Surveillance and control of infectious disease in primary and middle schools in Hebei Province from 2019 to 2021 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the infectious disease prevention and control among primary and secondary schools in Hebei Province from 2019 to 2021 and to provide a scientific basis for promoting epidemic prevention and control in schools.@*Methods@#Relevant indicators of infectious disease prevention and control in primary and secondary schools were collected and screened from the on site supervision and inspection data uploaded from various places, and analyzed with SPSS 22.0 software.@*Results@#The qualified rates of infectious disease prevention and control in primary and secondary schools in Hebei Province from 2019 to 2021 were 77.11%, 89.74% and 96.24%, respectively, the difference was statistically significant( χ 2=455.45, P <0.01). The qualified rates of infectious disease prevention and control in primary schools, middle schools and high schools from 2019 to 2021 increased by year, the difference was statistically significant( χ 2=319.49, 118.74, 25.73, P <0.05). The qualified rates of six infectious disease prevention and control indicators such as morning inspection record, special person responsible for epidemic report, registration record of absence due to illness increased by year, the difference was statistically significant( χ 2=140.34, 9.10, 113.55 , 163.71 , 286.74, 329.18, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Steady improvement in school infectious disease prevention and control has been observed, while qualification rate in primary school and rural area still need to be improved, with missing or late report. Government support and talent policy, hardware and sofeware construction, as management level should be strengthened.

Correlation between early life exposure to PM 2.5 and risk of autism spectrum disorder among school aged children / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the associations between early life exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) and the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among school aged children.@*Methods@#A total of 165 children with ASD and 165 age and gender matched typical development (TD) children were recruited. Children s basic information were obtained via questionnaires, and the severity of ASD symptoms was assessed with Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Early life PM 2.5 exposure (preconception, entire pregnancy, and the first two years after birth) were extracted from the Tracking Air Pollution in China (TAP) datasets. Conditional Logistic regression and generalized linear model were used to evaluate the associations of early life exposure to PM 2.5 with the risk and the ASD severity symptoms, respectively.@*Results@#The PM 2.5 exposure of ASD group during preconception[(55.08±9.34)μg/m 3], entire pregnancy[(50.44±8.71)μg/m 3], the first year after birth [(45.04± 8.25 )μg/m 3] and the second year after birth [(40.19±7.12)μg/m 3] were significant higher than those in TD children [(47.66± 7.63 , 44.19±7.16, 38.95±6.07, 35.76±5.65)μg/m 3]( t =7.94, 7.13, 7.70, 6.32, P <0.05). After adjusting for potential confounding, each increase of 1 μg/m 3 in PM 2.5 was associated with higher risk of ASD during preconception ( OR=1.21, 95%CI =1.13-1.29), entire pregnancy( OR=1.18, 95%CI =1.11-1.26), the first year after birth ( OR=1.30, 95%CI =1.18-1.43) and the second year after birth ( OR=1.29, 95%CI =1.17-1.42). No similar results were observed regarding the analyses of SRS total and sub scale scores( P >0.05).@*Conclusion@#Early life exposure to PM 2.5 is relate to the risk of ASD, these findings indicated that more attention should be paid to ambient PM pollution in the early life prevention and control of ASD.

Association between parenting style and sleep problems among school aged children with autism spectrum disorder / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the association between parenting style and sleep problems among school aged children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).@*Methods@#A total of 98 children with ASD aged 6-10 years old and 98 age and gender matched typically developing (TD) children from mainstream schools were recruited. Parenting style and sleep problems were measured via Parent Behavior Inventory (PBI) and Children s Sleep Habits Questionnaire(CSHQ), respectively. The symptom severity and intelligence level were also evaluated. Generalized linear model was used to analyze the relationship between parenting style and sleep problems.@*Results@#There was no statistically significant difference in the parenting style of the two groups of children( P > 0.05 ); weekend sleep time of children with ASD was significantly shorter than that of the TD group [(9.1±0.7)(9.5±0.8)h, P < 0.01 ], and the score of sleep onset delay was significantly higher than that of the TD group[(1.8±0.7)(1.5±0.7), P <0.01]. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of total sleep problems and various problems between the two groups of children( P >0.05). The parental support/engagement of children with ASD was negatively associated with the total score of sleep problems( β=-2.68, 95%CI =-4.88--0.47), bedtime resistance ( β=-1.65, 95%CI =-2.54--0.77) and sleep anxiety( β=-1.01, 95%CI =-1.70--0.32). The parental hostility/coercion was positively correlated with score of daytime sleepiness( β=1.41, 95%CI =0.53-2.29)( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Parenting style of support/engagement is associated with lower sleep problems in children with ASD, while hostile/coercion is associated with higher sleep problems. It should be improve parental style to reduce the sleep problems in children with ASD.

