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Objective:To investigate the risk factors of bone cement leakage after percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF).Methods:A multi-center, large-sample, case-control study was carried out to analyze the clinical data of 2 273 OVCF patients (2 689 vertebrae) undergone PVP at four hospitals between May 2018 and October 2021, including 994 males and 1 279 females, with the age of 52-91 years [(69.1±3.1)years]. Of all, 581 patients (604 vertebrae) were allocated to leakage group and 1 692 patients (2 085 vertebrae) to no leakage group according to the occurrence of bone cement leakage. The gender, age, fracture sites, vertebral compression degree, endplate integrity of fractured vertebrae, surgical segments, surgical approaches and bone cement injection volume were recorded. Univariate analysis was used to investigate the correlation between those indicators with bone cement leakage. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors for bone cement leakage.Results:Univariate analysis showed that gender, age, fracture sites, vertebral compression degree, bone cement injection volume were related to bone cement leakage after PVP ( P<0.05 or 0.01), but no correlation was found in the endplate integrity of fractured vertebrae, surgical segments and surgical approaches (all P>0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that fracture sites ( OR=1.68, 95% CI 1.11-2.55, P<0.05), vertebral compression degree more than 40% ( OR=1.98, 95% CI 1.29-3.02, P<0.01), bone cement injection volume greater than or equal to 5.5 ml ( OR=1.55, 95% CI 1.07-2.26, P<0.05) were significantly associated with bone cement leakage after PVP. Conclusion:Thoracic vertebral fracture, vertebral compression degree more than 40% and bone cement injection volume greater than or equal to 5.5 ml are independent risk factors for bone cement leakage after PVP in OVCF.
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Physical exercise can accompany with risks, such as repeated blows to the head, causing mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), and mTBI will cause continuous cognitive, behavioral and mental problems, bring neurodegeneration and ultimately lead to chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). However, this regular exercise can also be used as a neuroprotective agent against cognitive decline in the brain and affect the plasticity of the brain. Regular exercise can improve the brain learning, memory, recognition and the disease process of CTE by reducing abnormal protein accumulation, promoting neurogenesis, synapse formation, increasing synaptic plasticity and angiogenesis, improving microcirculation, anti-microinflammation and oxidative stress, and promoting mental health. This review analyzes the pathological changes and mechanism of CTE and explore the mechanism of regular exercise in improving neurological function after CTE, so as to provide new ideas for CTE rehabilitation.
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Microglia are the main immune cells of the central nervous system and an important part of neurovascular unit (NVU). Together with endothelial cells, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, astrocytes and neurons, microglia form NVU. They play an important role in maintaining the integrity of blood-brain barrier (BBB), regulating cerebral blood flow (CBF) and maintaining basic brain function. Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia can lead to cerebral circulation disorder, which is related to the occurrence and development of a variety of nervous system diseases. This paper reviews the characteristics and subtypes of microglia, the relations of microglia with brain microinflammation and cerebral microcirculation, and the correlation of microglia with central nervous system diseases.
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Pericytes are a kind of microvascular parietal cells, which constitute neurovascular units together with neurons, astrocytes, microglia, vascular endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells to maintain the basic function of the brain. Pericyte dysfunction can lead to cerebral microcirculation dysfunction, which is related to the occurrence and development of a variety of nervous system diseases. This article reviews the characteristics, identification and subtypes of pericytes, their relations with cerebral microcirculation, and their correlation with central nervous system diseases.
