Regulating PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway by Traditional Chinese Medicine to Improve Cognitive Impairment： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Cognitive impairment refers to the abnormality of the hippocampus， cortex and other parts of the brain， which is manifested by the decline of cognitive abilities such as learning， memory and attention. With the increase in people's work pressure and bad living habits， the incidence of cognitive impairment is getting higher and higher， which seriously affects people's normal life. However， there are adverse reactions such as gastrointestinal reactions and extrapyramidal reactions in Western drug treatment for cognitive impairment. Therefore， the development of a drug with relatively minimal adverse reactions is of great significance. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has the characteristics of "multi-component， multi-pathway and multi-target"， and the incidence of adverse reactions is relatively low. Studies have shown that the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment is closely related to oxidative stress， inflammation， apoptosis， autophagy and other processes of neurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）-protein kinase B （Akt） signal pathway plays an important role in the transmission of intracellular and intracellular signals， and in the regulation of cellular inflammation， apoptosis， autophagy， etc. TCM monomers， TCM extracts， and TCM compounds exert anti-inflammatory， antioxidant， anti-apoptotic and autophagy regulation effects by regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway to improve cognitive impairment. This review first summarized the composition and regulatory process of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway， and then discussed the research progress on the improvement of cognitive impairment through the improvement of oxidative stress， inflammation， apoptosis and autophagy of neurons. Finally， the recent research status of the regulation of this signaling pathway by TCM extracts， TCM monomers and TCM compounds to improve cognitive impairment was summarized. This study provides a theoretical basis for the future study of new TCM related to cognitive impairment.

Correlation of FSHR gene polymorphism,BMI and sex hormone six with the risk of polycystic ovary syndrome / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To investigate the association between body mass index(BMI),sex hormone and single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor(FSHR)gene rs2268361 and rs2349415 and its correlation with the risk of polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS).Methods Peripheral blood was collected from 213 PCOS patients and 207 healthy controls,attending the Department of Reproductive Medicine at the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University,and 32 follicular fluids were randomly collected from each of the PCOS and control groups from March to August 2021.Calculation of BMI of the PCOS and control groups;The levels of follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH),luteinizing hormone(LH),estradiol(E2),testosterone(T),progesterone(P)and prolactin(PRL)in peripheral blood of the two groups were detected by immunochemiluminescence method.Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and high-resolution melting curve(HRM)were used to analyze the polymorphisms of rs2268361 and rs2349415 in FSHR of the two groups.Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect the expression of FSHR gene mRNA in peripheral blood and ovarian granulosa cells.Results There was a strong positive correlation between LH and LH/FSH(r=0.88,P<0.05);The levels of BMI,E2,LH,LH/FSH and T in PCOS group were significantly higher than those in control group(P<0.05);FSH level was significantly lower than that of control group(P<0.001).HRM analysis showed the frequencies of CC,CT and TT genotypes at rs2349415 were 55.9%,34.3%and 9.8%in PCOS group and 68.6%,23.2%and 8.2%in control group,respectively.The frequencies of C and T alleles were 73.0%and 27.0%in PCOS group and 80.2%and 19.8%in control group,respectively.There were significant differences in genotype frequencies and allele frequencies between the two groups(P<0.05);The expression level of FSHR mRNA was higher in ovarian granulosa cells in PCOS group than in control group(P=0.004),the expression level of FSHR mRNA in rs2349415 TT genotype was higher than that in CC(P=0.002)and CT(P=0.035)genotype.Conclusion High levels of BMI, LH, E2 and T allele of rs2349415 increased the risk of PCOS.

