ABSTRACT
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most common primary malignant intracranial tumors and has a poor prognosis despite the application of standard therapies-surgical resection,radiotherapy and chemotherapy.RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are proteins that directly bound to RNA.They could regulate RNA splicing,polyadenylation,localization,stability and translation by creating functional units called ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs).RBPs play an important role in tumor progression including glioma.In this paper,we summarized the recent development of research of RBPs in glioma progress,especially the molecular mechanism of RBPs regulating RNA biological activity.
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Objective:To determine the effect of hypoxic stress on glioma cell XBP1 expression, the relationship between XBP1 expres-sion and sugar metabolism, the influence of XBP1 repression on the survival rate of glioma cells under normoxia and hypoxia, and the influence of XBP1 on glioma cell glycolysis. Methods:We tested XBP1 activation in human glioma cell lines cultured under normoxia and hypoxia. XBP1 expression was repressed with siRNA technology. Cells were treated with oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor. We then detected the variation in cell apoptosis, sugar metabolism mode, and cell apoptosis and glycolysis products under normoxia and hypoxia. Results:XBP1 activation increased under hypoxia. Silencing XBP1 expression reduced glioma cell survival level, ATP and lactic acid production, and glucose consumption under hypoxia. After inhibiting cell oxidative phosphorylation, XBP1 repression significantly reduced the survival level of glioma cells. Conclusion:Hypoxia can activate XBP1 in glioma cells. Under hypoxia, XBP1 silencing de-presses cell activity and glycolysis. Glycolysis of glioma cells under hypoxia depends on XBP1 activation.
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CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 +regulatory T cells(Tregs)are essential for tumor immunosuppressive mi-croenvironment and secrete some inhibitory cytokines IL -10,IL-35,TGF-β1 and FGL2 which are key media-tors of Treg immunosuppressive function .Tregs have been shown to be important contributors to the tumor escape immunosurveillance and play a critical role in the induction of suppression to CD 4 +T,CD8 +T and NK cell,and suppression of specific anti -tumor immunity .Further research of the role of Tregs in tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment is important to understand malignant tumor pathogenetic and immunological therapeutics .In ad-dition,Tregs and inhibitory cytokines become more critical for clinical applications ,prognosis evaluation and ther-apies.
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Cancer metabolic reprogramming is among the basic characteristics of cancer cells. Changes in glucose metabolism are essential for carcinogenesis and cancer development. Previous study indicated that energy is acquired mainly via glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of sufficient oxygen levels to promote the rapid proliferation of cells, such as cancer cells. This phenomenon is called theWarburg effect.Furthermore, this unique approach of energy production in cancer cells has been validated in various types of cancer cells. On the basis of the characteristics of cancer cells with high glucose uptake and utilization, cli-nicians and medical practitioners extensively apply 18-fludeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in clinical diagnosis. Tumor cells undergo aerobic glycolysis to produce energy, but this metabolic pathway is poorly efficient;the molecular basis of aerobic glycol-ysis and the reason for these cells to undergo this metabolic pathway also remain unclear. In this article, glycolysis-related processes, in-cluding enzyme, oncogene, and oncometabolite regulation, in cancer cells are summarized.
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Leucine zipper tumor suppressor 2 (LZTS2) is a novel tumor suppressor gene that has been increasingly recognized in recent years. Currently, many studies illustrate that LZTS2 gene, the important candidate tumor suppressor gene, is already involved in the inhibition of tumorigenesis and aberrant proliferation of tumor cells, and other functions of tumor cells. Information from these stud-ies can contribute to the formulation of new strategies for the treatment of tumors.
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Cordycepin has the effect of anti-tumor, immunomodulation, anti-inflammation and so on. In order to make use of Cordyceps militaris better, we implanted different doses of low-energy ion beam into C. militaris, chose best cordycepin extracting technology, and determined cordycepin content in strains before and after ion beam implantation by UV spectrophotometry. Results showed that the best dose of low-energy ion beam was 2.60 x 10(15) ions/cm2, the best conditions of microwave assisted ultrasonic extraction technology were as follows: 70% ethanol as the solvent, microwave power as 200 W, extraction time as 110 s, Material - liquid ratio as 1: 240. We chose 15 strains with high-yielding cordycepin, of which cordycepin content was up to (11.924 +/- 0.063) mg/g, which was a nearly 30% increase compared with the original strain.
Subject(s)
Cordyceps , Metabolism , Radiation Effects , Culture Media , Culture Techniques , Methods , Deoxyadenosines , Radiation Effects , Ions , Linear Energy TransferABSTRACT
There are a number of potassium channels on the cerebrovascular smooth muscle cell membrane, generally they are divided to 4 categories: voltage-gated potassium channels, calcium-activated potassium channels, inward rectifier potassium channels and ATP sensitive potassium channels. They can modulate cerebrovascular tone, so as to impact on cerebral blood flow to adapt to different situations of physiological pathology. The structure and function of potassium channels change after subarachnoid hemorrhage, These changes may be associated with the occurrence and development of cerebral vasospasm. The application of potassium channel opener may relax cerebrovascular smooth muscle and attenuate cerebral vasospasm.
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Bilingual teaching is an novelty in neurosurgical teaching, and this article summarizes the authors' four-year experience on neurosurgical blingual teaching, also involving the problems they met and the ways to resolve them.