and hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA).Partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA)was used to determine the differentiated index components in Fritillaria taipaiensis.Then the differences in the contents of the index components among samples from different origins were compared.Results It was found that 11 nucleoside and base components differed significantly among different origins of Fritillaria taipaiensis.Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that all samples could be clustered into 4 categories.Five characteristic components,including uracil,cytosine,uridine,inosine,and adenosine,were identified by PLS-DA.The nucleosides and bases in samples from Chongqing and Hubei were relatively high,and the quality of the samples was comparatively superior.Conclusion This method is simple,reproducible,accurate and reliable.It has screened out the index nucleoside and base components in the identification of Fritillaria taipaiensis of different origins,which can be used to initially elucidate the differences of samples between different origins.Additionally,it can better reflect the quality of Fritillaria taipaiensis,and can provide reference for the selection of procurement origin and the quality control for Fritillaria taipaiensis.
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In 2017, China achieved the target of zero indigenous malaria case for the first time, and has been certified as malaria free by World Health Organization in 2021. To further summarize the historical achievements and technical experiences of the elimination program, a project on the Roadmap Analysis and Verification for Malaria Elimination in China was carried out. Results of the project were compiled and published as the Atlas of Malaria Transmission in China (The Atlas). The Atlas using modern digital information technologies, has been supported by various data from 24 malaria endemic provinces of China since 1950, to assess the changes in malaria epidemic patterns from 1950 to 2019 at national and provincial levels. The Atlas is designed as two volumes, including a total of 1850 thematic maps and more than 130 charts, consisting of introductory maps, thematic maps of malaria epidemic and control at national and provincial levels. It objectively and directly shows the epidemic history, evolution process, and great achievements of the national malaria control and elimination program in China. The Atlas has important reference value for summing up historical experience in the national malaria elimination program of China, and malaria control and elimination in other endemic countries in the world.
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Humans , Malaria/prevention & control , China/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Schistosomiasis has been endemic in China for more than 2 000 years, which causes huge morbidity, social and economic burdens. Guided by the national specific strategic programs and criteria for schistosomiasis, tremendous achievements have been gained for schistosomiasis elimination in China. This paper reviews the progress of schistosomiasis control and endemic status of schistosomiasis in China during the period from 2012 to 2021, analyzes the challenges to achieve the goal of schistosomiasis elimination in China by 2030, and proposes suggestions for future schistosomiasis control programs.
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Under the dual pressure of emerging zoonoses and the difficulty in eliminating conventional zoonoses, many uncertainties in global control of infectious diseases are challenging the achievement of sustainable development goals set by the United Nations General Assembly. One Health, developed on the basis of understanding the relationship between human diseases and animal diseases, is conducive to the prevention and control of zoonoses. The connotation of “One Health” is mainly explained by three aspects, namely the systems thinking mode of “unity of environment and man”, the practice guidance of “multi-sectoral concert” and the economic evaluation strategy of “cost-effectiveness analysis”. One Health approach has been successfully applied in the control of major infectious diseases in China, such as schistosomiasis, leading to remarkable achievements; however, there are still multiple challenges. This review proposes that much attention should be paid to top-level design, the difference between emerging zoonoses and conventional zoonoses, and the dynamic process of One Health governance during the development and application of One Health.
