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ObjectiveTo understand the current situation and hot spots of research on the treatment of constipation by traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in China and foreign countries， and provide references and directions for future research. MethodIn this study， the data analysis software CiteSpace 5.8.R3C was used to conduct bibliometrics analysis of the relevant papers on the treatment of constipation by TCM from January 1， 2000 to December 31， 2021 in China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI） and Web of Science core database. The visual display was carried out. ResultAfter retrieval， 2 133 papers were included in CNKI database and 224 papers were included in Web of Science core database. The statistical analysis showed that the overall annual publication volume in China and foreign countries was on the rise， but the publication volume in China had been declining for the past two consecutive years. The author co-occurrence analysis showed that the authors with the largest number of publications in China and foreign countries were LIU Chunqiang and CHUNGWAH CHENG， respectively. The institution co-occurrence analysis showed that the institutions with the largest number of publications in China and foreign countries were the Anorectal Department of Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM and Beijing University of Chinese Medicine， respectively. The keyword analysis showed that research in this field in China and foreign countries mainly focused on TCM therapy， clinical research， etiology and pathogenesis， etc. ConclusionThe research on the treatment of constipation by TCM is mainly concentrated in China， but there is no closely-related scientific research team. The research in this field in China and foreign countries is still developing. With the continuous deepening of research， all research institutions should pay attention to interdisciplinary intersection， highlight technological innovation， and strive to achieve greater breakthroughs in this field.
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Objective:To establish the long-term trajectories of lung function in children with bronchial asthma (asthma) and explore the risk factors of persistent pulmonary dysfunction.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted.Children with asthma aged above 14 years who had been followed up regularly and completed pulmonary function testing in Children′s Hospital of Capital Institute of Pediatrics were enrolled in the study from January to December 2019.Their lung function data and clinical information were collected.The latent class growth model (LCGM) was used to fit the change of lung function in children with asthma, and different trajectory groups were established.Comparison between groups was performed by t-test, ANOVA or Chi- square test.The risk factors for the lung function trajectory were analyzed by the multivariate Logistic regression method. Results:A total of 173 children with asthma, aged from 6 to 17, were enrolled, and 1 160 lung function tests were completed.Four forced expiratory volume in the first second/forced vital capacity (FEV 1/FVC) latent class trajectory groups were established, including persistent high level [27 cases (15.6%)], above average level [66 cases (38.1%)], below average level [66 cases (38.1%)], and persistent low level [14 cases (8.1%)]. In all the 4 different trajectory groups, the FEV 1/FVC values were significantly different among patients of different ages (all P<0.05). The FEV 1/FVC values of patients at all ages in the persistent high level group were above 90%.The FEV 1/FVC values of patients in other 3 level groups decreased as a whole as the age increased.FEV 1/FVC of patients in the persistent low level group decreased to below 80% when they entered the school age period and approached 70% in adolescence.The trajectory and fluctuation of maximal midexpiratory flow (MMEF), which represents the small airway function, were similar to those of FEV 1/FVC.Risk factor analysis showed that the risk of lung function decreasing below the average level in children with typical asthma was 11.940 times higher than that in children with cough variant asthma ( P=0.008). The risk of lung function deteriorating to below the average level in children with multiple allergen sensitivities was 7.462 times higher than that in children with single allergen sensitivity ( P=0.015). Children taking drugs irregularly were 6.337 times more likely to suffer persistent low lung function than children taking drugs regularly ( P=0.035). Boys were 6.186 times more likely to suffer a lung function reduction to below the average level than girls ( P=0.002). Conclusions:Four long-term trajectories of lung function in asthmatic children aged 6 to 17 years can be established: persistent high level, above average level, below average level and persistent low level.The long-term lung function of nearly a half of the asthmatic children is below the average level.Many children develop persistent airflow limitation in adolescence, and few at school age.Typical asthma, multiple allergen sensitivities, irregular medication and boy were the risk factors of long-term lung function reduction.