Effect of types of educational institutions on social communication functions among children with autism spectrum disorder:an observation study / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore changes in the social interactions of school aged children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) enrolled in ordinary schools and special education institutions during a one year observation period.@*Methods@#A total of 44 children with ASD were recruited from the Research Center of Children and Adolescent Psychological and Behavioral Development in the Department of Public Health, Sun Yat sen University, during 2017 and 2018. At the baseline and follow up periods, a self report questionnaire (completed by parents) was administered in order to collect demographic information related to the children, the survey included the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorder (SCARED) and the Swan son Nolan and Pelham, Version IV Scale(SNAP-IV).@*Results@#At baseline, compared with children in ordinary schools, the total score of SRS (114.56±6.02, 93.63 ±3.82) and its subscale scores (social awareness:13.54±0.71, 11.02±0.45; social cognition:22.73±1.16, 18.19±0.73; social interaction:37.47±2.12, 30.40±1.35; autistic mannerisms: 23.11±1.70, 19.02±1.08) were higher in children attending special education institutions, as well as the SCQ total score (20.37±1.60, 12.92±1.02) and its subscale scores(social interaction domain:8.77±0.92, 4.23±0.58; social communication domain:6.07±0.55, 4.19±0.35)( P <0.05). Further comparison of baseline and follow up results showed no significant difference in time effect or in the interaction between time and the educational environment( P >0.05).@*Conclusion@#Compared with special education institutions, school aged children with ASD in ordinary schools had lower levels of social impairment. During the one year observation period, there was no correlation between the educational environment and changes in symptoms of children and their parents. Parents should choose an appropriate educational environment according to the children s abilities, and ordinary schools and teachers should be prepared for inclusive education.

Aquatic resistance training repercussions on the dynamic stability in volleyball athletes / Repercussões do treino de resistência aquático sobre a estabilidade dinâmica dos atletas de vôlei / Repercusiones del entrenamiento de resistencia acuática en la estabilidad dinámica de los atletas de voleibol

ABSTRACT Introduction Resistance training is considered a practical pathway for increasing strength and speed. Objective Explore the aquatic resistance training on the dynamic stability in volleyball athletes. Methods Using aquatic resistance training reinforcement, 20 first-level national male volleyball athletes were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The time of the experiment was ten weeks. In the end, lower limb muscle strength, jumping ability, dynamic stability, and muscle pain were compared. Residual effects were also checked six weeks after the end of the experiment. Results The aquatic resistance training group stopped training for six weeks, peak torque at 60°/s, 180°s of relative knee extension, jump height, full arm swing, and all three phases of the high jump were significantly better than the preliminary test; water entry speed in the vertical direction was also significantly better one week after training. Conclusion Aquatic resistance training can significantly improve the dynamic stability of the lower limbs, and its effect can be maintained up to 6 weeks after completion. It is recommended to apply resistance enhancement training to maintain fitness, especially for long periods. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