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Objective:To investigate the difference of curative effect between zero-profile bridge-shaped locking cage (ROI-C) and anterior cage combined with titanium plate fixation in the treatment of two-level and three-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy.Methods:A total of 85 patients (43 males and 42 females), aged 52.3±8.0 years (range from 28 to 66 years) with bi- and three-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy who received surgical treatment from June 2017 to October 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 63 cases of two levels and 22 cases of three levels. 45 cases were treated with zero-profile bridge-shaped locking cage ROI-C (ROI-C group), and 40 cases with anterior cage combined with titanium plate fixation (titanium plate group). The main observation indicators include operation time, intraoperative blood loss, cervical Cobb angle, fusion segment Cobb angle, average intervertebral height, pain visual analogue scale (VAS), Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) Score and neck disability index (NDI).Results:All of 85 patients were followed up for 16.9±2.0 months (range 12 to 22 months). The operation time of two-level ROI-C group was 110.37±8.25 min, which was shorter than 139.5±10.54 min of titanium plate group; the intraoperative blood loss was 15.74±8.10 ml, which was less than 23.71±9.70 ml of titanium plate group; the operation time of three-level ROI-C group was 130.00±5.70 min, which was shorter than 162.83±5.59 min of titanium plate group, while the difference in the intraoperative blood loss between the two groups had no statistical significance. One year after operation, Cobb angle of cervical vertebra in double and three-level ROI-C groups were 15.31°±1.55° and 15.20°±0.42°, respectively, which were largerthan 11.23°±2.03° and 9.20°±1.14° before operation; in titanium plate group, they were 15.89°±1.13° and 16.08°±1.88°, which were higher than 11.25°±2.01° and 9.00°±1.60° before operation, and the differences had statistical significance. The differences between the two groups before operation and 1 year after operation had no statistical significance. One year after operation, the VAS scores of double and three-level ROI-C groups were 1.83±0.66 points and 2.60±0.52 points, respectively, which were less than the preoperative 7.49±0.51 points and 7.60±0.52 points; the titanium plate group was 1.79±0.50 points and 2.41±0.51 points, which were less than the preoperative 7.61±0.63 points and 7.42±0.52 points, and the differences had statistical significance. There was no significant difference between the two groups before operation and 1 year after operation. One year after operation, the JOA scores of double and three-level ROI-C groups were 15.00±0.84 points and 14.70±0.95 points, respectively, which were higher than the preoperative 7.20±0.87 points and 6.60±1.27 points; the scores of titanium plate group were 15.29±0.85 points and 14.83±0.58 points, which were higher than the preoperative 6.89±1.03 points and 6.92±0.67 points, and the differences had statistical significance. The differences between the two groups had no statistical significance. The postoperative JOA improvement rate was excellent. Postoperative dysphagia occurred in 1 case (2.22%, 1/45) in ROI-C group and 8 cases (20.00%, 8/40) in titanium plate group, and the difference in the incidence rate between two groups had statistical significance ( χ2=5.32, P=0.02). Conclusion:Both ROI-C and anterior cage combined with titanium plate fixation in the treatment of double and three-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy can achieve good short-term clinical efficacy, with shorter operation time and lower incidence rate of postoperative dysphagia using ROI-C.
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The competitive sports are beneficial to cardiovascular system and brain health. However, physical exercise is accompanied with risks. Severe trauma is possible in competitive sports that may impact on the head and body. In recent years, more interests are aroused in sports-related traumatic brain injury(TBI), especially the mild TBI(mTBI). Repetitive mTBI can cause persistent cognitive, behavioral and mental problems, leading to chronic traumatic encephalopathy(CTE) and eventually resulting in neurodegeneration. In this study, the authors summarize the pathological characteristics and mechanism of CTE induced by mTBI due to competitive exercise so as to reveal the pathogenesis of CTE and provide valuable information for early diagnosis, development of disease biomarkers and explore effective therapeutic targets.
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The pathological process continues to evolve for a long time after acute phase of traumatic brain injury (TBI), often coupling with neurodegeneration and neurodegenerative complications. Microvascular dysfunction and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction caused by neurovascular unit (NVU) dysfunction are closely related to the pathological process of many neurodegenerative diseases. The study on the pathological mechanism of neurovascular unit dysfunction is a promising research field of TBI-related neurodegeneration, and also provides a new idea for the treatment of neurodegeneration after TBI. Therefore, this article mainly reviews these.
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The pathological processes of neurodegeneration and neurodegenerative changes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) are closely related to microglia. The pathophysiological functions of microglia are closely correlated to their different cell subtypes. Disease-related microglia (DAM) are a special subtype of microglia, which recently discover on the lesions of degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. DAM are identified as important cells that induce neurodegeneration. The in-depth discussion of DAM role in pathological mechanism of neurodegeneration after TBI provides new clues for understanding and treating neurodegeneration after TBI; therefore, this article focuses on the above content and summarizes the research progress of DAM and neurodegeneration after TBI.