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Objective:To explore the value of karyotyping and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) in the prenatal diagnosis of balanced translocation/inversion carriers.Methods:This was a retrospective study involving 117 balanced translocation/inversion carrier couples. Among them, 90 women had a history of spontaneous abortion(≥2 times), stillbirth, fetal multiple malformations, or giving birth to children with chromosome abnormality disease and the peripheral blood karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization testing confirmed that one partner was balanced translocation/inversion carrier. The present pregnancies of these cases were spontaneous and lasted until 18-25 weeks. The other 27 cases were confirmed by chromosome examination at the present pregnancy after the indication of fetal structural abnormalities by fetal karyotyping due to advanced maternal age and abnormal ultrasound and prenatal screening results. The results of karyotyping and CMA by amniocentesis during 18 to 25 gestational weeks were all summarized and described. Results:The successful rate of both methods was 100.0% (117/117). Unbalanced and balanced translocation/inversion were detected in seven (6.0%) and 39 (33.3%) fetuses by karyotyping, respectively. CMA revealed 14 fetuses with pathogenic copy number variation (CNV) and one with variants of uncertain significance(VUS), with an anomaly detection rate of 12.8% (15/117). Among the 15 cases with CNV, 13 were related to the parental translocation/inversion, one with de novo mutation (22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome), and one Duchenne muscular dystrophy mutation carrier. Based on the results of karyotype and CMA, there were 12 fetuses with unbalanced chromosomal fragments (10.3%), 37 fetuses with balanced translocation/inversion (31.6%), and 68 fetuses with normal chromosomes (58.1%). Conclusions:The combination of karyotyping and CMA can provide more accurate prenatal genetic diagnosis when one of a couple carries balanced chromosomal translocations/inversion.
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ObjectiveThe tolerance of C57BL/6 mice to artemisinin-sensitive and -resistant strains of Plasmodium berghei （Pb） K173 and the differences in blood parameters， spleen coefficient and spleen structure during infection were compared to explore whether the artemisinin resistance of Pb would aggravate malaria infection. MethodPbK173 artemisinin-sensitive and -resistant strains were tested in parallel. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 1 control group， 4 artemisinin-sensitive strain groups and 4 artemisinin-resistant strain groups by body weight. Each infection group was simultaneously inoculated （ip） with 1×107 infected red blood cells （iRBCs） of sensitive/resistant strain. For the mice in the survival test group， the body weight was recorded every day post infection， and the tail vein blood smear was collected to calculate the Pb infection rate. In the other infection groups， peripheral blood and spleen were collected on 2， 5 and 9 d after infection. Peripheral blood parameters， spleen coefficient， pathological section of spleen and spleen cells were detected in each group. ResultOn 1-3 d after infection， the infection rate of the resistant strain （0.4±0.0， 0.8±0.1， 1.9±0.4）% was always higher than that of the sensitive strain （0.2±0.1， 0.4±0.1， 1.1±0.3）% （P<0.01）. From the 4th d of infection， the infection rate of the two groups gradually approached. The survival period of the sensitive strain group （20.5±1.2） d was shorter than that of the resistant strain group （23.3±1.4） d （P<0.01）. On the 9th d， the white blood cell count of the sensitive strain group （16.2±1.1）×109 cells/L was higher than that of the resistant strain group （10.6±1.8）×109 cells/L （P<0.01）. Flow cytometry analysis of spleen cells showed that the sensitive strain group （3.6±0.4） demonstrated a higher CD4+/CD8+ value than the resistant strain group （2.3±0.2） on the 9th d （P<0.01）. The spleen of C57BL/6 infected mice was gradually enlarged during infection， and on the 9th d， the resistant strain group （3.1±0.1）% showed a higher spleen coefficient than the sensitive strain group （2.7±0.2）% （P<0.01）. In the early stage of C57BL/6 infected mice， the red pulp of spleen was hyperemic and swollen. On the 9th d， the marginal area of the spleen disappeared and the structure of the red and white pulp was destroyed. ConclusionWithout drug treatment， the protective immune responses of peripheral blood and spleen of C57BL/6 mice were more sensitive to PbK173 artemisinin-sensitive strain. The artemisinin-resistant strain of PbK173 bred with mouse-to-mouse blood transmission and increased artemisinin dose exhibited shortened growth period and reduced toxicity.