Research progress of high-sensitivity troponin in chronic kidney disease with acute myocardial infarction / 解放军医学杂志

The progress and clinical application of troponin detection technology have continuously improved the diagnosis rate of acute myocardial infarction(AMI),which effectively shortens the time of necrotic myocardial reperfusion.Earlier studies have found that high-sensitivity troponin(hs-cTn)is elevated to varying degrees in patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD).Therefore,when patients with CKD have AMI,the application of hs-cTn is limited to a certain extent,and with the lack of chest pain symptoms and the non-specificity of electrocardiogram performance in patients with CKD,it is particularly difficult to make a quick and accurate diagnosis of such patients.Based on this,this article will summarize the application of hs-cTn in AMI,the clinical characteristics of patients with CKD combined with AMI,how to improve the diagnostic accuracy of patients with CKD combined with AMI,and the value of hs-cTn in risk stratification and prognosis assessment of such patients to provide clinical medical staff with reference for early intervention or revascularization of patients.

Progress of gastrointestinal endoscopy linked color imaging in colorectal cancer screening / 肿瘤研究与临床

Colonoscopy is an important diagnostic tool for colorectal cancer. Traditional white light endoscopy has a high underdiagnosis rate, and linked color imaging (LCI) as a kind of image-enhanced endoscopy can effectively improve the detection of early colorectal cancer. LCI can improve the detection of adenoma, and it contributes to the detection and evaluation of sessile serrated lesions, ulcerative colitis and Lynch syndrome lesions. In addition, LCI combined with staining and artificial intelligence can predict the histopathologic type and invasion depth of colorectal lesions, and guide the selection of treatment. This paper reviews the characteristics of LCI and progress of its application in colorectal cancer screening.

Epidemiological trend analysis of liver cancer incidence in Luzhou City， Sichuan Province from 2016 to 2022 / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological distribution and temporal trends of liver cancer incidence among Luzhou residents from 2016‒2022， and to provide a theoretical basis for improving liver cancer prevention and treatment strategies in Luzhou. MethodsData on liver cancer incidence among Luzhou residents from 2016 to 2022 were collected， and the incidence rate， age-specific incidence rate， and annual percentage change （APC） were calculated. A Joinpoint regression model was used to fit a time series segment to the monthly number of new cases in each district and county of Luzhou to explore the trend of liver cancer incidence rate. ResultsThe incidence rate of liver cancer in Luzhou increased from 22.96/105 in 2016 to 32.31/105 in 2022. The incidence rate of liver cancer in men was higher than that in women in both 2016 and 2022， and the incidence rate of liver cancer in men increased from 34.83/105 in 2016 to 47.95/105 in 2022， with an APC of 3.3%； the incidence rate of liver cancer in women increased from 10.50/105 in 2016 to 15.95/105 in 2022， with an APC of 3.0%， and the differences in the change trends were not statistically significant （P>0.05）.The incidence of liver cancer was low in the age group of 0‒<40 years from 2016 to 2022 and increased with age； the incidence of liver cancer in the age group of 55 years and above was increasing at an average annual rate of 16.4%. ConclusionThe overall incidence of liver cancer in Luzhou is on the rise， and the incidence of liver cancer in men is higher than that in women. Middle-aged and elderly men are the key population for liver cancer prevention and treatment， and liver cancer prevention and treatment should be carried out in a targeted manner， taking into account regional development differences.

Discussion on the Social Return after the Outbreak of COVID -19 / 中国医学伦理学

After COVID -19, patients, medical workers and the whole society in COVID -19 were faced with the challenge of how to quickly return to normal life. Patients cured in COVID -19 would face mental or psychological barriers, or be discriminated against, or face problems such as overweight of local epidemic prevention policies. The front-line medical personnel experienced job burnout and a variety of mental and psychological disorders, with some even developing physical symptoms. During the epidemic, ordinary people were in a state of psychological stress, education, production and economic activities were affected, and the incidence of mental or psychological disorders increases. It was necessary to provide COVID -19 patients with mental health monitoring and counseling. Give professional guidance to front-line medical staff, arrange rotation reasonably, and pay attention to their mental health status. Local governments should strictly implement the national epidemic prevention system, formulate epidemic prevention policies with humanistic care, actively publicize epidemic related knowledge and safeguard the rights and interests of the people.