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ObjectiveTo study the effect of flower removal on the content of three alkaloids in different parts of Fritillaria thunbergii from different regions and at different growth stages. MethodThe content of peiminine, peimine, and peimisine in the bulb, root, stem, and leaf of F. thunbergii after flower removal and with flower un-removed at different growth stages and in different regions were determined simultaneously by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection (UPLC-ELSD) method. The UPLC was conducted on ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 mm × 150 mm, 1.7 μm) with the mobile phase of 0.02% triethylamine aqueous solution (A) and methanol (B)elution gradient(0-2 min, 45%A; 2-5 min, 45%-25%A; 5-7 min, 25%A; 7-17 min, 25%-10%A; 17-20 min, 10%A), flow velocity of 0.20 mL·min-1, column temperature 35 °C, sample room temperature of 20 °C, and injection volume of 3 µL. The ELSD was carried out at drift tube temperature 45 °C and with the sprayer parameter of 40%. ResultThe flower removal significantly increased the yield of F. thunbergii. At the budding stage, the alkaloid content in the bulb of F. thunbergii from Ningbo in Zhejiang, Pan'an in Zhejiang, and Nantong in Jiangsu after flower removal were significantly higher than that of flowering un-removal treatment, while it showed no significant difference between the flower removal and un-removal treatments for the samples from Fengjie in Chongqing. At the flowering stage, the alkaloid content in the bulb of F. thunbergii from Nantong in Jiangsu after flower removal was significantly higher than that of flower un-removal treatment, while it showed an opposite trend for the samples from Pan'an in Zhejiang and Fengjie in Chongqing and had no significant difference between the two treatments for the samples from Ningbo in Zhejiang. At the bulb expansion stage, the alkaloid content in the bulb of F. thunbergii from Ningbo in Zhejiang and Pan’an in Zhejiang after flower removal were significantly higher than that of flower un-removal treatment, which was opposite for the samples from Nantong in Jiangsu and had no significant difference between the treatments for the samples from Fengjie in Chongqing. At the harvest stage, except for the samples from Pan'an in Zhejiang, the samples from the rest 3 regions showed decreased alkaloid content in the bulb after flower removal compared with that of flower un-removal treatment. The alkaloid content in the leaf was higher than that in the bulb of F. thunbergii at all growth stages and from different origins. ConclusionFlower removal can increase the yield of F. thunbergii. The alkaloid content in the bulb of F. thunbergii with flower removed was higher than that with flower un-removed at the budding stage, while this trend was reversed at the harvest stage. Both the yield and the alkaloid content of F. thunbergii from Pan'an in Zhejiang were increased by flower removal. The above-ground part of F. thunbergii has a potential development value.
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ObjectiveTo study the effects of different plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the growth of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis seedlings and the quality of its medicinal parts, in order to provide reference for the cultivation of high-quality P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. MethodThe pot culture experiment at room temperature and the single-factor completely random design were employed for exploring the effects of five PGPR on physiological characteristics and inorganic elements of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. ResultThe results showed that the exogenous inoculation of different PGPR promoted the growth and development of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis to varying degrees, delayed the senescence of leaves, and improved the medicinal value of new and old rhizomes. Compared with the non-inoculated control, the exogenous inoculation of compound microbial fertilizer (FH) and microbial agent Sanju Guanjin liquid (SJ) enhanced the root vigor, increased the content of photosynthetic pigments and the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD)], and reduced the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in leaves. Their inhibition rates against MDA were 10.46%-39.62% and 20.99%-53.12%, respectively. With the growth of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, the inhibition rate against MDA gradually increased, which effectively delayed the senescence of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis leaves. In addition, the exogenous inoculation of different PGPR promoted the accumulation of nutrient elements in new and old rhizomes, lowered the heavy metal content to varying degrees, and improved the medicinal value of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis rhizomes. ConclusionFH and SJ have exhibited the best promoting effect on the growth of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis seedlings and also the best regulatory effect on the medicinal value of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis rhizomes, which has provided reference for the application and promotion of PGPR in the growth of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis.
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ObjectiveTo verify the efficacy of steamed Allii Sativi Bulbus polysaccharide in regulating the intestinal flora of young dysbiosis-induced diarrhea rats based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. MethodThe young SD rats were randomly divided into blank group,model group,positive drug group (bifid triple viable capsules),and high-dose and low-dose steamed Allii Sativi Bulbus polysaccharide groups,six in each group. The dysbiosis-induced diarrhea rat model was established,and the blank group and the model group were given normal saline by gavage (each 10 mL·kg-1),and the high-dose and low-dose steamed Allii Sativi Bulbus polysaccharide groups were administered with corresponding drugs (500 mg·kg-1 and 250 mg·kg-1, respectively) ,once a day for seven consecutive days. The loose stool rate,loose stool grade,diarrhea index,small intestine propulsion rate and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining were used as indexes to investigate the effect of steamed Allii Sativi Bulbus polysaccharide on improving diarrhea symptoms