RESUMO Introdução O treino de resistência é considerado um meio eficaz para aumento de força e a velocidade. Objetivo Explorar as repercussões do treino de resistência aquática sobre a estabilidade dinâmica dos atletas de vôlei. Métodos 20 atletas de primeiro nível nacionais de vôlei masculino, foram divididos aleatoriamente em um grupo de treinamento para controle e outro grupo experimental com reforço utilizando treino de resistência aquático. O tempo do experimento foi de 10 semanas. Ao final, foram comparadas força muscular do membro inferior, capacidade de salto, estabilidade dinâmica, dor muscular. Foram verificados também os efeitos residuais em seis semanas após o término do experimento. Resultados O grupo de treino de resistência aquática parou de treinar por 6 semanas, com pico de torque a 60°/s, 180°s de extensão relativa do joelho, a altura de salto, o balanço completo dos braços e as três fases do salto em altura foram significativamente melhores do que o teste primário; a velocidade de entrada na água na direção vertical também foi significativamente melhor uma semana após o treinamento. Conclusão O treino de resistência aquático pode melhorar significativamente a estabilidade dinâmica dos membros inferiores e seu efeito pode ser mantido até 6 semanas após o término. Recomenda-se aplicar o treino de aprimoramento da resistência para manter o condicionamento físico, especialmente por longos períodos. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción El entrenamiento de resistencia se considera una forma eficaz de aumentar la fuerza y la velocidad. Objetivo Explorar las repercusiones del entrenamiento de resistencia acuática en la estabilidad dinámica de los atletas de voleibol. Métodos 20 atletas masculinos de voleibol de primer nivel nacional, fueron divididos aleatoriamente en un grupo de entrenamiento de control y otro grupo experimental con refuerzo mediante entrenamiento de resistencia acuática. El tiempo del experimento fue de 10 semanas. Al final, se comparó la fuerza muscular de las extremidades inferiores, la capacidad de salto, la estabilidad dinámica y el dolor muscular. También se comprobaron los efectos residuales a las seis semanas de finalizar el experimento. Resultados El grupo de entrenamiento de resistencia acuática dejó de entrenar durante 6 semanas, el pico máximo de torque a 60°/s, la extensión relativa de la rodilla a 180°s, la altura del salto, el balanceo completo del brazo y las tres fases del salto de altura fueron significativamente mejores que en la prueba primaria; la velocidad de entrada al agua en la dirección vertical también fue significativamente mejor una semana después del entrenamiento. Conclusión El entrenamiento de resistencia acuática puede mejorar significativamente la estabilidad dinámica de los miembros inferiores y su efecto puede mantenerse hasta 6 semanas después de su realización. Se recomienda aplicar un entrenamiento de mejora de la resistencia para mantener la forma física, especialmente durante largos periodos. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

UVB irradiation differential regulate miRNAs expression in skin photoaging

Abstract Background: UVB irradiation can cause acute damage such as sunburn, or photoaging and melanoma, all of which are major health threats. Objective: This study was designed to investigate the mechanism of skin photoaging induced by UVB radiation in mice through the analysis of the differential expression of miRNAs. Methods: A UVB irradiation photoaging model was constructed. HE and Masson special stains were used to examine the modifications in the epidermis and dermis of mice. The miRNA expression profiles of the mouse skin model exposed to UVB radiation and the normal skin of mice were analyzed using miRNA-sequence analysis. GO and Pathway analysis were employed for the prediction of miRNA targets. Results: A total of 23 miRNAs were evaluated for significantly different expressions in comparison to normal skin. Among them, 7 miRNAs were up-regulated and 16 were down-regulated in the skin with photoaging of mice exposed to UVB irradiation. The differential expression of miRNA is related to a variety of signal transduction pathways, among which mmu-miR-195a-5p and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathways are crucial. There was a significant differential expression of miRNA in the skin of normal mice in comparison with the skin with photoaging induced by UVB irradiation. Study limitations: Due to time and energy constraints, the specific protein level verification, MAPK pathway exploration, and miR-195a-5p downstream molecular mechanism need to be further studied in the future. Conclusions: UVB-induced skin photoaging can be diagnosed and treated using miRNA.

Influence of grandparenting involvement on children s oral health / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Oral health problems is one of major public health problems that threatens children s overall health. Children s oral health is closely related to family parenting styles. Currently, grandparenting is becoming increasingly common in China, and its impact on children s oral health should not be underestimated. This article reviews the impacts of the oral health knowledge level, behavior habits, gender, socioeconomic status, and other factors related to grandparenting on children s oral health, in order to reduce the negative impact of grandparenting involvement on children s oral health, and to provide theoretical basis and guidance.

Wnt1 and Wnt2b immunodetection of the regenerating tail and comparative ultrastructure of tail spinal cord in the Scincella tsinlingensis / Inmunodetección Wnt1 y Wnt2b de la cola en regeneración y ultraestructura comparativa de la médula espinal de la cola en Scincella tsinlingensis