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Objective To investigate the clinical effect of percutaneous curved vertebroplasty in the treatment of thoracolum?bar osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). Methods All of 85 patients with single thoracolumbar vertebral OVCFs who met the admission criteria from January 2017 to July 2018 were divided into three groups according to the random dig?its table method. They were treated with percutaneous curved vertebroplasty, routine unipedicular PVP and routine bipedicular PVP respectively. There were 25 patients in the percutaneous curved vertebroplasty group, 6 males and 19 females; aged 56-80 years, with an average age of 70.6±9.7 years. Fracture vertebral body distribution:T10 2 cases,T11 4 cases,T12 3 cases, L1 9 cases, L2 3 cases, L3 1 case, L4 1 case and L5 2 cases. There were 32 patients in the routine unipedicular PVP group, 6 males and 26 fe? males; aged 58-75 years, with an average age of 69.5±9.3 years. Fracture vertebral body distribution: T10 2 cases, T11 4 cases, T12 5 cases, L1 11 cases, L2 6 cases, L3 1 case, L4 1 case and L5 2 cases. There were 28 patients in the routine bipedicular PVP group, 5 males and 23 females; aged 59-81 years, with an average age of 69.8±8.8 years. Fracture vertebral body distribution: T10 2 cases, T11 4 cases, T12 4 cases, L1 10 cases, L2 4 cases, L3 1 case, L4 1 case and L5 2 cases. The operation time, injected cement volume, in?traoperative blood loss were recorded and analyzed. Preoperative, postoperative 1 week and 3 months visual analogue scale scores and oswestry disability index were adopted to value the clinical improvements. Preoperative, postoperative 1 week and 3 months relative vertebral height and kyphosis correction, and the cement leakage rate were measured and analyzed. Results There was no significant difference in the data of gender, age, VAS scores, ODI and distribution of fracture vertebrae among the three groups (P>0.05), and the baseline data was comparable. The average VAS score in the percutaneous curved vertebroplasty group was 2.3±0.5 at 1 week after surgery, that of the routine unipedicular PVP group was 2.4±0.4 and that of the routine bipe?dicular PVP group was 2.4±0.4; the average ODI in the percutaneous curved vertebroplasty group was 19.8%±3.9%, that of the routine unipedicular PVP group was 20.0%±4.1% and that of the routine bipedicular PVP group was 19.9%±3.8%; they were lower than the preoperative data, which were statistically significant (P<0.001). The average relative vertebral height in the percutaneous curved vertebroplasty group was 48.99%±9.23% at 3 months after surgery, that of the routine unipedicular PVP group was 47.11%±10.12% and that of the routine bipedicular PVP group was 46.71%±11.16%; the average kyphosis cor?rection in the percutaneous curved vertebroplasty group was 6.21%±1.94%, that of the routine unipedicular PVP group was 5.22%±2.07% and that of the routine bipedicular PVP group was 5.97%±2.09%; there was 1 cement leakage case in the per?cutaneous curved vertebroplasty group; those of the routine unipedicular PVP group were 4 cases and those of the routine bipe?dicular PVP group were 6 cases; there was no significant difference among the three groups (P>0.05). Operation time 39.10± 2.00 min vs 38.70±1.70 min, injected cement volume 3.60±0.11 ml vs 3.50±0.13 ml and blood loss 5.10±0.30 ml vs 5.00±0.40 ml of the percutaneous curved vertebroplasty group and the routine unipedicular PVP group were less than those of the routine bipedicular PVP group, which were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclution Percutaneous curved vertebroplasty could achieve satisfactory clinical outcomes for OVCFs, with advantages of less operation time, less blood loss, limited X?ray expo?sure, less injected cement volume, and more balanced augmentation for stabilization of the affected vertebrae and total verte?bral column.
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Objective To investigate the effects and mechanisms of glutamine (Gln) supplementation on oxidative stress,autophagy response and neurobehavioral outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats.Methods TBI animal models were established using Feeney's method.Eighty SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:sham operation group (group Sham),Sham + glutamine supplementation group (group Sham+ GLN),traumatic brain injury group (group TBI),and TBI + glutamine supplementation group (group TBI+ GLN).We measured rat behavioral outcomes by modified neurologic severity score (mNSS) tests at day 1,3,7 and 14 after TBI.The apoptosis neurons in TBI cerebral cortex were determined by TUNEL staining.The expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was tested by ROS kits.Oxidative stress and autophagy related cytokines (HO-1,NQO1,Nrf2,LC3-Ⅱ and Beclin-1) were tested with Western blotting.Results Compared with the TBI group,the neurological function was improved [(9.79±0.43) vs.(8.43±0.30),F =6.775,P =0.010] and the apoptosis rate decreased (19.88％ ± 1.60％ vs.15.35％ ± 1.28％,P =0.013) in the TBI+ GLN group after 7-day treatment.Compared with the Sham group,the protein expression of ROS increased (P=0.000),and the expression of anti-oxidative stress factors (HO-1,NQO1) and Nrf2 pathway significantly decreased in the TBI group.After glutamine supplementation was given,the expression of ROS decreased and the expressions of HO-1 and NQO1 increased.The Nrf2 pathway and autophagy response also were activated with the expressions of Nrf2,LC3-Ⅱ and Beclin-1 increasing.Conclusion Glutamine supplementation can markedly reduce neuron apoptosis and improve neurological outcomes after TBI,thus has the protective effect on nerves by inhibiting TBI-induced oxidative stress response,activating Nrf2 pathway and autophagy response.