in young rats. The feces of rats were collected for 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing. ResultCompared with the model group, the positive drug group and the high-dose and low-dose steamed Allii Sativi Bulbus polysaccharide groups had alleviated symptoms, down-regulated loose stool rate and diarrhea index (P<0.01) and decreased small intestine advancement rate (P<0.05). HE staining showed that after the treatment with steamed Allii Sativi Bulbus polysaccharide,the inflammatory cell infiltration of the colon tissue was improved and the intestinal gland recovered to the normal condition,which indicated that steamed Allii Sativi Bulbus polysaccharide could significantly ameliorate the diarrhea in young rats. The sequencing results revealed that steamed Allii Sativi Bulbus polysaccharide had a moderating effect on the abundance of the intestinal flora of young dysbiosis-induced diarrhea rats,elevating the flora richness and diversity indexes. Specifically, the abundance of Bacteroidota was increased while that of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria was decreased. ConclusionSteamed Allii Sativi Bulbus polysaccharide can be used to treat dysbiosis-induced diarrhea in young rats by regulating the abundance of intestinal microbiota.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of inoculation of potassium-solubilizing bacteria on the physiological characteristics of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. MethodThe effects of different potassium-solubilizing bacteria on leaf area,photosynthetic pigment content, and active component indexes of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis were investigated by pot planting at room temperature. ResultThe results showed that the inoculation of potassium-solubilizing bacteria could increase the leaf area of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. The largest average leaf area was observed in the S3 group,reaching 10.497 cm2,with a maximum increase of 11.0% compared with that of the CK group. The inoculation of potassium-solubilizing bacteria could increase the content of photosynthetic pigments in leaves. Among them,the increase in chlorophyll a content was significant (P<0.05),which was 80.6% higher than that of the CK group. The chlorophyll a/b values in all treatment groups were higher than that of the CK group. The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT) and peroxidase(POD) in the leaves of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis increased by 88.4%,33.8%, and 30.6%,respectively, as compared with that in the CK group. The inoculation of potassium-solubilizing bacteria could promote the accumulation of osmoregulation substances such as soluble sugar and soluble protein in leaf cells of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis,with a maximum increase of 55.3% and 70.5% respectively compared with that of the CK group. Meanwhile,it also reduced the content of malondialdehyde(MDA),with a maximum decrease of 34.1% compared with that of the CK group. The results of correlation analysis showed that there were some correlations between different chemical components in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis leaves. ConclusionThe inoculation of potassium-solubilizing bacteria can effectively promote the growth and development of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis and improve its survival ability in adversity. It is of practical scientific significance and potential application value for improving the survival rate of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis by artificial planting.
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ObjectiveThe effect of inoculation with different organophosphate-resolving bacteria or compound bacteria on the quality of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis medicinal materials and rhizosphere soil fertility were studied to provide a reference for the development and application of biological bacterial fertilizer in artificial cultivation of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. MethodThe three dominant species of organophosphate-solubilizing bacteria were inoculated separately and in combination in sterilized soil by single-factor indoor pot planting, and no inoculation was used as the control group. The effect of inoculation of organophosphate-solubilizing bacteria on total saponins content in rhizomes of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, as well as microbial numbers, enzyme activities and nutrient contents in rhizosphere soil were analyzed. ResultIn the seven treatments inoculated with organophosphate-solubilizing bacteria, the total saponin content in the rhizomes of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis was increased by 16.42%, 3.83%, 16.86%, 33.69%, 2.11%, 13.44%, and 28.83%, respectively, compared with the control. Inoculation with organophosphate-solubilizing bacteria increased the number of soil microorganisms to varying degrees, and the effects of S6 and S7 treatments were the most significant. Inoculation with organophosphate-solubilizing bacteria improved the enzyme activity, and the effect of S7 treatment was the most significant. The activities of acid phosphatase, neutral phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, protease, invertase and catalase were 49.96% and 104.67% , 110.17%, 99.61%, 26.26%, 11.29% higher than those of the control, respectively. Inoculation with organophosphate-solubilizing bacteria reduced the pH of the rhizosphere soil and increased the content of soil available nutrients. Under the S7 treatment, the contents of alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the rhizosphere soil of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis were 181.46%, 51.64% and 42.62% higher than those of the control, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between total saponins and phosphatase activities, a significant positive correlation between soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activities, and a very significant positive correlation between soil nutrients. ConclusionInoculation of different organophosphate-resolving bacteria or compound bacteria can improve the quality and rhizosphere soil fertility of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. Among them, the mixed inoculation of three kinds of bacteria and the mixed inoculation of B. mycoides and B. wiedmannii have the best effect.