Preparation of tripterygium glycoside nanoparticles and therapeutic effect on arthritis rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim To prepare tripterygium glycoside nanoparticles and probe into their therapeutic effect on collagen-induced arthritis ( CIA) rats. Methods Tripterygium glycosides polyglycoside nanoparticles were prepared by thin film dispersion method and their quality was assessed. The CIA model was established and drug intervention performed. The body weight, toe swelling degree and arthritis index were measured. The pathological changes of the organs, knee and ankle synovium were observed. The serum levels of kidney function and inflammatory cytokine expression were detected in rats. Results The prepared tripterygium wil-fordii polyglycoside nanoparticles were round particles with uniform distribution and stable properties under electron microscope. Compared with the model group, the swelling of the left and right toes of medication group significantly decreased (P < 0. 01), and the ar-thritis index markedly decreased ( P < 0. 01). Among them, the efficacy of the TG-NPs group was better than that of the TG group. Compared with the normal group, the indexes of heart, spleen, kidney and testis all significantly decreased (P <0. 05, P<0.01). TG-NPs group had a significantly reduced pathological ankle-joint injury in knee cartilage and increased apoptotic synovial cells. Compared with the model group, the serum levels of ALT and BUN and CRE in TG-NPs group were significantly lower (P < 0. 05 ), and IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 levels decreased significantly (P <0. 05). Conclusions TG-NPs have good therapeutic effect on CIA through induction of synovial cell apoptosis and decrease of the expression of inflammatory cytokines. By intravenous injection of blood circula-tion, slow and controlled release of drugs can be achieved, the first pass effect caused by oral drug can be avoided, the viscera toxicity can be reduced, which provides an experimental basis for the development of new nanoagents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Cerebral Glucose Metabolic Features of Parkinson's Disease Based on 18F-FDG PET:A Longitudinal Study / 中国医学影像学杂志

Purpose To establish glucose metabolism patterns of Parkinson's disease(PD)at different periods,and to study the changing pattern of target region of interest(ROI)with the period of time,and then explore the relationship between ROIs and cognitive or motor in different periods.Materials and Methods A total of 42 patients with early-stage PD collected from June 2010 to September 2022 in online data from the markers of Parkinson's progression study which included clinical data,and FDG PET imaging was performed at baseline,12,24,36 and 48 months.The data of 8 healthy volunteers were also obtained from the database,and the time range was the same as that of the above-mentioned PD patients.The longitudinal changes of cerebral glucose metabolism in PD patients and the relationship between PD-associated ROI and movement disorder society-sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale(MDS-UPDRS)score were evaluated.Results PD was relatively reduced activity located in frontal and parietal association areas and relatively increased activity in the cerebellum,the putamen and the cingulate gyrus.In our study of target ROIs over time,FDG uptake in the caudate nucleus,putamen,pallidum,and cerebellum of patients with PD was initially higher than in the normal group,and subsequently decreased.In contrast,the ROI of PD in the anterior cingulate gyrus,posterior cingulate gyrus,the substantia nigra pars compacta and substantia nigra pars reticulata was initially lower than that in healthy controls and subsequently increased.The putamen,pallidum and caudate nucleus metabolic activity showed a positive correlation in 36 month and MDS-UPDRS scores(r=0.659 5,0.678 7,0.716 7,all P<0.05).The caudate nucleus,putamen and pallidum metabolic activity showed a negative correlation in 24 month and baseline(r=-0.541 8,-0.878 9,-0.887 6,all P<0.05).Conclusion We provide 5-year longitudinal data on changes in 18F-FDG imaging outcomes in early PD.In addition,the glucose metabolic activity of caudate nucleus,putamen and globus pallidus are correlated with MDS-UPDRS scores.