SUMMARY: The Wnt pathway is essential for the initiation of lizard tail regeneration. The regenerated lizard tails exhibit obvious morphological differences compared to the original ones. The expression of Wnt1 and Wnt2b proteins in the regenerating tail of Scincella tsinlingensis was detected by immunohistochemistry and then comparatively analyzed for ultrastructural changes in the original and regenerated spinal cord. The ependymal layer of the original spinal cord was pseudostratified with multiciliated cells and primary monociliated cells, while the cells of the ependymal layer of the regenerated spinal cord were organized in a monolayer with a few biciliated cells. Immunolocalization indicated that Wnt1 and Wnt2b were mainly distributed in the dermis near the original tail stump, spinal cord, and clot-positive migratory cells during Stage I, 0-1 days post-amputation (dpa). Wnt1 and Wnt2b were predominantly detected in the epaxial and hypaxial musculature near the original tail stump, wound epithelium, and spinal cord in the original tail during Stage II, 1-7 dpa. Mesenchymal cells and wound epithelium showed immunostaining during Stage III and IV, 7-15 dpa. The ependymal tubes contained these signaling proteins during Stage V and VI, 20- 30 dpa. Labeling was mainly observed in nearby regenerative blood vessels, ependymal cells, epaxial and hypaxial musculature in the apical epithelial layer (AEC) after 45-160 dpa. These findings indicated that Wnt1 and Wnt2b proteins presented primarily in regenerating epidermis and nerve tissues were a critical signal for tail regeneration in S. tsinlingensis.

RESUMEN: La vía Wnt es esencial para el inicio de la regeneración de la cola del lagarto. Las colas de lagarto regeneradas exhiben diferencias morfológicas obvias en comparación con las originales. La expresión de las proteínas Wnt1 y Wnt2b en la cola en regeneración de Scincella tsinlingensis se detectó mediante inmunohistoquímica y luego se analizaron comparativamente los cambios ultraestructurales en la médula espinal original y regenerada. La capa ependimaria de la médula espinal original se pseudoestratificó con células multiciliadas y células monociliadas primarias, mientras que las células de la capa ependimaria de la médula espinal regenerada se organizaron en monocapa con algunas células bicilicadas. La inmunolocalización indicó que Wnt1 y Wnt2b se distribuyeron principalmente en la dermis cerca del muñón de la cola original, la médula espinal y las células migratorias positivas en el coágulo durante la Etapa I, 0-1 días después de la amputación (dpa). Wnt1 y Wnt2b se detectaron predominantemente en la musculatura epaxial e hipaxial cerca del muñón de la cola original, el epitelio de la herida y la médula espinal en la cola original durante la Etapa II, 1-7 dpa. Las células mesenquimales y el epitelio de la herida mostraron inmunomarcaje durante la Etapa III y IV, 7- 15 dpa. Los tubos ependimarios contenían estas proteínas de señalización durante la Etapa V y VI, 20-30 dpa. El marcaje se observó principalmente en vasos sanguíneos regenerativos cercanos, células ependimarias, musculatura epaxial e hipaxial en la capa epitelial apical (AEC) después de 45-160 dpa. Estos hallazgos indicaron que las proteínas Wnt1 y Wnt2b están presentes principalmente en la epidermis en regeneración y en los tejidos nerviosos y eran una señal crítica para la regeneración de la cola en S. tsinlingensis.

Fração de Ejeção do Ventrículo Esquerdo Aumentada, Diminuída ou Estável ao Longo do Tempo em uma Série de 626 Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca que Receberam Tratamento Médico / Increased, Decreased, or Stable Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction over Time in a Series of 626 Heart Failure Patients Receiving Medical Treatment

Resumo Fundamento: A fração de ejeção (FE) tem sido utilizada em análises fenotípicas e na tomada de decisões sobre o tratamento de insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Assim, a FE tornou-se parte fundamental da prática clínica diária. Objetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar características, preditores e desfechos associados a alterações da FE em pacientes com diferentes tipos de IC grave. Métodos: Foram incluídos neste estudo 626 pacientes com IC grave e classe III-IV da New York Heart Association (NYHA). Os pacientes foram classificados em três grupos de acordo com as alterações da FE, ou seja, FE aumentada (FE-A), definida como aumento da FE ≥10%, FE diminuída (FE-D), definida como diminuição da FE ≥10%, e FE estável (FE-E), definida como alteração da FE <10%. Valores p inferiores a 0,05 foram considerados significativos. Resultados: Dos 377 pacientes com IC grave, 23,3% apresentaram FE-A, 59,5% apresentaram FE-E e 17,2% apresentaram FE-D. Os resultados mostraram ainda 68,2% de insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr) no grupo FE-A e 64,6% de insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp) no grupo FE-D. Os preditores de FE-A identificados foram faixa etária mais jovem, ausência de diabetes e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) menor. Já os preditores de FE-D encontrados foram ausência de fibrilação atrial, baixos níveis de ácido úrico e maior FEVE. Em um seguimento mediano de 40 meses, 44,8% dos pacientes foram vítimas de morte por todas as causas. Conclusão: Na IC grave, a ICFEr apresentou maior percentual no grupo FE-A e a ICFEp foi mais comum no grupo FE-D.