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ObjectiveTo study the effect of organophosphate-solubilizing bacteria and compound bacteria on the photosynthesis and physiological and biochemical characteristics of leaves of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, and to provide a reference for selecting suitable bacterial fertilizers in artificial cultivation of this medicinal species. MethodPot experiment was carried out indoor and the following groups were designed: control (CK), inoculation with Bacillus mycoides (S1), inoculation with B. wiedmannii (S2), inoculation with B. proteolyticus (S3), inoculation with B. mycoides and B. wiedmannii (S4), inoculation with B. mycoides and B. proteolyticus (S5), inoculation with B. wiedmannii and B. proteolyticus (S6), and inoculation with B. mycoides, B. wiedmannii and B. proteolyticus (S7). Then, the growth and development, photosynthesis, and various physiological and biochemical indexes of the leaves of this species were observed. ResultCompared with CK, the treatment groups showed decrease in content of malondialdehyde in the leaves (P<0.05), particularly S7 (content was only about 1/3 that of the CK). The leaf area, photosynthetic parameters, photosynthetic pigment content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in leaves of the treatment groups were all improved. Among them, the leaf area, soluble sugar content, and soluble protein content were the highest in S7, which were 2.8, 2.1, and 2.2 times that of the CK, respectively. SOD activity peaked in S6 (2.9 times higher than that in the CK) and the highest activity of POD and CAT was detected in S5 (1.5 times and 2.1 times, respectively higher than that in the CK). ConclusionInoculation with different organophosphate-solubilizing bacteria or compound bacteria can promote the growth and development of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis and improve its resistance to stresses. The combination of B. mycoides and B. proteolyticus and the combination of the three achieved the have the best effect. This study provides a reference for the selection of bacterial fertilizers for artificial cultivation of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of the inoculation of potassium-solubilizing bacteria on the rhizosphere soil microenvironment of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. MethodThe effects of different potassium-solubilizing bacteria on the physical and chemical properties, microbial community structure, and soil enzyme activity in the rhizosphere soil of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis were investigated by pot planting at room temperature. The correlation of various indexes was analyzed. ResultThe inoculation with different potassium-solubilizing bacteria could significantly affect the physical and chemical properties of rhizosphere soil of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. The mass fractions of available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were 24.5-90.5 mg·kg-1, 2.53-25.9 mg·kg-1, and 132-312 mg·kg-1, respectively, and the soil pH was 7.08-7.75, which were in line with the optimal ranges of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis planting. The inoculation of different potassium-solubilizing bacteria could affect the number of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi in rhizosphere soil to varying degrees. The transformation of soil from "fungal type" to "bacterial type" marks the improvement of soil fertility. It also affected the enzyme activity of rhizosphere soil, and the activities of neutral phosphatase, protease, and polyphenol oxidase showed an increasing trend. The correlation analysis showed that the number of bacteria was negatively correlated with the number of fungi (r=-0.856, P<0.01), positively correlated with the number of actinomycetes, the content of available nitrogen and available potassium, and negatively correlated with soil pH. ConclusionThe inoculation of potassium-solubilizing bacteria can effectively improve the content of available potassium, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and other nutrients in the rhizosphere soil of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, improve soil fertility, alleviate the continuous cropping obstacles of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, and lay a theoretical foundation for the green and sustainable development of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis.
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On February 2022, WHO released the evidence-based guideline on control and elimination of human schistosomiasis, with aims to guide the elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem in disease-endemic countries by 2030 and promote the interruption of schistosomiasis transmission across the world. Based on the One Health concept, six evidence-based recommendations were proposed in this guideline. This article aims to analyze the feasibility of key aspects of this guideline in Chinese national schistosomiasis control program and illustrate the significance to guide the future actions for Chinese national schistosomiasis control program. Currently, the One Health concept has been embodied in the Chinese national schistosomiasis control program. Based on this new WHO guideline, the following recommendations are proposed for the national schistosomiasis control program of China: (1) improving the systematic framework building, facilitating the agreement of the cross-sectoral consensus, and building a high-level leadership group; (2) optimizing the current human and livestock treatments in the national schistosomiasis control program of China; (3) developing highly sensitive and specific diagnostics and the framework for verifying elimination of schistosomiasis; (4) accelerating the progress towards elimination of schistosomiasis and other parasitic diseases through integrating the national control programs for other parasitic diseases.