Food Addiction and Its Neural Circuitry Regulation Mechanism / 生物化学与生物物理进展

Food addiction refers to the individual dependence on certain specific foods (high-calorie foods) to the extent that it becomes difficult to control and manifests a series of addictive-like behavioral changes. Food addiction is an important factor in the development of human obesity and is also a core factor that most people cannot maintain weight loss or adhere to restrictive diets to maintain a healthy weight. A deeper understanding of food addiction and its neurobiological mechanisms will provide accurate targets for intervening in food addiction to improve obesity. Food addiction is characterized by compulsive, chronic and repetitive nature. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), a scale specifically designed to assess food addiction, was developed in 2009 by modeling all the DSM-IV for substance dependence to be applicable to eating behavior. In 2016, Gearhardt developed the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0, which contains 35 survey questions, to align the YFAS scale with the diagnostic criteria for addictive disorders in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. One of the most valid and used animal models for food addiction is the mouse food self-administration model. The mouse food self-administration model was modified according to the rat cocaine addiction model, and the food addiction status of the animals was evaluated based on three behaviors: persistence of feeding response, feeding motivation, and compulsive feeding. Studies have shown that the neural circuits of the lateral hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area-prelimbic-nucleus accumbens are key neurobiological mechanisms that regulate food addiction. Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area project to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) to facilitate food reinforcement, food reward, and food addiction. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) secreted by the hypothalamus may mediate chronic stress-induced VTA-nucleus accumbens reward system dysfunction and promote food addiction in mice. Meanwhile, the nucleus accumbens receives glutamatergic projections from the prelimbic cortex, an integral part of the reward system. Specific inhibition of the PL-NAc neural circuit develops a food addiction-susceptible phenotype in mice. Furthermore, dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area to the prelimbic cortex specifically inhibited the PL-NAc neural circuit to promote a food-addicted phenotype in mice. Additionally, neurotensin-positive neurons in the lateral septum (LSNts) project to the tuberal nucleus (TU) via GABA signaling to suppress hedonic feeding.

Seven drimane-type sesquiterpenoids from an earwig-associated Aspergillus sp / 中国天然药物

Drimane-type sesquiterpenoids are widely distributed in fungi. From the ethyl acetate extract of the earwig-derived Aspergillus sp. NF2396, seven new drimane-type sesquiterpenoids, named drimanenoids A-G (1-7), were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by diverse spectroscopic analysis including high-resolution ESI-MS, one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Drimanenoids A-F (1-6) are new members of drimane-type sesquiterpenoid esterified with unsaturated fatty acid side chain at C-6. Drimanenoids C (3), D (4) and F (6) showed antibacterial activity against five types of bacteria with different inhibition diameters. Drimanenoid D (4) exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against human myelogenous leukemia cell line K562 with an IC50 value of 12.88 ± 0.11 μmol·L-1.

Five new spirosterol saponins from Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus / 中国天然药物

Five new spirostanol saponins (1-5) and seven known compounds (6-12) were isolated from the n-butanol fraction of 75% ethanol extract of Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus. The identification and structural elucidation of all the isolates were performed through extensive 1D and 2D NMR experiments, HR-ESI-MS data analysis and comparisons with literature values. Antioxidant evaluation showed that compounds 6-11 exhibited certain scavenging effects on ABTS radical, where compounds 6, 7 and 11 had IC50 values of 0.208, 0.057 and 0.014 mg·mL-1, respectively.

The research progress of high altitude environment-associated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and therapeutic drugs / 生理学报

The plateau environment is characterized by low oxygen, low air pressure, low temperature, and strong ultraviolet rays, etc. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable chronic lung disease. High altitude environment increases COPD prevalence, clinical manifestation and mortality. The therapeutic window of theophylline drugs for COPD is narrow, and the high altitude environment has an influence on the pharmacokinetics of the drugs. This review summarizes the differences in the prevalence, mortality, clinical manifestation and clinical symptoms of COPD in the plateau and plain, providing a basis for identifying the risk factors of COPD in the plateau areas. The effects of plateau hypoxic environment on the pharmacokinetics of COPD drugs were also discussed. It can provide a rationale for more effective prevention and treatment of COPD at high altitude.