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Objective To establish a preliminary model which can effectively predict the risk for postoperative delirium (POD) in elderly orthopedic patients and verify its effectiveness.Methods This prospective study involved 2 cohorts.For an analysis cohort,the assessment data of 148 elderly orthopedic patients were collected who had been treated at Department of Orthopaedics,the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from June to October 2017.The relevant risk factors for POD (gender,age,BMI,schooling ＜ 9 years,history of smoking and alcohol drinking,concomitant diseases and perioperative factors) were screened after comparing POD and non-POD patients.All the risk factors were analyzed and a predictive model was established after valuation of independent risk factors.A predictive cohort of 66 patients was included according to the same inclusion and exclusion criteria as the analysis cohort out of the patients who had been treated at our hospital from November to December 2017.The 2 cohorts were scored by the predictive model to verify the validity of the model.Results A total of 18 risk factors were identified in this study.In the analysis cohort,age (P =0.006),schooling ＜ 9 years (P =0.043),cerebrovascular disease or mental illness (P =0.004),preoperative albumin (P =0.038) and intraoperative infusion of allogeneic blood (P =0.019) were risk factors for POD.Of them,age (P =0.037),schooling ＜ 9 years (P =0.003) and intraoperative infusion of allogeneic blood (P =0.042) were independent ones.In the predictive model,age ＞ 75 years was assigned 3 points,schooling ＜ 9 years 2 points and intraoperative infusion of allogeneic blood 5 points.The validity of the ROC curve was verified for the predictive model.According to the ROC curve,the analysis cohort had AUC =0.66 and the predictive cohort AUC =0.75,indicating a certain predictive value of the model.Conclusion Our predictive model can be used to effectively screen out those with a high risk for postoperative delirium from elderly orthopedic patients.
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Objective@#To investigate the clinical effect of percutaneous curved vertebroplasty in the treatment of thoracolum-bar osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs).@*Methods@#All of 85 patients with single thoracolumbar vertebral OVCFs who met the admission criteria from January 2017 to July 2018 were divided into three groups according to the random dig-its table method. They were treated with percutaneous curved vertebroplasty, routine unipedicular PVP and routine bipedicular PVP respectively. There were 25 patients in the percutaneous curved vertebroplasty group, 6 males and 19 females; aged 56-80 years, with an average age of 70.6±9.7 years. Fracture vertebral body distribution: T10 2 cases, T11 4 cases, T12 3 cases, L1 9 cases, L2 3 cases, L3 1 case, L4 1 case and L5 2 cases. There were 32 patients in the routine unipedicular PVP group, 6 males and 26 fe-males; aged 58-75 years, with an average age of 69.5±9.3 years. Fracture vertebral body distribution: T10 2 cases, T11 4 cases, T12 5 cases, L1 11 cases, L2 6 cases, L3 1 case, L4 1 case and L5 2 cases. There were 28 patients in the routine bipedicular PVP group, 5 males and 23 females; aged 59-81 years, with an average age of 69.8±8.8 years. Fracture vertebral body distribution: T10 2 cases, T11 4 cases, T12 4 cases, L1 10 cases, L2 4 cases, L3 1 case, L4 1 case and L5 2 cases. The operation time, injected cement volume, in-traoperative blood loss were recorded and analyzed. Preoperative, postoperative 1 week and 3 months visual analogue scale scores and oswestry disability index were adopted to value the clinical improvements. Preoperative, postoperative 1 week and 3 months relative vertebral height and kyphosis correction, and the cement leakage rate were measured and analyzed.