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Humans , China/epidemiology , Disease Eradication , Public Health , Schistosomiasis/prevention & control , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
Preventive chemotherapy is one of the pivotal interventions for the control and elimination of schistosomiasis, which is effective to reduce the morbidity and prevalence of schistosomiasis. In order to promote the United Nations' sustainable development goals and the targets set for schistosomiasis control in the Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021-2030, WHO released the guideline on control and elimination of human schistosomiasis in 2022, with major evidence-based updates of the current preventive chemotherapy strategy for schistosomiasis. In China where great success has been achieved in schistosomiasis control, the preventive chemotherapy strategy for schistosomiasis has been updated several times during the past seven decades. This article reviews the evolution of the WHO guidelines on preventive chemotherapy and Chinese national preventive chemotherapy schemes, compares the current Chinese national preventive chemotherapy scheme and the recommendations for preventive chemotherapy proposed in the 2022 WHO guideline on control and elimination of human schistosomiasis, and proposes recommendations for preventive chemotherapy during the future implementation of the 2022 WHO guideline, so as to provide insights into schistosomiasis control among public health professionals engaging in healthcare foreign aid.
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Humans , China/epidemiology , Prevalence , Public Health , Schistosomiasis/prevention & control , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
This report presented the endemic status of schistosomiasis and analyzed the data collected from the national schistosomiasis prevention and control system and national schistosomiasis surveillance sites in the People’s Republic of China at a national level in 2021. Among the 12 provinces (municipality and autonomous region) endemic for schistosomiasis in China, Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region continued to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis elimination, and Sichuan and Jiangsu provinces maintained the criteria of transmission interruption, while Yunnan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces maintained the criteria of transmission control by the end of 2021. A total of 451 counties (cites, districts) were found to be endemic for schistosomiasis in China in 2021, with 27 571 endemic villages covering 73 250 600 people at risk of infections. Among the 451 endemic counties (cities, districts), 75.17% (339/451), 22.17% (100/451) and 2.66% (12/451) achieved the criteria of elimination, transmission interruption and transmission control of schistosomiasis, respectively. By the end of 2021, 29 037 cases with advanced schistosomiasis were documented in China. In 2021, 4 405 056 individuals received serological tests and 72 937 were sero-positive. A total of 220 629 individuals received stool examinations and 3 were positive. In 2021, snail survey was performed in 19 291 endemic villages in China and Oncomelania snails were found in 7 026 villages, accounting for 36.42% of all surveyed villages, with 12 villages identified with emerging snail habitats. Snail survey was performed at an area of 686 574.46 hm2 and 191 159.91 hm2 snail habitats were found, including 1 063.08 hm2 emerging snail habitats and 5 113.87 hm2 reemerging snail habitats. In 2021, 525 878 bovines were raised in the schistosomiasis endemic areas of China, and 115 437 received serological examinations, with 231 positives detected. Among the 128 719 bovines received stool examinations, no positives were identified. In 2021, there were 19 927 schistosomiasis patients receiving praziquantel chemotherapy, and 729 113 person-time individuals and 256 913 herd-time bovines were given expanded chemotherapy. In 2021, snail control with chemicals was performed in 117 372.74 hm2 snail habitats, and the actual area of chemical treatment was 65 640.50 hm2, while environmental improvements were performed in snail habitats covering an area of 1 244.25 hm2. Data from the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of China showed that the mean prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections were both zero in humans and bovines in 2021, and no S. japonicum infection was detected in snails. The results demonstrate that the overall endemic status of schistosomiasis remained at a low level in China in 2021; however, the progress towards schistosomiasis elimination was slowed and the areas of snail habitats rebounded mildly. Strengthening researches on snail diffusion and control, and improving schistosomiasis surveillance and forecast are recommended to prevent reemerging schistosomiasis.
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The multiplicity of epidemiological scenarios shown by Chagas Disease, derived from multiple transmission routes of the aetiological agent, occurring on multiple geo-ecobiosocial settings determines the complexity of the disease and reveal the difficulties for its control. From the first description of the link between the parasite, the vector and its domestic habitat and the disease that Carlos Chagas made in 1909, the epidemiological scenarios of the American Trypanosomiasis has shown a dynamic increasing complexity. These scenarios changed with time and geography because of new understandings of the disease from multiple studies, because of policies change at the national and international levels and because human movements brought the parasite and vectors to new geographies. Paradigms that seemed solid at a time were broken down, and we learnt about the global dispersion of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, the multiplicity of transmission routes, that the infection can be cured, and that triatomines are not only a health threat in Latin America. We consider the multiple epidemiological scenarios through the different T. cruzi transmission routes, with or without the participation of a Triatominae vector. We then consider the scenario of regions with vectors without the parasite, to finish with the consideration of future prospects.
