ABSTRACT
Objective:To establish a method for determination of iodine in salt by arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry.Methods:The content of iodine in salt was detected by arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry with an automatic iodine analyzer. The standard curve linearity, detection limit, precision and accuracy of the method were evaluated. The iodine content of 20 edible salt samples was detected by the newly established method and direct titration, and the results were compared.Results:In the range of 0 - 150 μg/L standard curve, the correlation coefficient ( r) = - 0.999 9, and the detection limit was 1.4 mg/kg. The average iodine contents of iodine composition analysis standard materials GBW10006z and GBW10007z were 12.2 and 22.8 mg/kg ( n = 6), respectively, which were all within the given standard value ranges, and the relative standard deviations ( RSD) were 2.04% and 2.33%, respectively. Iodine composition analysis standard materials GBW10006b, GBW10007b, GBW10006v, GBW10007v, GBW10006z and GBW10007z measurement results (12.0, 24.6, 12.6, 22.8, 12.3, 23.2 mg/kg, n = 2) were all within the given standard value ranges, with good quality control. The iodine content of 20 edible salt samples was detected by arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry and direct titration, respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant ( t = 1.99, P = 0.060). Conclusion:Arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry has the characteristics of good linear relationship, low detection limit, good precision and high accuracy in determination of salt iodine content, which is suitable for popularization and application.
ABSTRACT
Objective:By analyzing visually field of standardized residency training from 2008 to 2018, and exploring the field research hotspots and the frontier trend, to provide direction and reference for the field of standardized residency training in our country.Methods:Using CiteSpace visualized analysis software as a research tool, a statistical analysis was conducted on 1 120 pieces of literature in the field of standardized residency training retrieved from the core database of Web of Science.Results:The research strength of standardized residency training was mainly concentrated in the United States, with a total output of 697 papers, accounting for 62.23% of the total number of articles published in the past decade. High yield author Gillespie C published 8 papers, and highly cited author Aggarwal R's paper was cited 54 times. Acad Med, a highly cited journal, was cited the most frequently, with 470 citations in past 10 years. High frequency key words were "resident", "education", "performance", etc. Mutators included "system", "older adult", "operating room", and so on.Conclusion:The research hotspots in the field of standardized residency training in recent ten years include the teaching of residents, the assessment of clinical ability of residents, the standardized patients, etc. Frontier trends focus on resident self-assessment system, surgical training, resident professional core competences, etc.
ABSTRACT
Acupuncture regulating gastrointestinal motility has the characteristics of bidirectional benign regulation, acupoint specificity and immediacy. And its regulation is mainly achieved through the "neuro-endocrine-immune" network system. Acupuncture at Neiguan (PC 6) and Hegu (LI 4) to inhibit intestinal peristalsis may have good application value in colonoscopy.
Subject(s)
Acupuncture Points , Acupuncture Therapy , Colonoscopy , Gastrointestinal Motility , PeristalsisABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Rb1 on the release of inflammatory factors of human myeloid leukemia monocytes （THP-1） induced by lipopolysaccharide （LPS） and their protective effects on the inflammatory injury of intestinal epithelial cells （Caco-2） induced by THP-1 cell activation based on the co-culture system of THP-1 and Caco-2. MethodFirstly，the microfluidic chip of co-culture of THP-1 and Caco-2 cells was prepared. In the experiment， a blank group， an LPS group， and drug intervention groups were set up.The cells in the blank group were cultured conventionally. In the LPS group，LPS （1 mg·L-1） was added to the lower THP-1 cells after the upper Caco-2 cells formed a monolayer barrier. On the basis of the LPS group， 33 mg·L-1 ginsenoside Rg1 and 33 mg·L-1 ginsenoside Rb1 were added to THP-1 cells respectively. After the co-culture of THP-1 cells and Caco-2 cells for 24 hours， the fluorescein isothiocyanate （FITC）-Dextran fluorescence value in the lower chip channel was detected by FITC-Dextran tracer method. A blank group， an LPS group，and drug intervention groups were set up in the THP-1 cell experiment. THP-1 cells in the blank group were cultured conventionally. In the LPS group， LPS （1 mg·L-1） was added to THP-1 cells.Ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Rb1 of the corresponding doses （11，33，100 mg·L-1） were added to the drug intervention groups respectively on the basis of the LSP group. After 24 hours of cell culture， the activity of THP-1 cells was detected by cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8）. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was used to detect the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 （IL-6）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， and tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α of THP-1 cells. A blank group， an LPS group， and drug intervention groups were set up in the Caco-2 cell experiment. Caco-2 cells in the blank group were cultured conventionally， and in other groups， the corresponding cell supernatant in the second part of the THP-1 cell experiment was employed in Caco-2 cells. After 24 hours of cell culture，the activity of Caco-2 cells was detected by CCK-8. Real-time PCR was used to detect the expression of IL-6，interleukin-8 （IL-8）， TNF-α， and Occludin of Caco-2 cells. The expression of tight junction protein Occludin in Caco-2 cells was detected by Western blot. ResultBoth ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Rb1 could effectively protect LPS-induced intestinal epithelial barrier permeability in the co-culture system of THP-1 and Caco-2 cells （P<0.01）. Ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 antagonized LPS-induced increased expression of IL-6，IL-1β， and TNF-α in THP-1 cells （P<0.05）. When the supernatant of THP-1 cells treated with ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 was co-cultured with Caco-2 cells， the expression of IL-6，IL-8， and TNF-α in Caco-2 cells was significantly reduced （P<0.01）， and the expression of tight junction protein Occludin was up-regulated. ConclusionIn the co-culture system of THP-1 and Caco-2 cells simulating the intestinal epithelial barrier function in vitro，ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 play a protective role against LPS-induced intestinal epithelial barrier injury by regulating the release of inflammatory cytokines by THP-1 cells， thereby regulating the inflammatory response and cell barrier integrity of Caco-2 cells.