@*Results@#There was no significant difference in the data of gender, age, VAS scores, ODI and distribution of fracture vertebrae among the three groups (P>0.05), and the baseline data was comparable. The average VAS score in the percutaneous curved vertebroplasty group was 2.3±0.5 at 1 week after surgery, that of the routine unipedicular PVP group was 2.4±0.4 and that of the routine bipe-dicular PVP group was 2.4±0.4; the average ODI in the percutaneous curved vertebroplasty group was 19.8%±3.9%, that of the routine unipedicular PVP group was 20.0%±4.1% and that of the routine bipedicular PVP group was 19.9%±3.8%; they were lower than the preoperative data, which were statistically significant (P<0.001). The average relative vertebral height in the percutaneous curved vertebroplasty group was 48.99%±9.23% at 3 months after surgery, that of the routine unipedicular PVP group was 47.11%±10.12% and that of the routine bipedicular PVP group was 46.71%±11.16%; the average kyphosis cor-rection in the percutaneous curved vertebroplasty group was 6.21%±1.94%, that of the routine unipedicular PVP group was 5.22%±2.07% and that of the routine bipedicular PVP group was 5.97%±2.09%; there was 1 cement leakage case in the per-cutaneous curved vertebroplasty group; those of the routine unipedicular PVP group were 4 cases and those of the routine bipe-dicular PVP group were 6 cases; there was no significant difference among the three groups (P>0.05). Operation time 39.10±2.00 min vs 38.70±1.70 min, injected cement volume 3.60±0.11 ml vs 3.50±0.13 ml and blood loss 5.10±0.30 ml vs 5.00±0.40 ml of the percutaneous curved vertebroplasty group and the routine unipedicular PVP group were less than those of the routine bipedicular PVP group, which were statistically significant (P<0.05).@*Conclution@#Percutaneous curved vertebroplasty could achieve satisfactory clinical outcomes for OVCFs, with advantages of less operation time, less blood loss, limited X-ray expo-sure, less injected cement volume, and more balanced augmentation for stabilization of the affected vertebrae and total verte-bral column.
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Objective To investigate the protective effect of propofol on neurological function in rats after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and its possible mechanism.Methods A total of 96 SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group,sham operation + propofol group,TBI group and TBI +propofol group,with 24 rats in each group.The TBI model was prepared by modified Feeney method.The sham operation + propofol group and the TBI + propofol group were given 50 mg/kg of propofol once daily.The sham operation group and the TBI group were injected with the same amount of normal saline.Modified neurobehavioral functional scores (mNSS) were evaluated at 1,3,7 and 14 days after injury;dry-wet specific gravity method was used to detect brain water content in injured area;TUNEL staining was used to detect neuronal apoptosis;chemiluminescence was used to detect activity of Oxygen cluster (ROS) content;Western blot was used to determine the expressions of inositol requirement enzyme 1 (IRE-1),enhancer binding protein homolog protein (CHOP),heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1,quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein.Results Compared with the sham operation group and the sham operation + propofol group,the mNSS,brain tissue water content,apoptosis number and ROS increased at 1,3,7 and 14 days after TBI in the TBI group and TBI + propofol group (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with TBI group,mNSS in TBI + propofol group decreased significantly [(9.3 ± 1.4) points ∶ (10.9 ± 1.2) points] 7 days after injury (P ＜ 0.05);the brain tissue water content decreased significantly [(81.0 ± 0.8) ％ ∶ (82.1 ± 0.8) ％] 3 days after injury (P ＜ 0.05);the number of apoptotic cells decreased significantly 7 days after injury [(14.1 ± 1.4) ％ ∶ (15.6 ± 1.6) ％],with the most significant decrease at 14 days after injury [(10.4 ± 1.5) ％ ∶ (13.2 ± 1.4) ％ (P ＜ 0.05);and ROS decreased significantly 7 days after injury [(61.5 ± 4.0) RFU∶ (77.3 ± 5.5) RFU] (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the sham operation group and the sham operation + propofol group,the expressions of IRE-1 and CHOP were significantly up-regulated in the TBI group and the TBI + propofolgroup (P ＜ 0.05);the expressions of HO-1,NQO1 and Nrf2 in the TBI group were significantly decreased (P ＜0.05);the expressions of HO-1 and NQO1 in TBI + propofol group were increased (P ＜0.05) while the expression of Nrf2 were decreased slightly (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the TBI group,the expressions of IRE-1 and CHOP in TBI + propofol group were decreased (P ＜ 0.05),while the expressions of HO-1,NQO1 and Nrf2 were significantly increased (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion After TBI in rats,propofol can reduce oxidative stress by activating the Nrf2-antioxidant element (ARE) pathway,reduce brain edema,and inhibit neuronal apoptosis,thus playing a neuro-protective role.