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Objective:To explore the effect of natural decay of exogenously added fibrous roots on the growth and development of <italic>Paris polyphylla</italic> var. <italic>yunnanensis </italic>and its medicinal quality. Method:The effects of natural decay of fibrous roots at different amounts on mycorrhizal infection rate, physiological and biochemical indexes, and saponin contents of <italic>P. polyphylla</italic> var. <italic>yunnanensis </italic>were studied in pot culture experiments at room temperature. Result:The results showed that the infection rate of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the root of <italic>P. polyphylla</italic> var. <italic>yunnanensis </italic>was not significantly affected by different fibrous root treatments, but there were significant differences in infection intensity. The photosynthetic pigment content in the leaves declined significantly with the increase in fibrous root amount, and the total chlorophyll was decreased by 78.7% at most. The contents of soluble protein, soluble sugar and malondialdehyde in the leaves of <italic>P. polyphylla</italic> var. <italic>yunnanensis </italic>showed an overall upward trend. The activities of the three protective enzymes varied. The peroxidase and malondialdehyde were reduced by 181.6% and 200.0% at most. In the root system of <italic>P. polyphylla </italic>var. <italic>yunnanensis</italic>, the contents of the above-mentioned six components decreased to varying degrees, with the largest reductions of peroxidase and malondialdehyde reaching 44.6% and 69.7%. Different fibrous root treatments resulted in a decrease in active component content of <italic>P. polyphylla </italic>var. <italic>yunnanensis</italic>. The total content of the four saponins was decreased by 58.9% at most, and the total saponin content by 46.9%. Conclusion:The natural decay of fibrous roots affects the soil microbial environment of root system, reduces the photosynthetic pigment content in leaves, and destroys the stability of cells, thus interfering with the growth and development of <italic>P. polyphylla </italic>var. <italic>yunnanensis</italic>, reducing its medicinal components, and causing continuous cropping obstacles.
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Objective:To study the effects of different arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungi combinations on the growth and quality of<italic> Paris polyphylla</italic> var. <italic>yunnanensis</italic> seedlings,in order to provide reference for the cultivation of high quality <italic>P. polyphylla</italic> var. <italic>yunnanensis</italic>. Method:Through the room temperature pot inoculation test method,nine groups of different AM fungi combinations were inoculated into sterilized soil,and the control group was not inoculated. The effects of different AM fungi combinations on root infection rate,photosynthetic parameters,physiological indexes and chemical components of <italic>P. polyphylla</italic> var. <italic>yunnanensis</italic> seedlings were observed. Result:The spore density in rhizosphere soil,the infection rate and intensity of AM fungi in roots,and the activities of succinate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase in roots of <italic>P. polyphylla</italic> var. <italic>yunnanensis</italic> were significantly increased by inoculating the combination of exogenous AM fungi. Compared with the control group,the contents of chlorophyll,malondialdehyde,soluble sugar,soluble protein content and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaves of <italic>P. polyphylla</italic> var. <italic>yunnanensis</italic> were increased in different AM fungi treatment groups. The content of total saponin increased from T1 to T2,decreased rapidly from T2 to T4,and increased at T5. Conclusion:Different mixed AM fungus can form a good symbiotic relationship with the roots of <italic>P. polyphylla</italic> var. <italic>yunnanensis</italic>,improve the mycorrhizal vitality,enhance the resistance of <italic>P. polyphylla</italic> var. <italic>yunnanensis</italic> to adverse environment,promote the growth and development of <italic>P. polyphylla</italic> var. <italic>yunnanensis</italic> and improve the quality of rhizome. According to the comprehensive inoculation effect,the combination of S5,S8 and S9 AM fungus has the best effect,which provides reference value for the application of mycorrhizal biotechnology of <italic>P. polyphylla</italic> var. <italic>yunnanensis</italic>.