Abstract Background: Ejection fraction (EF) has been used in phenotype analyses and to make treatment decisions regarding heart failure (HF). Thus, EF has become a fundamental part of daily clinical practice. Objective: This study aims to investigate the characteristics, predictors, and outcomes associated with EF changes in patients with different types of severe HF. Methods: A total of 626 severe HF patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III-IV were enrolled in this study. The patients were classified into three groups according to EF changes, namely, increased EF (EF-I), defined as an EF increase ≥10%, decreased EF (EF-D), defined as an EF decrease ≥10%, and stable EF (EF-S), defined as an EF change <10%. A p-value lower than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of 377 severe HF patients, 23.3% presented EF-I, 59.5% presented EF-S, and 17.2% presented EF-D. The results further showed 68.2% of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in the EF-I group and 64.6% of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in the EF-D group. The predictors of EF-I included younger age, absence of diabetes, and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The predictors of EF-D were absence of atrial fibrillation, lower uric acid level, and higher LVEF. Within a median follow-up of 40 months, 44.8% of patients suffered from all-cause death. Conclusion: In severe HF, HFrEF presented the highest percentage in the EF-I group, and HFpEF was most common in the EF-D group.

Scar-free wound healing following full-thickness cutaneous wounding in the tail and body of Scincella tsinlingensis / Cicatrización de heridas sin cicatrices luego de heridas cutáneas de espesor total en la cola y el cuerpo de Scincella tsinlingensis

SUMMARY: The cutaneous wounds of trunk and tail healing scar-free or with scar were different in lizard species. Full- thickness cutaneous injuries of tail and body of Scincella tsinlingensis were examined by histomorphological and immunohistochemistrical methods. The results showed that all injuries healed without scarring. The process of the wound healing of S. tsinlingensis involved hemostasis, re-epithelialization, proliferation and remodelling, which also could be further subdivided into six stages. Stage I, 0-2 day post wound (dpw), the blood oozed gradually, no obvious wound contraction, minimal blood loss. Stage II, 2-10 dpw, the wound bed covered by the fibrin clot of blood, tissue fluid and tissue debris. Stage III, 7d-15 dpw, the wrinkled wound epitheliums was gradually stratified, and its surface was keratinized and exfoliated. Stage IV, 10-28 dpw, pigment cells were distributed at the boundary between epidermis and dermis, with few blood vessels and no granulation tissue formation. Stage V, 20-70 dpw, opaque scales covered the wound epithelium with randomly scattered melanophores in the base of the epidermis. Stage VI, 45-135 dpw, the epidermis and dermis restored to the thickness of the original skin. Regenerated scales were similar to scales of the uninjured dermis. The positive immunostaining of matrix metalloproteinases-9, cytokeratin 6, alpha smooth muscle actin, caspase 3 and transforming growth factor-β3 showed the specificity of healing period and different stages, which participated in skin wounds healing of S. tsinlingensis.

RESUMEN: En las diferentes especies de lagartos las heridas cutáneas del tronco y la cola sin cicatrices, o con algún tipo de cicatriz son diversas. En este estudio se examinaron las heridas cutáneas de espesor total de la cola y el cuerpo de Scincella tsinlingensis mediante métodos histomorfológicos e inmunohistoquímicos. Los resultados indicaron que todas las lesiones sanaron sin cicatrices visibles. El proceso de cicatrización de heridas de S. tsinlingensis implicó hemostasia, reepitelización, proliferación y remodelación, que también podrían subdividirse en seis etapas. Etapa I, 0-2 días después de la herida (dph), la sangre filtraba gradualmente, sin contracción evidente de la herida, con pérdida mínima de sangre. Etapa II, 2-10 dph, el lecho de la herida estaba cubierto por el coágulo de sangre, líquido tisular y restos tisulares de fibrina. Etapa III, 7-15 dph, los epitelios de la herida se estratificaron gradualmente y su superficie se queratiniza y exfolia. Etapa IV, 10-28 dph, las células pigmentarias se distribuyeron en el límite entre la epidermis y la dermis, con pocos vasos sanguíneos y sin formación de tejido de granulación. Etapa V, 20-70 dph, escamas opacas cubrieron el epitelio de la herida con melanóforos dispersos al azar en la base de la epidermis. Etapa VI, 45-135 dph, la epidermis y la dermis restauradas al grosor de la piel original. Las escamas regeneradas eran similares a las escamas de la dermis sin herida. La inmunotinción positiva de metaloproteinasas- 9 de matriz, citoqueratina 6, actina de músculo liso alfa, caspasa 3 y factor de crecimiento transformante-β3 mostró la especificidad del período de curación y las diferentes etapas, que participaron en la curación de heridas cutáneas de S. tsinlingensis.