Progress on factors affecting gastrointestinal function and drug protection in high altitude hypoxia environment / 药学实践与服务

Due to factors such as low pressure, low oxygen and cold in the plateau environment, people who enter the plateau rapidly are susceptible to digestive system diseases, such as upper abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting and other gastrointestinal dysfunction, which seriously affect the health and work ability of people who enter the plateau rapidly. The gastrointestinal dysfunction caused by the rapid advance to the plateau is mainly reflected in three aspects: gastrointestinal motility dysfunction, impaired mucosal barrier function, and intestinal flora imbalance. At present, the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal dysfunction is still not very clear, and there are fewer drugs for targeted prevention and treatment. Gastrointestinal hormones, oxygen free radicals, inflammatory factors, intestinal flora and other factors, as well as the protective effects of related drugs were reviewed in this paper to provide treatment options and theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of the gastrointestinal emergency response caused by entering the plateau.

Enzyme Replacement Therapy in the Treatment of Fabry Disease / 罕见病研究

Fabry disease is an X-linked inherited lysosomal storage disease caused by the mutation of GLA gene that encodes α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A). GLA gene mutation causes the decline or deficiency in the activity of α-Gal A, leading to the accumulation of its substrates in the lysosomes of multiple organs and tissue that causes systemic damage and threatens the life of patients. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is the standard of care for Fabry disease. ERT slows or prevents the progression of organ damage, effectively improving heart, brain, kidney functions and significantly improves quality of life. At present, there are two main ERT drugs, agalsidase alpha and agalsidase beta, which have the same amino acid sequence and different N-terminal sugars, and are used for the treatment of Fabry disease. In this paper, the efficacy and safety of ERT in the treatment of Fabry disease were summarized by reviewing the relevant literature at home and abroad and combining the results of some cases treated in Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University. Previous literature has shown that enzyme replacement therapy is the most important specific treatment for Fabry disease, which has a protective effect on important organs such as kidney, heart, and nervous system.

The Value of VR-PVEP in Objective Evaluation of Monocular Refractive Visual Impairment / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the virtual reality-pattern visual evoked potential (VR-PVEP) P100 waveform characteristics of monocular visual impairment with different impaired degrees under simultaneous binocular perception and monocular stimulations.@*METHODS@#A total of 55 young volunteers with normal vision (using decimal recording method, far vision ≥0.8 and near vision ≥0.5) were selected to simulate three groups of monocular refractive visual impairment by interpolation method. The sum of near and far vision ≤0.2 was Group A, the severe visual impairment group; the sum of near and far vision <0.8 was Group B, the moderate visual impairment group; and the sum of near and far vision ≥0.8 was Group C, the mild visual impairment group. The volunteers' binocular normal visions were set as the control group. The VR-PVEP P100 peak times measured by simultaneous binocular perception and monocular stimulation were compared at four spatial frequencies 16×16, 24×24, 32×32 and 64×64.@*RESULTS@#In Group A, the differences between P100 peak times of simulant visual impairment eyes and simultaneous binocular perception at 24×24, 32×32 and 64×64 spatial frequencies were statistically significant (P<0.05); and the P100 peak time of normal vision eyes at 64×64 spatial frequency was significantly different from the simulant visual impairment eyes (P<0.05). In Group B, the differences between P100 peak times of simulant visual impairment eyes and simultaneous binocular perception at 16×16, 24×24 and 64×64 spatial frequencies were statistically significant (P<0.05); and the P100 peak time of normal vision eyes at 64×64 spatial frequency was significantly different from the simulant visual impairment eyes (P<0.05). In Group C, there was no significant difference between P100 peak times of simulant visual impairment eyes and simultaneous binocular perception at all spatial frequencies (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the P100 peak times measured at all spatial frequencies between simulant visual impairment eyes and simultaneous binocular perception in the control group (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#VR-PVEP can be used for visual acuity evaluation of patients with severe and moderate monocular visual impairment, which can reflect the visual impairment degree caused by ametropia. VR-PVEP has application value in the objective evaluation of visual function and forensic clinical identification.