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The treatment of refractory Glaucoma is a difficult problem in clinical ophthalmology. For refractory glaucoma patients with hyphema, shallow anterior chamber, anterior conglutination of peripheral chamber angle, corneal endothelium dystrophy or decompensated, at present, there is no effective treatment. In order to solve this problem, a new type posterior integral glaucoma valve with IOP control device was designed using medical titanium alloy, and the valve model was established by Abaqus software, and the stiffness and preload of the valve were analyzed by finite element method. The results showed that the opening and closing of the valve were controlled automatically by the pressure difference between the front and back of the valve, and the opening and flow rate of the valve increase dynamically with the increase of intraocular pressure, and finally reached the set ideal IOP value of steady state.
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Finite Element Analysis , Follow-Up Studies , Glaucoma , Glaucoma Drainage Implants , Humans , Intraocular Pressure , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Intestinal flora is closely associated with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Recent studies have shown that the imbalance of intestinal flora is associated with the development, progression, and prognosis of CHB, and the environment of intestinal flora may also change with disease progression, suggesting that intestinal flora and CHB interact with each other. This article reviews the influence of intestinal flora on the progression of CHB and related liver diseases and the role of intestinal flora regulation in the diagnosis and treatment of CHB and related liver diseases, in order to provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of CHB.
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One 51 years old man was admitted to the rheumatology department with a history of prominent eyes, headache and blurred vision for half year. The main manifestations included retrobulbar inflammatory pseudotumor and retroperitoneal fibrosis. He was initially diagnosed as granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Prednisone and cyclophosphamide were administrated and effective. New mass of dura mater and osteosclerosis presented during follow up. Finally Erdheim Chester disease(ECD) was diagnosed by biopsy and pathological examination. Vemurafenib, a v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogenes homolog B1 (BRAF) inhibitor, 480 mg was given twice a day. The patient′s condition is stable and still in follow-up. Although ECD is a rare histiocytosis, clinicians should pay attention to its manifestations and differential diagnoses.
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Objective:To explore the inhibitory effect of dihydroartemisinin （DHA） on the proliferation of HepG2 cells， elucidate the mechanism from the perspectives of oxidative damage and energy metabolism， and discuss the possibility of combined use of DHA with sorafenib （Sora）. Method:Cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay was used to obtain the 50% inhibitory concentration （IC<sub>50</sub>） of DHA and Sora on HepG2 and SW480 cells and Chou-Talalay method was used to obtain the combination index （CI） of DHA and Sora. HepG2 cells were classified into the control group， DHA group （10 µmol·L<sup>-1</sup>）， Sora group （5 µmol·L<sup>-1</sup>）， and DHA + Sora group （DHA 10 µmol·L<sup>-1</sup>， Sora 5 µmol·L<sup>-1</sup>） and then incubated with corresponding drugs for 8-12 h. Seahorse XF glycolytic rate assay kit and cell mito stress test kit were employed to respectively detect the glycolysis function of cells and oxidative phosphorylation function of mitochondria. DCFH-DA and lipid peroxidation MDA assay kit were separately used to analyze the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species （ROS） and malondialdehyde （MDA）. Western blot was applied to determine the intracellular levels of heme oxygenase-1 （HO-1） and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit （GCLC）. Result:Compared with the control group， DHA alone inhibited the ATP synthesis in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， increased the levels of intracellular ROS and MDA （<italic>P<</italic>0.05）， and decreased the levels of HO-1 and GCLC （<italic>P<</italic>0.05） in HepG2 cells. DHA and Sora had synergistic inhibitory effect on proliferation of HepG2 and SW480 cells， with CI < 0.90. The DHA + Sora group showed stronger suppression of ATP synthesis in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， higher levels of intracellular ROS and MDA （<italic>P<</italic>0.01）， and lower levels of intracellular antioxidation-related proteins HO-1 and GCLC in HepG2 cells （<italic>P<</italic>0.01） than the DHA group. Conclusion:DHA may increase the level of MDA by reducing HO-1 and GCLC and increasing ROS in HepG2 cells， which results in mitochondria oxidative damage， restricts cell glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation， and thus finally inhibits the proliferation of HepG2 cells. DHA and Sora have synergistic inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HepG2 and SW480 cells， and the mechanism may be related to the synergistic oxidative damage that affects the mitochondrial electron transport chain and suppresses cell energy metabolism.