Road traffic injury mortality and morbidity by country development status, 2011-2017 / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#This research examined road traffic injury mortality and morbidity disparities across of country development status, and discussed the possibility of reducing country disparities by various actions to accelerate the pace of achieving Sustainable Development Goals target 3.6 - to halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents by 2020.@*METHODS@#Data for road traffic mortality, morbidity, and socio-demographic index (SDI) were extracted by country from the estimates of the Global Burden of Disease study, and the implementation of the three types of national actions (legislation, prioritized vehicle safety standards, and trauma-related post-crash care service) were extracted from the Global Status Report on Road Safety by World Health Organization. We fitted joinpoint regression analysis to identify and quantify the significant rate changes from 2011 to 2017.@*RESULTS@#Age-adjusted road traffic mortality decreased substantially for all the five SDI categories from 2011 to 2017 (by 7.52%-16.08%). Age-adjusted road traffic mortality decreased significantly as SDI increased in the study time period, while age-adjusted morbidity generally increased as SDI increased. Subgroup analysis by road user yielded similar results, but with two major differences during the study period of 2011 to 2017: (1) pedestrians in the high SDI countries experienced the lowest mortality (1.68-1.90 per 100,000 population) and morbidity (110.45-112.72 per 100,000 population for incidence and 487.48-491.24 per 100,000 population for prevalence), and (2) motor vehicle occupants in the high SDI countries had the lowest mortality (4.07-4.50 per 100,000 population) but the highest morbidity (428.74-467.78 per 100,000 population for incidence and 1025.70-1116.60 per 100,000 population for prevalence). Implementation of the three types of national actions remained nearly unchanged in all five SDI categories from 2011 to 2017 and was consistently stronger in the higher SDI countries than in the lower SDI countries. Lower income nations comprise the heaviest burden of global road traffic injuries and deaths.@*CONCLUSION@#Global road traffic deaths would decrease substantially if the large mortality disparities across country development status were reduced through full implementation of proven national actions including legislation and law enforcement, prioritized vehicle safety standards and trauma-related post-crash care services.

UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of cAMP and cGMP in rat plasma as potential biomarkers of Yin-Yang disharmony in traditional Chinese medicine / 药物分析学报

Cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) are considered as potential biomarkers for Yin-Yang disharmony in traditional Chinese medicine.However,phosphodiesterase-mediated ex vivo degradation of these molecules in biological samples may result in their underestimation.In the present study,a ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for determination of cAMP and cGMP in rat plasma,with special consideration of their stability ex vivo.Following precipitation of proteins from plasma samples with 0.4 M perchloric acid,the analytes were chromatographed on a Shimadzu Shim-pack-XR-ODS Ⅱ column with 2.5 mM ammonium acetate and methanol in gradient mode.The MS/MS detection was performed using multiple reaction monitoring in the positive electrospray ionization mode.The lower limit of quantification was 0.27 ng/mL for cAMP and 0.37 ng/mL for cGMP.The method was used to determine the plasma cAMP and cGMP levels in normal and Yin deficiency diabetic rats treated with or without Rehmannia glutinosa.The developed method may be useful for evaluating the regulatory effects of Chinese herbal medicine on the levels of cAMP and cGMP in the body.