An overview of research based on intestinal microecology to explore musculoskeletal attenuation diseases / 肠外与肠内营养

Sarcopenia,osteoporosis and osteosarcoporosis,which belong to the same category of musculoskeletal unit disease,seriously impair the homeostasis of the musculoskeletal system in the aging process of the human body.In recent years,researchers have applied various emerging technologies to conduct multi-disciplinary,multi-level and multi-dimensional research on musculoskeletal decay disease,and have come to realized that the disease involves complex biochemical and mechanical crosstalk,and the intestinal microecology has also aroused great interest in this crosstalk because of its profound impact on musculoskeletal health.In view of this,this paper takes the close relationship between intestinal microecology and musculoskeletal decay disease as the starting point,and under the guidance of the overall concept,we deeply analyzes the mechanism and regulatory information behind this relationship,and on this basis,we excavates the potential therapeutic targets for musculoskeletal decay disease,so that we can provide new ideas and strategies for the management of the disease in the context of the musculoskeletal subunit.

Protective effect of heme chloride on hypoxia-induced tissue injury in mice / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Objective:Heme chloride(Hemin)is an in vitro purified form of natural heme and an important raw material for anti-anemia and antitumor drugs.This study aims to analyze the protective effect of Hemin on tissue damage in low-pressure oxygen chamber simulated plateau hypoxic mice,and explore its role in anti-plateau hypoxia. Methods:Thirty male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into a blank group,a positive drug group(acetazolomide,200 mg/kg),a Hemin low-dose group(15 mg/kg),a Hemin medium-dose group(30 mg/kg),and a Hemin high-dose group(60 mg/kg)with intraperitoneal injection.The anti-hypoxic activity of Hemin was explored by atmospheric closed hypoxia experiment and the optimal dose was screened.Thirty-six male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into a blank group,a hypoxia group,a positive drug group,and a Hemin high-dose group.The plasma inflammatory factor levels and oxidative stress indicators malondialdehyde(MDA),glutataione(GSH),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)levels of myocardium,brain,lung,and liver tissues were measured in different groups with hypoxia for 24 h.The degree of histopathological damage of mice was observed with HE staining.The degree of protection of Hemin against tissue hypoxia injury was detected with the hypoxia probe piperidazole. Results:Compared with the blank group,the survival time of mice in the positive drug group,the Hemin medium-dose group,and high-dose group was significantly extended(all P<0.05),with the highest prolongation rate in the Hemin high-dose group.Compared with the hypoxia group,mice in the Hemin high-dose group showed a significant increase in SOD level and GSH content of brain tissue,and a significant decrease in MDA content of lung tissue(all P<0.05).The results of HE staining and hypoxia probe showed that Hemin had a significant protective effect on the damage of liver,heart,brain and lung tissues of mice with hypoxia,and the most obvious effect on that of the brain tissue. Conclusion:Hemin has an effect of improvement on oxidative stress and inflammatory response caused by hypoxia,and has obvious protective effect on tissue damage caused by hypoxia.