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Objective@#To investigate the protective effect of propofol on neurological function in rats after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and its possible mechanism.@*Methods@#A total of 96 SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, sham operation+ propofol group, TBI group and TBI + propofol group, with 24 rats in each group. The TBI model was prepared by modified Feeney method. The sham operation+ propofol group and the TBI+ propofol group were given 50 mg/kg of propofol once daily. The sham operation group and the TBI group were injected with the same amount of normal saline. Modified neurobehavioral functional scores (mNSS) were evaluated at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after injury; dry-wet specific gravity method was used to detect brain water content in injured area; TUNEL staining was used to detect neuronal apoptosis; chemiluminescence was used to detect activity of Oxygen cluster (ROS) content; Western blot was used to determine the expressions of inositol requirement enzyme 1 (IRE-1), enhancer binding protein homolog protein (CHOP), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein.@*Results@#Compared with the sham operation group and the sham operation + propofol group, the mNSS, brain tissue water content, apoptosis number and ROS increased at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after TBI in the TBI group and TBI + propofol group (P<0.05). Compared with TBI group, mNSS in TBI+ propofol group decreased significantly [(9.3±1.4)points ∶(10.9±1.2)points] 7 days after injury (P<0.05); the brain tissue water content decreased significantly [(81.0±0.8)%∶(82.1±0.8)%] 3 days after injury (P<0.05); the number of apoptotic cells decreased significantly 7 days after injury[(14.1±1.4)%∶(15.6±1.6)%], with the most significant decrease at 14 days after injury [( 10.4±1.5)%∶(13.2±1.4)% (P<0.05); and ROS decreased significantly 7 days after injury [(61.5±4.0)RFU∶(77.3±5.5)RFU](P<0.05). Compared with the sham operation group and the sham operation+ propofol group, the expressions of IRE-1 and CHOP were significantly up-regulated in the TBI group and the TBI+ propofol group (P<0.05); the expressions of HO-1, NQO1 and Nrf2 in the TBI group were significantly decreased (P<0.05); the expressions of HO-1 and NQO1 in TBI+ propofol group were increased (P<0.05) while the expression of Nrf2 were decreased slightly (P<0.05). Compared with the TBI group, the expressions of IRE-1 and CHOP in TBI+ propofol group were decreased (P<0.05), while the expressions of HO-1, NQO1 and Nrf2 were significantly increased (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#After TBI in rats, propofol can reduce oxidative stress by activating the Nrf2-antioxidant element (ARE) pathway, reduce brain edema, and inhibit neuronal apoptosis, thus playing a neuro-protective role.
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Membrane creates the functions of protection, supporting, dispersion and separation. More functions can be designed by modifying membrane surface and grafting/loading selective ligands or catalysts on the membrane, thus membrane technology has been widely applied in biological detection, and its application approaches becomes diverse. Rational design of functional membranes can meet the demands in different steps of biological detection process, including sample pretreatment, preparation, response and sensing. This review summarized the functionalization methods of filtration membranes, applications of membrane technology in sample preparation and detection process, as well as the research on the integration of functional membranes. By revisiting the research progress on functional membrane design, preparation and applications for biological detection, it is expected to take better advantage of membrane materials structure and performance for constructing efficient and stable detection platform, which is more "adapted" to the detection environment.
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Membranes, ArtificialABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effect of endoplasmic reticulum stress on sensitivity of glioma cell line U87 to temozolomide (TMZ) and underlying mechanism.Methods (1) Glioma U87 cells were routinely cultured for 24 h in vitro;different concentrations of TMZ (0,12.5,25,50,100 μmol/L) were added to intervene the cell proliferation of U87 cells for 24 h;MTT method was used to detect the cellular proliferation inhibition rate,and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of TMZ was calculated;tunicamycin (TM) treatment (0,2,4,8 μmol/L) was given to the cells for 6 h,and then,50 μmol/L TMZ was given for 24 h,and cellular proliferation inhibition rate of U87 was detect by MTT method.(2) U87 cells were randomly divided into control group,TM group,TMZ group and TM+TMZ group;pretreatment of TM for 6 h was given to cells from TM group and TM+TMZ group;and 50 μmol/L TMZ was given to cells from TMZ group and TM+TMZ group;same amount of medium was given to cells from control group;24 h after treatment,the apoptotic rate was examined by flow cytometry;Westem blotting was used to detect the protein expressions of caspase-3,B-cell lymphoma 2 associated X protein (Bax),O-6-methlguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT),glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78),and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE-l).Results (1) MTT showed that IC50 of TMZ was 50 μmol/L.As compared with that of 0 μmol/L TM+50 μmol/L TMZ group or 2 μmol/L TM+50 μmol/L TMZ group,the cellular proliferation inhibition rate of 4 μmol/L TM+50 μmol/L TMZ group and 8 μmol/L TM+50 μmol/L TMZ group was significantly decreased (P＜0.05).(2) As compared with TMZ group,TM+TMZ group had significantly decreased apoptotic rate (46.98％±4.79％ vs.35.74％ ±4.09％),significantly decreased caspase-3 and Bax protein expressions,and significantly increased MGMT,GRP78 and IRE-1 protein expressions (P＜0.05).Conclusion Endoplasmic reticulum stress can increase the resistance gene MGMT expression,decrease the chemotherapy sensitivity to TMZ,and induce chemoresistance ofglioma cell line U87.