Evaluation of intervention effect of aerobic combined with resistance exercise on adolescents with moderate mental retardation / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the effect of aerobic plus resistance training on the intervention of adolescents with moderate mental retardation and to provide reference for healthy development among specific need population.@*Methods@#Totally 29 adolescents with moderate mental retardation, aged 12-17 years from one middle school in Shunde district of Foshan, were divided into intervention group and control group (16/13) with random number table. The intervention group was subjected to aerobic combined resistance exercise for 11 weeks. The control group maintained the original activities. The changes in body composition, muscle strength, cardiorespiratory endurance and balance ability of the two groups of subjects before and after intervention were compared.@*Results@#After the intervention, the intervention group s skeletal muscle (22.90±3.63)kg, muscle mass (39.75±5.57)kg, lean body mass (41.52±6.79)kg, sitting arm support (49.19±35.28)s, standing timing test (22.13±6.01)s, half crunches (20.12±6.48), grip strength [left (15.98±4.86)kg; right (16.37±5.46)kg], heart rate immediately after 2 min stepping exercise (91.43±13.44)frequency/min, Standing on one foot with eyes closed [left (5.82±5.20)s; right (6.02±5.56)s] compared with before exercise, the body fat decreased(t=2.57,2.72,2.07,2.10,3.31,2.92,2.76,3.44, 2.86,2.04,2.38, -2.92,P<0.05); after the intervention, the sitting arm support and closed eyes standing(right) improved(P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Aerobic combined resistance exercise can improve muscle strength and endurance, aerobic endurance and balance ability in adolescents with moderate mental retardation and adaptability of teenagers with moderate mental retardation.

Risk assessment of public health emergencies in Zhejiang Province, March 2021 / 预防医学

Objective@#To assess the risk of public health emergencies in Zhejiang Province, March 2021. @*Methods@#An expert counsel was conducted to assess the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) , enteritis due to norovirus, chicken pox and influenza by professionals in Zhejiang CDC, based on the information from infectious disease and public health emergency surveillance in Zhejiang Province, domestic health administrative departments, World Health Organization, and European CDC. @*Results@#In March 2021, the risk of imported COVID-19 epidemic will be high in Zhejiang Province, and the possibility of local spread could not be ruled out. The possibility of a large-scale outbreak of enteritis due to norovirus and a small-scale outbreak of chickenpox in schools and kindergartens could not be ruled out after the new term begins. An increased risk of influenza epidemic is predicted in collective units such as schools and kindergartens, yet the risk of a large-scale one will be low.@*Conclusion@#High attention should be paid to COVID-19 and enteritis due to norovirus, and general attention should be paid to chicken pox and influenza outbreak.

Engeletin protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by modulating the VEGF/vasohibin and Ang-1/Tie-2 pathways

Engeletin is a natural derivative of Smilax glabra rhizomilax that exhibits anti-inflammatory activity and suppresses lipid peroxidation. In the present study, we sought to elucidate the mechanistic basis for the neuroprotective and pro-angiogenic activity of engeltin in a human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) model system and a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. These analyses revealed that engeletin (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg) was able to reduce the infarct volume, increase cerebral blood flow, improve neurological function, and bolster the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vasohibin-2 (Vash-2), angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), phosphorylated human angiopoietin receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (p-Tie2), and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31) in MCAO rats. Similarly, engeletin (100, 200, or 400 nM) markedly enhanced the migration, tube formation, and VEGF expression of HUVECs in an OGD/R model system, while the VEGF receptor (R) inhibitor axitinib reversed the observed changes in HUVEC tube formation activity and Vash-2, VEGF, and CD31 expression. These data suggested that engeletin exhibited significant neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats, and improved cerebrovascular angiogenesis by modulating the VEGF/vasohibin and Ang-1/Tie-2 pathways.

Methyltransferase Like 3 and Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Protein Are Required for H7N9 Infection in Cell Culture

Background METTL3 (methyltransferase like 3) and FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated protein) are criticalfor establishing and regulating the m6A (N6-methyladenosine) modification, but very little is known about thefunction of m6A in the immune system or its role in interactions within the host immune system.Methods Western blotting experiment was used to check the expression of the host proteins related to m6Amodification after H7N9 influenza virus infection. Immunofluorescence experiment was used to identifywhether the subcellular localization of related proteins. Moreover, we knocked down and over expressendogenous METTL3 or FTO in A549 cells, and then infected the cells with H7N9 to test whethermethyltransferases or demethylases affect H7N9 replication.Result We confirmed that the expression pattern of m6A proteins was altered during H7N9 infection. METTL3and FTO were located in the nucleus, and YTHDF3 was located in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, our resultsdemonstrate that downregulation of METTL3 or FTO expression in A549 cells severely impairs viral proteinexpression and H7N9 infection.Conclusions METTL3 and FTO are critical for H7N9 replication which may represent a new mechanism for thecontrol of H7N9 replication and host-pathogen interactions.