ABSTRACT
By referring to the relevant ancient herbal literature， medical records and prescription books， the textual research of Violae Herba has been conducted to verify the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation and processing method changes. The results showed that the name of Zihua Diding originated from its flower color and plant morphological characteristics. The primitive plant of Violae Herba is Viola genus of Violaceae， V. yedoensis， as stipulated in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， has been the mainstream in past dynasties of China. Violae Herba is mainly wild， and it is widely distributed throughout the country. Since modern times， the quality of Violae Herba is better with integrity， green color and yellow root. There are few records on the harvesting and processing methods of Violae Herba in ancient times， most of which are directly used after drying. It is suggested that the collection and processing methods of Violae Herba in the famous classical formulas can be implemented in accordance with the provisions of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
ABSTRACT
Objective: In order to find out the prevalence and death of pneumoconiosis in Qingyuan City, to explore the regularity of pneumoconiosis and lay a foundation for the prevention and management of pneumoconiosis. Methods: In August to December 2019, the basic data of pneumoconiosis from 1949 to 2018 were obtained through the monitoring of death causes of residents, occupational disease management system, Guangdong population information system and other means. The reported cases of pneumoconiosis were followed up, and retrospective investigation was conducted to analyze the basic conditions, the length of service exposed to dust, the time of diagnosis, the type of disease, the stage and the combined status of tuberculosis of pneumoconiosis cases. Results: From 1949 to 2018, a total of 466 cases of new pneumoconiosis were reported in Qingyuan City, including 325 cases of death (69.74%) , 114 cases of survival (24.46%) and 27 cases of loss of follow-up (5.80%) . The cases were mainly concentrated in the age group of 40-89 years (80.04%, 373/466) . There were 411 male cases (88.20%) and 7 female cases (1.50%) . The median length of service exposed to dust was 10.7 (6.0, 16.0) years. The diagnosis time of pneumoconiosis cases was mainly from 1949 to 1986 (68.67%, 320/466) , and the death cases were mainly from 1949 to 1986 (82.77%, 269/325) . Silicosis was the main type of pneumoconiosis (398 cases, 85.41%) . 200 cases (42.92%) were diagnosed as stage I pneumoconiosis, 185 cases (39.69%) were stage II pneumoconiosis, 81 cases (17.38%) were stage III pneumoconiosis at the first diagnosis. 102 cases (21.89%) were pneumoconiosis with tuberculosis. The proportion of death and lost follow-up cases diagnosed as stage I pneumoconiosis for the first time was significantly lower than that of survival cases, and the proportion diagnosed as stage II pneumoconiosis and the complication rate of tuberculosis were significantly higher than those of survival cases (χ(2)=15.48, 11.29, 32.73, P<0.001) . Conclusion: Pneumoconiosis in Qingyuan City is mainly silicosis. The number of new cases has been increasing in the past decade, and the prevention and control situation is still severe. The comprehensive prevention and treatment of silica dust should be included in the focus of supervision of government functional departments.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , China/epidemiology , Dust , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology , Pneumoconiosis/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Silicosis/epidemiologyABSTRACT
To investigate the efficacy and safety of modified endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy (ERAT) in children with acute uncomplicated appendicitis complicated with intussusception. Data of 6 patients with acute uncomplicated appendicitis complicated with intussusception who received modified ERAT were collected from October 2018 to February 2020 in Pediatrics Department of Tangdu Hospital. The reduction rate of intussusception, the success rate of ERAT appendiceal intubation and endoscopic treatment, the remission time of clinical symptoms, the time of white blood cells return to normal, the length of hospital stay, complications and recurrence were summarized. All the 6 patients were confirmed to be acute uncomplicated appendicitis combined with ileocecal intussusceptions under colonoscopy. Endoscopic intussusception reduction and ERAT were performed successfully. The mean time of disappearance of abdominal tenderness was 1.3 days after the therapy, and the time of white blood cells return to normal was 1 day after surgery. The endoscopic treatment were all successful and the length of hospital stay was 3-6 days. No complications or recurrence of intussusception and appendicitis occurred during the follow-up period of 6-12 months. Modified ERAT can effectively, safely and minimally invitingly treat acute uncomplicated appendicitis with intussusception in children on the basis of definite diagnosis.
