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1.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-928090

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the mechanism of baicalin on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)/interferon γ(IFN-γ)-induced inflammatory microglia based on the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2(TREM2)/Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear factor kappaB(NF-κB) pathway. Specifically, LPS and IFN-γ were used to induce inflammation in mouse microglia BV2 cells. Then the normal group, model group, low-dose(5 μmol·L~(-1)) baicalin group, medium-dose(10 μmol·L~(-1)) baicalin group, high-dose(20 μmol·L~(-1)) baicalin group, and minocycline(10 μmol·L~(-1)) group were designed. Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay and cell morphology was observed under bright field. The expression of interleukin-1β(IL-1β), interleukin-4(IL-4), inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS), interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-10(IL-10), and arginase-1(Arg-1) mRNA was detected by real-time quantitative PCR, the protein expression of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), IL-1β, TREM2, TLR4, inhibitor kappaB-alpha(IκBα), p-IκBα, NF-κB p65 and p-NF-κB p65 by Western blot, and transfer of NF-κB p65 from cytoplasm to nucleus by cellular immunofluorescence. Compared with the normal group, most of the BV2 cells in the model group tended to demonstrate the pro-inflammatory M1 amoeba morphology, and the model group showed significant increase in the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and iNOS, decrease in the mRNA levels of IL-4, IL-10, and Arg-1(P<0.01), rise of the protein expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, TLR4, p-IκBα, and p-NF-κB p65(P<0.01), reduction in TREM2 protein expression, and increase in the expression of NF-κB p65 in nucleus. Compared with the model group, baicalin groups and minocycline group showed the recovery of BV2 cell morphology, significant decrease in the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and iNOS, increase in the mRNA levels of IL-4, IL-10, and Arg-1(P<0.01), reduction in the protein expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, TLR4, p-IκBα, and p-NF-κB p65(P<0.05), rise of TREM2 protein expression, and decrease in the expression of NF-κB p65 in nucleus. In summary, these results suggest that baicalin can regulate the imbalance between TREM2 and TLR4 of microglia and inhibit the activation of downstream NF-κB, thus promoting the polarization of microglia from pro-inflammatory phenotype to anti-inflammatory phenotype.


Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Flavonoids , Inflammation/genetics , Interferon-gamma , Lipopolysaccharides/adverse effects , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
2.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-906044

ABSTRACT

Objective:To investigate the neuroprotective effect of Danggui Shaoyaosan (DSS) in a rat model of amyloid-<italic>β</italic>-peptide<sub>1-42</sub> (A<italic>β</italic><sub>1-42</sub>)-induced Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as its regulatory effect on NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease-1 (Caspase-1) signaling pathway. Method:The AD animal model was established via intracerebral injection of A<italic>β</italic><sub>1-42</sub> and treated with different concentrations of DSS after the division of rats into the sham operation group, model group, as well as the high-, medium-, and low-dose DSS groups. Morris water maze test was conducted to determine the learning and memory abilities of rats. The morphology and function of neurons were detected by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Golgi staining, followed by immunofluorescence co-localization of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The mRNA expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1<italic>β</italic> and IL-18 were measured by Real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR), and the protein expression levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1, and IL-1<italic>β </italic>were assayed by Western blot. Result:Compared with the sham operation group, the model group exhibited significantly decreased learning and memory abilities (<italic>P</italic><0.01), impaired neuronal morphology and function, up-regulated IL-1<italic>β</italic> and IL-18 mRNA expression, enhanced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and elevated NLRP3, Caspase-1, and IL-1<italic>β</italic> protein expression (<italic>P</italic><0.01). Compared with the model group, DSS at both medium and high doses remarkably improved the learning and memory abilities of AD rats (<italic>P</italic><0.05, <italic>P</italic><0.01), restored neuronal morphology and function, down-regulated the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors IL-1<italic>β</italic> and IL-18, reduced the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes, and lowered the protein expression levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1, and IL-1<italic>β</italic> (<italic>P</italic><0.01). Conclusion:DSS inhibits inflammasome activation and neuroinflammatory response possibly by regulating the NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathway, thus exerting the neuroprotective effect.

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