Reliability and validity of Adaptive Behavior Scale for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To develop a native adaptive behavior scale for children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD) and to explore its reliability and validity.@*Methods@#Items of ASD adaptive behavior rating scale were selected based on the scale development theory, ASD knowledge and adaptive behavior concept through preliminary survey and statistical, and 301 ASD children aged 2 to 12 from hospitals in Guangzhou, Huizhou, Shenzhen who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition were selected, data was analyzed by the item analysis.@*Results@#After item analysis and exploratory factor analysis, the final version of the scale contains 58 items, and 64.24% of the total variation could be explained by 6 factors; The Cronbach’s α coefficient of the full scale was 0.98, and the coefficient value of dimen sional factors were 0.94，0.93，0.91，0.95，0.88，0.94. The test-test reliability r of full scale was 0.86, the r of the factor were 0.88，0.81，0.81，0.87，0.88，0.79. The criterion-related validity r with the ABAS-Ⅱ scale was -0.77, the criterion-related validity r with the CARS scale was 0.64.@*Conclusion@#The ASD Child Adaptive Behavior Scale showed good reliability and validity, and could be used widely.

miR-26a-5p protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating the PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Reperfusion strategies in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) can cause a series of additional clinical damage, defined as myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and thus there is a need for effective therapeutic methods to attenuate I/R injury. miR-26a-5p has been proven to be an essential regulator for biological processes in different cell types. Nevertheless, the role of miR-26a-5p in myocardial I/R injury has not yet been reported. We established an I/R injury model in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, we used cardiomyocytes to simulate I/R injury using hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) assay. In vivo, we used C57BL/6 mice to construct I/R injury model. The infarct area was examined by TTC staining. The level of miR-26a-5p and PTEN was determined by bioinformatics methods, qRT-PCR, and western blot. In addition, the viability and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes were separately detected by MTT and flow cytometry. The targeting relationship between miR-26a-5p and PTEN was analyzed by the TargetScan website and luciferase reporter assay. I/R and H/R treatment induced myocardial tissue injury and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, respectively. The results showed that miR-26a-5p was down-regulated in myocardial I/R injury. PTEN was found to be a direct target of miR-26a-5p. Furthermore, miR-26a-5p effectively improved viability and inhibited apoptosis in cardiomyocytes upon I/R injury by inhibiting PTEN expression to activate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. miR-26a-5p could protect cardiomyocytes against I/R injury by regulating the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway, which offers a potential approach for myocardial I/R injury treatment.

Lung metastases at the initial diagnosis of high-grade osteosarcoma: prevalence, risk factors and prognostic factors. A large population-based cohort study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Osteosarcoma is the most prevalent malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. Lung metastases are associated with poor prognosis. OBJECTIVE: The aim here was to explore the prevalence of and risk and prognostic factors for lung metastases in high-grade osteosarcoma patients. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective cohort study based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database in the United States. METHODS: Data on 1,408 high-grade osteosarcoma patients registered in the SEER database between 2010 and 2015 were extracted. From these, all patients with high-grade osteosarcoma and initial lung metastasis were selected for analysis on risk and prognostic factors for lung metastases. Overall survival was estimated. RESULTS: There were 238 patients (16.90%) with lung metastases at diagnosis. Axial location, tumor size > 10 cm (odds ratio, OR 3.19; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.58-6.45), higher N stage (OR 4.84; 95% CI: 1.94-12.13) and presence of bone metastases (OR 8.73; 95% CI: 4.37-17.48) or brain metastases (OR 25.63; 95% CI: 1.55-422.86) were significantly associated with lung metastases. Younger age and surgical treatment (hazard ratio, HR 0.46; 95% CI: 0.30-0.71) favored survival. Median survival was prolonged through primary tumor surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The factors revealed here may guide lung metastasis screening and prophylactic treatment for osteosarcoma patients. A primary tumor in an axial location, greater primary tumor size, higher lymph node stage and presence of bone or brain metastases were significantly correlated with lung metastases. The elderly group (≥ 60 years) showed significant correlation with poor overall survival. For improved survival among high-grade osteosarcoma patients with lung metastases, aggressive surgery on the primary tumor site should be encouraged.