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Objective@#To investigate the three-dimensional forces created by clear aligners on mandibular teeth during differential activation with en-masse retraction and/or intrusion in vitro. @*Methods@#Six sets of clear aligners were designed for differential en-masse retraction and/or intrusion procedures in a first premolar extraction model. Group A0 was a control group with no activation. Groups A1–5 underwent different degrees of retractions and/or intrusions. Each group consisted of 10 aligners. Aligner forces were measured on a multi-axis force/ torque transducer measurement system in real-time. @*Results@#In the en-masse retraction groups (A1 and A2), lingual and extrusive forces were observed on the incisors; the canines mainly received distal forces; intrusive forces were seen on the second premolars; and the molars received mesial forces. In the enmasse retraction and intrusion groups (A3, A4, and A5), incisors also received lingual and extrusive forces; canines received distal and intrusive forces; mesial and extrusive forces were seen on the second premolars; and the second molars received distal and intrusive forces. The vertical forces on the incisors did not differ significantly among groups A1, A3, and A5. However, the vertical forces on the second premolars reversed from intrusion in group A1 to extrusion in groups A3 and A5. @*Conclusions@#With clear aligners, the “bowing effect” is seen during en-masse anterior teeth retraction and can be partially relieved by performing en-masse retraction accompanied by anterior teeth intrusion.Vertical control of incisors remained unsolved during en-masse retraction, even when intrusive activation was added to the anterior teeth.
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A 61-year-old male patient was simultaneously diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT). The lung adenocarcinoma and IMT harbored two distinct types of ALK translocation, LOC101927285-ALK, and TPM3-ALK, respectively. The ALK Ventana showed strong positivity on both lesions. The patient was therefore given an endobronchial cryotherapy and ALK inhibitor crizotinib. The tumors showed durable response however the left lung adenocarcinoma relapsed at 17th month post-crizotinib treatment. Tissue re-biopsy on the resistant tumor revealed an ALK exon 23 C1156Y missense mutation in addition to LOC101927285-ALK mutation. Further RNA-based sequence uncovered that the noncoding region rearrangement is the fusion mutation of EML4-ALK. The patient was therefore received alectinib, and the tumor exhibited partly response. Overall, it is very rare that two types of pulmonary tumors exist in one patient driven by two distinct ALK fusions, which emphasizes the necessity of gene sequencing in clinical decision-making and individualized therapy.