ABSTRACT
This study establishes a quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS) method for the simultaneous determination of gallic acid, sodium danshensu, protocatechuic acid, protocatechuic aldehyde, vanillin, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, eugenol, cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA in Guanxinshutong capsules (Bambusae Concretio Silicea, Salvia miltiorrhiza, clove, borneol, Bambusae Concretio Silicea) by HPLC. Sample was loaded onto an Agilent C18 (ZORBAX Extend-RP C18, 250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column and eluted with methanol-0.4% aqueous formic acid solution as a flow phase gradient, flow speed 1.0 mL·min-1, detection wavelength 280 nm, column temperature 35 ℃ and sample intake of 5 µL. Using protocatechuic acid as the internal reference, a relative correction factor was calculated and the durability was investigated, and the content of 10 components was calculated by QAMS and external standard method (ESM). The results show that the specificity, linear relationship, precision, repeatability, and stability of the 10 components were good. The average recovery was 98.20%-103.47% and RSD was 1.26%-2.84%. The relative positive factors and contents of the other nine components were calculated as gallic acid (0.759, 227.381), sodium tanshinol (3.630, 3.283), protocatechualdehyde (0.185, 0.150), vanillin (0.532, 65.213), rosmarinic acid (4.240, 1.035), salvianolic acid B (3.245, 18.204), eugenol (1.729, 9.265), cryptotanshinone (0.691, 1.449), and tanshinone ⅡA (0.702, 1.939). The results of QAMS were consistent with ESM analysis, and the relative error was between -3% and 3%. This method is stable and reliable, and can be used for the determination of 10 components in Guanxinshutong capsules.
ABSTRACT
Dental stem cells (DSCs), an important source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), can be easily obtained by minimally invasive procedures and have been used for the treatment of various diseases. Classic paradigm attributed the mechanism of their therapeutic action to direct cell differentiation after targeted migration, while contemporary insights into indirect paracrine effect opened new avenues for the mystery of their actual low engraftment and differentiation ability in vivo. As critical paracrine effectors, DSC-derived extracellular vesicles (DSC-EVs) are being increasingly linked to the positive effects of DSCs by an evolving body of in vivo studies. Carrying bioactive contents and presenting therapeutic potential in certain diseases, DSC-EVs have been introduced as promising treatments. Here, we systematically review the latest in vivo evidence that supports the therapeutic effects of DSC-EVs with mechanistic studies. In addition, current challenges and future directions for the clinical translation of DSC-EVs are also highlighted to call for more attentions to the (I) distinguishing features of DSC-EVs compared with other types of MSC-EVs, (II) heterogeneity among different subtypes of DSC-derived EVs, (III) action modes of DSC-EVs, (IV) standardization for eligible DSC-EVs and (V) safety guarantee for the clinical application of DSC-EVs. The present review would provide valuable insights into the emerging opportunities of DSC-EVs in future clinical applications.
Subject(s)
Cell Differentiation , Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism , Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation/methods , Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolismABSTRACT
Physiological parameter monitoring is essential to medical staff to evaluate, diagnose and treat patients in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Monitoring in NICU includes basic vital signal monitoring and functional monitoring. Basic vital signal monitoring (including ECG, respiration, SpO2, blood pressure, temperature) is advanced and focus on study of usability, continuity and anti-interference. Functional monitoring (including respiratory function, circulatory function, cerebral function) still focus on study of monitoring precision and reliability. Meanwhile, video monitoring and artifact intelligence have presented well performance on improving monitoring precision and anti-interference. In this article, the main parameters and relevant measurement technology for monitoring critical neonates were described.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal , Monitoring, Physiologic , Reproducibility of Results , Respiration , Technology , Vital SignsABSTRACT
Polymer hydrophilic lubricating coatings for medical catheters refer to highly hydrophilic coating films fixed on the surface of catheters with binding force, which can reduce the surface friction with human tissues during the use of interventional catheters, improve the patient comfort of and effectively reduce the incidence of infection. Based on the development process of medical catheter coating, this review summarizes recent advances in the field of polymer hydrophilic lubricating coatings for medical catheters from types of hydrophilic coating polymer, development of coating technology and establishment of coating performance evaluation method. Main problems in this field are analyzed and development trends in the future are prospected.