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Objective To investigate the effect ofeicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on sensitivity of glioma cell line U87 to temozolomide (TMZ) and its underlying mechanism.Methods (1) U87 cells were routinely cultured in vitro,and 0,25,50,100 and 200 μmol/L EPA was given to these cells for 12,24,and 48 h;MTT assay was used to detect the cell viability.(2) U87 cells were randomly divided into control group,EPA group,TMZ group and EPA+TMZ group (concentrations of EPA and TMZ were 25 and 100 mol/L;EPA pretreatment for 12,24 and 48 h was given;TMZ was given for 24 h);MTT assay was used to evaluate the inhibition ratio of cell proliferation.(3) U87 cells were randomly divided into control group Ⅰ,EPA group Ⅰ,TMZ group Ⅰ and EPA+TMZ group Ⅰ (concentrations of EPA and TMZ were 25 and 100 mol/L;EPA pretreatment for 6 h was given;TMZ was given for 24 h);the apoptotic ratio was examined by fiow eytometry (FCM);Western blotting was used to detect the protein expressions ofcleavedcaspase-3,Bax,O-6-methlguanine-DNAmethyltransferase (MGMT),nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway related protein p65,and NF-κB inhibitor IKBα;immunofluorescent staining was employed to detect the MGMT and NF-κB p65 expressions;methylated specific PCR (MSP)was used to detect the MGMT gene promoter methylation.Results (1) The 50,100 and 200 μmol/L EPA caused concentration-dependent and time-dependent proliferation inhibition of U87 cells.(2) The inhibition ratio of cell proliferation in EPA+TMZ group was significantly higher as compared with that in the TMZ group (P＜0.05).(3) As compared with that in the TMZ group Ⅰ (34.58％±4.35％),the apoptotic ratio of U87 cells in the EPA+TMZ group Ⅰ was significantly increased (53.28％±5.05％,P＜0.05);Western blotting showed that as compared with those in TMZ group Ⅰ,the protein expressions of activated caspase-3,Bax and IKBα were significantly increased,and MGMT and NF-κB p65 protein expressions were significantly decreased in EPA+TMZ group Ⅰ (P＜0.05);immunofluorescent staining indicated that the MGMT and NF-κB p65 protein expressions in EPA+TMZ group Ⅰ were significantly lower than those in TMZ group Ⅰ (P＜0.05);the MGMT gene promoter methylaion in EPA+TMZ group Ⅰ was higher than that in TMZ group Ⅰ.Conclusion EPA enhances the sensitivity of glioma cell line U87 to TMZ,which may inhibit the MGMT expression by NF-κB dependent pathway.
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Objective To investigate the effects of enteral immunonutrition supplemented with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) on inflammatory response,intestinal mucosal barrier function and the prognosis in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI).Methods 122 patients of sTBI hospitalized between January 2015 and December 2016 were randomly divided into experimental group (ω-3 PUFA,n=61) and control group (n =61).The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),interleukin (IL)-6 and neuron specific enolase (NSE) were tested with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Meanwhile,D-lactate acid and intestinal fat acid binding protein (I-FABP) were evaluated by enzymology spectrophotometer method.After 14 days of treatment,the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores,Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) Ⅱ scores and prognoses of both groups were compared.Results The serum levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-6),intestinal mucosal barrier function indicators (D-lactate acid and I-FABP) and NSE proteins significantly increased after sTBI (P =0.01).Compared with the control group,the experimental group on day 3 had significantly lower serum levels of inflammatory factors [TNF-α:(107.77± 19.79) μg/Lvs.(151.76±21.65) μg/L,P=0.01;IL-6:(76.85±7.15) μg/Lvs.(105.27±10.12) μg/L,P=0.01] and intestinal mucosal barrier function indicators [D-lactate:(69.81 ±6.32) μg/L vs.(89.80± 8.75) μg/L,P=0.03;I-FABP:(40.81±6.73) μg/Lvs.(56.60±8.58) μg/L,P=0.01].On day 7,the experimental group had significantly lower expression of NSE proteins than the control group [(13.63± 2.53) μg/L vs.(19.12±3.00) μg/L,P=0.02].The experimental group received better prognosis compared to the control group on day 14 [GCS scores:(9.74±0.76) vs.(8.44±0.53),P=0.04;APACHE Ⅱ scores:(14.67±1.37) vs.(17.53±1.47),P=0.03].The experimental group also had fewer days in hospitalization [(19.37±2.27) d vs.(25.42±2.61) d,P=0.01].Conclusion Enteral immunonutrition supplemented with ω-3 PUFA can effectively regulate the inflammatory response,and reduce impairment to the intestinal mucosal barrier function and damage to neurons in patients with sTBI.