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Objective@#To investigate the three-dimensional forces created by clear aligners on mandibular teeth during differential activation with en-masse retraction and/or intrusion in vitro. @*Methods@#Six sets of clear aligners were designed for differential en-masse retraction and/or intrusion procedures in a first premolar extraction model. Group A0 was a control group with no activation. Groups A1–5 underwent different degrees of retractions and/or intrusions. Each group consisted of 10 aligners. Aligner forces were measured on a multi-axis force/ torque transducer measurement system in real-time. @*Results@#In the en-masse retraction groups (A1 and A2), lingual and extrusive forces were observed on the incisors; the canines mainly received distal forces; intrusive forces were seen on the second premolars; and the molars received mesial forces. In the enmasse retraction and intrusion groups (A3, A4, and A5), incisors also received lingual and extrusive forces; canines received distal and intrusive forces; mesial and extrusive forces were seen on the second premolars; and the second molars received distal and intrusive forces. The vertical forces on the incisors did not differ significantly among groups A1, A3, and A5. However, the vertical forces on the second premolars reversed from intrusion in group A1 to extrusion in groups A3 and A5. @*Conclusions@#With clear aligners, the “bowing effect” is seen during en-masse anterior teeth retraction and can be partially relieved by performing en-masse retraction accompanied by anterior teeth intrusion.Vertical control of incisors remained unsolved during en-masse retraction, even when intrusive activation was added to the anterior teeth.
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A 61-year-old male patient was simultaneously diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT). The lung adenocarcinoma and IMT harbored two distinct types of ALK translocation, LOC101927285-ALK, and TPM3-ALK, respectively. The ALK Ventana showed strong positivity on both lesions. The patient was therefore given an endobronchial cryotherapy and ALK inhibitor crizotinib. The tumors showed durable response however the left lung adenocarcinoma relapsed at 17th month post-crizotinib treatment. Tissue re-biopsy on the resistant tumor revealed an ALK exon 23 C1156Y missense mutation in addition to LOC101927285-ALK mutation. Further RNA-based sequence uncovered that the noncoding region rearrangement is the fusion mutation of EML4-ALK. The patient was therefore received alectinib, and the tumor exhibited partly response. Overall, it is very rare that two types of pulmonary tumors exist in one patient driven by two distinct ALK fusions, which emphasizes the necessity of gene sequencing in clinical decision-making and individualized therapy.
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As a unicellular organism, Plasmodium displays a panoply of lipid metabolism pathways that are seldom found together in a unicellular organism. These pathways mostly involve the Plasmodium-encoded enzymatic machinery and meet the requirements of membrane synthesis during the rapid cell growth and division throughout the life cycle. Different lipids have varied synthesis and meta-bolism pathways. For example, the major phospholipids are synthesized via CDP-diacylglycerol-dependent pathway in prokaryotes and de novo pathway in eukaryotes, and fatty acids are synthesized mainly via type Ⅱ fatty acid synthesis pathway. The available studies have demonstrated the impacts of artemisinin and its derivatives, the front-line compounds against malaria, on the lipid metabolism of Plasmodium. Therefore, this article reviewed the known lipid metabolism pathways and the effects of artemisinin and its derivatives on these pathways, aiming to deepen the understanding of lipid synthesis and metabolism in Plasmodium and provide a theoretical basis for the research on the mechanisms and drug resistance of artemisinin and other anti-malarial drugs.
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Antimalarials/pharmacology , Artemisinins/therapeutic use , Humans , Lipid Metabolism , Malaria/drug therapy , PlasmodiumABSTRACT
Multi-template molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction not only has the advantages of high selectivity, large adsorption capacity, easy preparation, reuse and low environmental pollution, but also can realize the enrichment and separation of many kinds of compounds. It has attracted wide attention in the extraction and separation of traditional Chinese medicine components. This study summarizes the latest development of multi-template molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction. At the same time, based on the classification of active components of traditional Chinese medicine (flavonoids, alkaloids, phenylpropanol, terpenes, etc.), the latest application of multi-template molecular imprinting solid phase extraction in multi-component separation of traditional Chinese medicine was reviewed, with a view to better application of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymer in active multi-component extraction and separation of traditional Chinese medicine and provide reference for the material basic research of the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine.