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This report presented the endemic status of schistosomiasis in the People’s Republic of China at a national level in 2020, and analyzed the data collected from the national schistosomiasis prevention and control system and national schistosomiasis surveillance sites. Among the 12 provinces (municipality and autonomous region) endemic for schistosomiasis in China, Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region continued to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis elimination, and Sichuan and Jiangsu provinces maintained the criteria of transmission interruption, while Yunnan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces maintained the criteria of transmission control by the end of 2020. A total of 450 counties (cites, districts) were found to be endemic for schistosomiasis in China, with 28 376 endemic villages covering 71 370 400 people at risk of infections. Among the 450 endemic counties (cities, districts), 74.89% (337/450), 21.87% (98/450) and 3.33% (15/450) achieved the criteria of elimination, transmission interruption and transmission control of schistosomiasis, respectively. By the end of 2020, 29 517 cases with advanced schistosomiasis were documented in China. In 2020, 11 117 655 individuals received inquiry examinations and 1 798 580 were positive; 5 263 082 individuals received serological tests and 83 179 were sero-positive. A total of 273 712 individuals received stool examinations and 3 were positive, including one case of acute schistosomiasis. In 2020, snail survey was performed in 19 733 endemic villages in China and Oncomelania snails were found in 7 309 villages, accounting for 37.04% of all surveyed villages, with 15 villages identified with emerging snail habitats. Snail survey covered an area of 736 984.13 hm2 and 206 125.22 hm2 snail habitats were found, including 1 174.67 hm2 emerging snail habitats and 1.96 hm2 habitats with infected snails. In 2020, 544 424 bovines were raised in the schistosomiasis-endemic areas of China, and 147 887 received serological examinations, with 326 positives detected, while 130 673 bovines received stool examinations, with no positives identified. In 2020, there were 19 214 patients with schistosomiasis receiving praziquantel chemotherapy, and 964 103 person-time individuals and 266 280 herd-time bovines were given expanded chemotherapy. In 2020, molluscicide treatment was performed in 136 141.92 hm2 snail habitats, and the actual area of chemical treatment was 71 980.22 hm2, while environmental improvements were performed in snail habitats covering an area of 1 464.03 hm2. Data from the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of China showed that the mean prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections were both zero in humans and bovines in 2020, and no S. japonicum infection was detected in snails. The results demonstrate that the overall endemic status of schistosomiasis remains at a low level in China and the goal of the National Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for Schistosomiasis Control was achieved as scheduled; however, the endemic situation of schistosomiasis rebounded in local areas. Precision schistosomiasis control and intensified monitoring of the endemic situation and transmission risk of schistosomiasis are required to be performed to facilitate the progress towards elimination of schistosomiasis steadily.
ABSTRACT
Due to the relative shortage of health resources, rational allocation and utilization of health resources is critical to achieving the maximum economic benefits in developing countries, which requires a health economic assessment to meet the needs to balance the competitive requirements of cost reduction and effectiveness enhancement. This review describes the advances in applications of health economic assessment techniques in four major infectious diseases, including AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis B and schistosomiasis. Currently, there is no standard economic assessment in the prevention and control of infectious diseases, and notably, the transparency of cost research is limited, which may affect the popularization of the study conclusions. Further health economic assessments of infectious diseases are required to improve the quality, standard and transparency of the economic evaluation through formulating strategies, to improve the standardization of studies, to improve the popularization of the study conclusions and to improve the applicability of the economic evaluation for policies.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To explore features and relevant influencing factor of ecological executive function in children with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE).Methods:Forty children with CAE (CAE group) and 40 healthy children with physical examination (control group) from April 2017 to July 2020 in Anhui Provincial Children′s Hospital were selected. The behavior rating inventory of executive function (BRIEF) parental questionnaire was used to evaluate the executive function of children. The differences of ecological executive function between 2 groups were compared.Results:The BRIEF total score, behavioral regulation index (BRI) and metacognition index (MI) in CAE group were significantly higher than those in control group: (52.03 ± 10.89) scores vs. (44.05±5.06) scores, (49.45 ± 9.93) scores vs. (43.85 ± 4.70) scores and (53.18 ± 11.24) scores vs. (44.95 ± 5.32) scores, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.01). Multiple stepwise regression analysis result showed that inhibit inhibition, shift, emotional control, initiation, working memory, planning, organization, monitoring, MI and total score were correlated with disease control ( P<0.01), and disease control had a negative predictive effect on them ( R2 = 0.174, 0.158, 0.234, 0.325, 0.383, 0.337, 0.378, 0.199, 0.463 and 0.435); BRI was correlated with onset age and disease control ( P<0.01 or <0.05), and onset age and disease control had a negative predictive effect on BRI ( R2 = 0.336). Conclusions:Children with CAE have ecological executive dysfunction. The control of the disease and the onset age are the main factors affecting the ecological executive function.