Effects of plateau hypoxia on pharmacokinetic parameters and cerebral-blood distribution of levetiracetam in rats / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Objective:Plateau hypoxia exposure causes changes in pharmacokinetic parameters and cerebral-blood distribution of drugs,including many substrates of P-glycoprotein(P-gp).Levetiracetam,a kind of antiepileptic drugs,is a substrate of P-gp.Whether plateau hypoxia exposure changes its pharmacokinetic characteristics and cerebral-blood distribution remains unclear.This study aims to investigate the effects of plateau hypoxia on the pharmacokinetics and cerebra-blood distribution of levetiracetam. Methods:Wistar rats were divided into a low-altitude control group,a high-altitude group,a solvent group,and a P-gp induction group.After 24 h of exposure at altitude of 4 010 m,rats in the high-altitude group were given levetiracetam orally or intravenously.The plasma was respectively collected at 0.083,0.25,0.5,0.83,1.25,2,4,6,8,10,12,and 24 h after oral administration of the drug,while both plasma and brain were respectively collected at 5,45,60,120 and 240 min after intravenous injection.After 3 days administration of dexamethasone,plasma and brain of rats in the P-gp induction group were collected at 120 min after intravenously giving levetiracetam.Plasma and brain concentrations of the drug were determined by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS).The expression of P-gp in blood-brain barrier was detected by Western blotting. Results:Compared with the low-altitude control group,the area under the curve(AUC)and mean residence time(MRT)of levetiracetam were respectively decreased by 14.69%(P<0.01)and 15.42%(P<0.01),while the clearance(CL)was increased by 16.67%(P<0.01)in the high-altitude group.The ratio of brain/blood plasma drug concentration was decreased by 22.82%(P<0.05),12.42%(P<0.05),17.40%(P<0.01),and 13.22%(P<0.01)at 5,45,120,and 240 min after injection,respectively.The expression of P-gp on the blood-brain barrier was increased by 86.3%(P<0.05).Compared with the solvent control group,the expression of P-gp on the blood-brain barrier in the P-gp induction group was increased by 56.3%(P<0.05),the ratio of brain/blood plasma drug concentration was decreased by 19.3%(P<0.05). Conclusion:After acute plateau hypoxia exposure,the pharmacokinetic of levetiracetam in rats are altered,and the cerebral-blood distribution of the drug in rats is decreased,which may be related to the up-regulation of P-gp expression on the blood-brain barrier.

Role of Danggui Buxue Decoction for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases have become the major disease endangering people's physical and mental health because of its high morbidity and mortality.Danggui Buxue Decoction,a noteworthy classical prescription,is composed of astragali radix and angelicae sinensis radix at a ratio of 5∶1.It is a prescription for tonifying both vital energy and blood and has the effect of dredging collaterals.Its main active components,such as polysaccharides,saponins,flavonoids and volatile oils,have good effects on antioxidation,inflammation regulation,immune regulation and promotion of blood circulation.Danggui Buxue Decoction can improve myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and heart failure,relieve the symptoms of diabetic cardiomyopathy,inhibit pulmonary fibrosis,protect lung injury and fight against lung cancer and other cardiopulmonary diseases.Preclinical studies have showed that this prescription can inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress,regulate autophagy and enhance immune function through multi-target pathways.Reviewing the main effective components,pharmacological action and mechanism,and clinical application of Danggui Buxue Decoction are helpful to provide comprehensive information for the clinical application of Danggui Buxue Decoction in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases.

Research progress in the prevention and treatment of insomnia with classical prescriptions / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Insomnia is a common disease and its impact on human health cannot be ignored.At present,there are 3 main clinical treatments for insomnia,including traditional Chinese medicine treatment,sedative hypnotic drug therapy,and cognitive behavioral therapy.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)treatment for insomnia is widely used due to its advantages of low side effects,good efficacy,and no drug dependence.This paper summarizes the pathogenesis of insomnia in the theories of traditional Chinese and Western medicine.Modern medical research generally believes that sleep-wake disorder is the main pathological mechanism of insomnia,involving many factors such as monoamine neurotransmitter disorder,cytokine imbalance and intestinal flora imbalance.TCM mainly divides the pathogenesis of insomnia into 9 kinds of syndrome types:Liver depression transforming into fire,hyperactivity of fire due to yin deficiency,phlegm-heat attacking internally,disharmony between heart and kidney,deficiency of both heart and spleen,qi deficiency of both heart and gallbaldder,stomach qi disharmony,exuberance of heart fire,and internal blockade of static blood.According to these 9 kinds of pathogenesis of insomnia,the corresponding classical prescriptions such as Longdanxiegan decoction,Suanzaoren decoction,Huanglian-Wendan decoction,Jiaotai pill and Guipi decoction were analyzed and summarized.There is evidence that traditional Chinese medicine could treat insomnia mainly by increasing the level of 5-hydroxytryptamine,reducing the levels of dopamine,noradrenaline,tumor necrosis factor α,and interlukin-6,decreasing the ratio of glutamic acid to γ-aminobutyric acid,and inhibiting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.