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Objective@#To investigate the changes of brain gray matter volume in patients with occupational noise-induced hearing loss by voxel based morphometry (VBM) .@*Methods@#16 age-and education-matched healthy controls and 42 patients with occupational noise induced hearing loss, including 27 in mild group and 15 in severe group, received MRI 3D-FSPGR sequence T1WI sagittal scan, and then underwent VBM of brain gray matter volume data analysis.@*Results@#The brain gray matter volume of the left occipitotemporal lateral gyrus, the anterior cingulate gyrus, the bilateral angular gyrus, the precuneus and the near midline area of cerebellum differed between experimental group and control group (P<0.01) .@*Conclusion@#The volume of gray matter in specific brain areas of patients with occupational noise-induced hearing loss was changed, and the effect of noise on brain structure was revealed from the perspective of imaging.
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Objective To investigate the effects of enteral immunonutrition supplemented with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) on the incidences and severity of ventilator associated pneumonia com- plications, inflammatory response, and the prognosis in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) un-dergoing ventilator therapy. Methods From January 2015 to June 2017, 64 patients of sTBI were selected and randomly divided into experimental group (ω-3 PUFA, n=32) and control group (n=32). White blood cells (WBC) and the proportion of neutrophils (N%) were evaluated by cell analyzer. Meanwhile, the serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) were tested with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. After 14-days treatment, the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score, APACHE Ⅱ score, clinical pulmonary infec-tion score (CPIS), pulmonary function and prognoses were also compared between the two groups. Results As compared with the control group, the experimental group had lower incidences of ventilator associated pneumonia (66% vs. 56%, P=0. 048), reduced degree of lung infection and lower CPIS (8. 25±0. 60 vs. 7. 47±0. 53); higher lung function indexes [FVC: (2. 89±0. 19) L vs. (3. 46±0. 22) L, P=0. 010;FEV1: (2. 35±0. 16) L vs. (2. 84±0. 24) L, P=0. 040; FEV1/FVC %: (49. 11±3. 34)% vs. (56. 00± 2. 64)%, P=0. 038) ]; lower serum levels of inflammatory responses [WBC: (11. 83±0. 74) ×109/L vs. (9. 51±0. 90) ×109/L, P=0. 029; N%: (79. 11±1. 51)% vs. (72. 71±1. 16)%, P=0. 041; CRP:(85. 15±8. 42) mg/L vs. (63. 96±5. 72) mg/L, P=0. 001; PCT: (6. 43±0. 47) μg/L vs. (4. 83±0. 39) μg/L, P=0. 013] 14 days after enteral immunonutrition supplemented with ω-3 PUFA. As compared with the control group, the experimental group received better prognosis with GCS scores increasing ( 8. 69 ± 0. 41 vs. 9. 52±0. 59, P=0. 038), APACHE Ⅱ scores decreasing (14. 74±1. 01 vs. 12. 68±0. 89, P=0. 049), the time of mechanical ventilation [ (13. 23±1. 17) d vs. (10. 88±1. 24) d, P=0. 024] and the hospitalization days [ (23. 29±2. 45) d vs. (18. 42±1. 96) d, P=0. 012] reduced on the 14th day, mechanical ventilation withdraw rate within 14 days increasing [24/32 (75%) vs. 27/32 (84%), P=0. 030] on the 14th day. Conclusion Enteral immunonutrition supplemented with ω-3 PUFA can effectively reduce the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia, alleviate the degree of infection and the inflammatory response in patients with sTBI undergoing ventilator therapy possibly improving condition and prognosis, which is worthy of being widely used.