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OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of norcantharidin (NCTD) to proliferation of leukemia cells through disrupting key regulators of sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway and its downstream transcription factor SOX2.@*METHODS@#CCK8 was used to detected the HL60 and NB4 cells after inhibited by NCTD, SMO and GLI1 inhibitor for 24 hours. Expression level of SMO, GLI1 and SOX2 in HL60 cells with NCTD treatment was detected by immunoblot. HL60 cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1 plasmid expressing GLI1 or SOX2. Empty vector and pcDNA3. 1-EGFP were divided into negative and positive control group, respectively. The expression of exogenous GLI1 or SOX2 in HL60 cells was confirmed by immunoblot, and growth curve of HL60 cell was checked by CCK8. Proliferation of genetic modified HL60 cells treated by various dose of NCTD was detected.@*RESULTS@#NCTD, SMO/GLI1 inhibitors could inhibit the proliferation of NB4 and HL60 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with solvent (DMSO)-treated control group, NCTD remarkably decreased protein level of SMO, GLI1 and SOX2. GLI1 and SOX2 were overexpressed in HL60 cells as compared with pcDNA3.1 empty vector-transfected group. Growth curve demonstrated significant proliferative advantage of GLI1/SOX2-transfected cells. CCK8 assay indicated that GLI1/SOX2-overexpressed HL60 cells were more resistant to NCTD treatment.@*CONCLUSION@#NCTD attenuates HL60 proliferation via targeting the Hedgehog/SOX2 axis.
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Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic , Cell Proliferation , HL-60 Cells , Hedgehog Proteins , Humans , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute , SOXB1 Transcription Factors , Zinc Finger Protein GLI1ABSTRACT
Objective@#To explore the cutoff value of FEV1/FVC for evaluating obstructive ventilation dysfunction in children.@*Methods@#Three hundred and eighty-three healthy children (190 boys and 193 girls) aged 6-14 years in primary and middle school in Beijing, who were enrolled from May 2010 to June 2011, had their spirometry done with the Jaeger lung function instrument, and the lower limit of normal (LLN) of FEV1/FVC was calculated. Two hundred and thirteen asthmatic children (151 boys and 62 girls) aged 6-14 years from the outpatient Department of Allergy, Capital Institute of Pediatrics were enrolled consecutively from June to July 2018, whose clinical history and pulmonary function parameters were collected. The expected value of spirometric parameters of asthmatic children was calculated according to Zapletal prediction equations. And the LLN of FEV1/FVC in healthy children was used as the gold standard to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, Youden index and Kappa value of FEV1/FVC<80% and FEV1/FVC< 92% predicted.@*Results@#In healthy children, the FEV1/FVC and the LLN were 91%±5% and 82% respectively, while 90%±6% and 81% in boys, and 92%±5% and 84% in girls. There were 27 (12.7%) asthmatic children whose FEV1/FVC<80% but FEV1/FVC≥92% predicted (χ2=123.7, P<0.01). The sensitivity, specificity, Youden index and Kappa value of FEV1/FVC<80% were 80.3%, 100%, 0.803 and 0.787 respectively when FEV1/FVC<80% was used as the criteria to assess lung function, while they were 57.3%, 100%, 0.573 and 0.547, respectively, when FEV1/FVC<92% predicted was used as criteria.@*Conclusions@#The 80% of FEV1/FVC has a better consistency with the LLN of FEV1/FVC than 92% of FEV1/FVC% predicted. It is more accarate to use FEV1/FVC<80% as the diagnostic criteria for airway obstruction.
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In order to improve the cure rate of critically ill patients in Wuhan epidemic area and reduce the fatality rate, the state have dispatched medical staffs from the whole country to support Wuhan and treat critically ill patients in dedicated facilities. A medical team from the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, consisting of 133 medical staffs major in critical care medicine, respiralogy, infection, cardiology, and general surgery, entirely took over the critical care unit of the East Hospital of the Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, and formed a multidisciplinary collaboration team with local medical staffs to treat patients together. Up to March 13th in 2020, the author′s medical team has admitted a total of 109 patients, of which 48 had been discharged up on recovery. Critically ill patients with Corona Virus Disease 2019 mainly have elder age, comorbidities, complicated conditions, and difficult diagnosis and treatment. The author and the author′s team combined with clinical practice, share experience and strategies of general surgery related issues in the treatment of critically ill patients, providing reference for collegues in general surgery.
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Objective:To explore the level of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in preschool children in Beijing and analyze the influencing factors.Methods:Preschool students aged 3-5 in Beijing were selected from May to July 2017.Healthy children were screened through questionnaire survey and on-site physical examination, and their FeNO levels were detected.Results:A total of 317 healthy children were enrolled, including 161 males and 156 females.There was no significant difference in FeNO levels between different genders ( P>0.05). The geometric mean value of FeNO was 8.2 ppb in male(95% CI: 7.0-9.3 ppb)and 8.7 ppb in female (95% CI: 7.4-10.1 ppb). There were statistical differences in FeNO levels among the 3 age groups ( F=4.63, P<0.05). The geometric mean value of FeNO was 7.2 ppb in 3-year-old children (95% CI: 5.5-8.9 ppb), 8.8 ppb in 4-year-old children (95% CI: 7.4-10.2 ppb), and 9.2 ppb in 5-year-old children (95% CI: 7.7-10.7 ppb). The geometric mean value of FeNO of healthy preschool children was 8.5 ppb (95% CI: 7.6-9.3 ppb). There was a positive correlation between FeNO and height ( r=0.135, P<0.05), but there was no significant correlation between FeNO and weight. Conclusions:The geometric mean value of FeNO in healthy preschool children in Beijing is 8.5 ppb (95% CI: 7.6-9.3 ppb)and the 95% reference value is 23.5 ppb.The level of FeNO changes slightly with the increase of age, and height also affects the FeNO.It is highly feasible to use on-line tidal breathing method to measure FeNO of preschool children.
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Objective:To observe the efficacy and adverse reactions of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the treatment of recurrent frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome (FRNS), and explore the feasibility of treatment of ACTH in children.Methods:From November 2017 to June 2018, in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University of a total of 32 cases of FRNS ACTH therapy were all the role of ACTH consecutive 3-8 courses of treatment (when the dosage of prednisone was less than or equal to 0.5 mg/kg, 0.4 U/kg ACTH should be used every day.After 3 days of continuous application, the dosage of Prednisone should be reduced to 1.25-5.00 mg.ACTH was used for 3 days as a course of treatment, and continued to use ACTH for 2 courses until corticosteroid stopped). The number of recurrence, Prednisone maintenance dose, immunosuppressive use, serum cortisol and other relevant experimental indicators and adverse reactions were recorded during the follow-up period after ACTH treatment, and were followed up for 8-15 months.Results:Among the 32 children, the onset age (53.47±25.81) months, the course of disease (35.25±23.87) months, 22 patients (68.75%) had no recurrence after corticosteroid withdrawal, 7 patients (21.87%) had recurrence after corticosteroid withdrawal, and 3 patients (9.37%) had recurrence during corticosteroid withdra-wal.Compared with before ACTH treatment, Prednisone was significantly decreased[(0.08±0.14) mg/(kg·d) vs. (0.23±0.23) mg/(kg·d)], and the difference was statistically significant ( t=3.661, P<0.05), the number of immunosuppressant cases decreased significantly[42.38%(12/32 cases) vs. 58.62%(17/32 cases), χ2= 14.500, P<0.05]. Serum cortisol was measured at 8 Am increased significantly[(11.78±4.64) μg/dL vs. (4.42±3.13) μg/dL, t=7.340, P<0.05]. The results were stable during follow-up, with 2 patients presenting with systemic urticaria once and 1 patient presenting with headache after infusion. Conclusions:ACTH therapy is safe and effective in hormone therapy for child with FRNS, and less adverse reactions.
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Forced expiratory lung function testing plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of respiratory diseases in children patients, but its quality control and report interpretation via spirometry in the field of pediatrics still need improvement.In this paper, the issues existing in technical testing and report interpretation of forced expiratory lung function by spirometry are discussed.