Subject(s)
Catheters , Humans , Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions , PolymersABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#The patient monitors were used to explore the alarm fatigue in a cardiac care unit and to investigate the awareness and reaction of nurse to alarms.@*METHODS@#A semi-structured survey was taken to acquire nurses' feeling and knowledge about monitoring alarm. Three full-time researchers were scheduled to track the alarms with annotations, and analyze the alarm data of 12 patient monitors using central monitoring system.@*RESULTS@#A total of 72 310 unique alarms occurred in the 67-day study period. About 75.7% of them were physiological alarms and less than 10% of medium-low alarms were false positives. The average alarm rate was 128 alarms/patient-day.@*CONCLUSIONS@#There remains alarm fatigue in CCU, the alarm accuracy has improved than the past by applying new technologies. In some cases, clinicians will pay more attention to trend alarm and combination alarm.
Subject(s)
Arrhythmias, Cardiac , Clinical Alarms , Electrocardiography , Humans , Monitoring, Physiologic , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To discuss the clinical effect of antibiotic bone cement in the treatment of infectious wound of lower extremity.@*METHODS@#From January 2016 to January 2019, 28 patients who had infection wounds of lower extremity were treated by antibiotic bone cement, including 21 males and 7 females with age of 34 to 76 (53.8±16.5) years old. The wound area after the initial debridement was 4 cm×3 cm to 12 cm×8 cm. All patients were treated with the antibiotic bone cement, when infection was controlled and fresh granulation tissue grew on the wound surface, local sutures or skin grafts were performed. The changes of white blood cell (WBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR), C reactive protein(CRP) and positive rate of bacterial culture of wound secretions were recorded andcompared before and after 2 weeks of the operation. The healing time, recurrence rate and complications of fresh granulation on wound surface were calculated.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up for 3 to 6(4.3±1.2) months. After the recurrence of diabetic foot wound infection, 3 patients presented different degree of rupture, and the remaining patients had good wound healing. No serious complications such as aggravation of infection and amputation occurred. The WBC, ESR and CRP of the patients were decreased significantly after operation compared with that before operation (9.1±1.2)×109/L vs. (11.4±2.2)×109/L, (23.5±7.6) mm/ h vs. (57.1±14.9) mg/L, (44.2±13.1) mg/L vs. (89.2±26.7) mg/L (@*CONCLUSION@#The antibiotic bone cement can control infection of lower extremity wound effectively, promote the growth of fresh granulation tissue and wound healing.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Bone Cements/therapeutic use , Debridement , Female , Humans , Lower Extremity/surgery , Male , Middle Aged , Skin Transplantation , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Objective:To analyze recent economic evaluation studies of low-dose CT screening for lung cancer in order to provide recommendations for such economic evaluation in China. Methods:A systematic search and analysis was conducted to identify articles on low-dose CT screening for lung cancer published from 2015 to 2019. Results:According to the literature inclusion criteria， 15 studies were included. Most of the studies were conducted in Europe， the United States and other developed countries. The majority adopted model simulation approaches. Low-dose CT screening was suggested to be cost-effective compared with no-screening or chest radiography for lung cancer in 13 studies. Only 2 studies showed no cost-effectiveness. Conclusion:The latest evidence of economic evaluation shows that low-dose CT screening for lung cancer is cost-effective and has a more consistent result than previous reviews. Methodologically， use of microsimulation models is increasing for better economic evaluation at the individual level. However， evidence from developing countries is still insufficient. It is necessary to conduct economic evaluation in combination with the domestic practice of lung cancer screening and localized data．
ABSTRACT
Arteriosclerosis is the leading cause of stroke, with a fatality rate surpassing that of ischemic heart disease. High-resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging is generally recognized as a non-invasive and panoramic method for the evaluation of arterial plaque; however, this method requires improved signal-tonoise ratio and scanning speed. Recent advances in high-density head and neck coil arrays are characterized by broad coverage, multiple channels, and closefitting designs. This review analyzes fast magnetic resonance imaging from the perspective of accelerated algorithms for vessel wall imaging and demonstrates the need for effective algorithms for signal acquisition using advanced radiofrequency system. We summarize different phased-array structures under various experimental objectives and equipment conditions, introduce current research results, and propose prospective research studies in the future.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To examine the ultrasonographic and clinical features of post-menopausal struma ovarii(PMOS).Methods:Clinical presentations and transvaginal sonography(TVS)data of 7 PMOS patients diagnosed during surgery were retrospectively analyzed and compared with histopathological results.Results:The ages of 7 patients ranged from 52 to 77 years(60.1±8.0 years, median age: 59 years, natural menopause age: 49.9±1.8 years). Ultrasound imaging data showed all adnexal masses were unilateral(1 on the left side, 6 on the right side). The focal lesions were irregular, round or elliptic in shape, measuring 2.8-9.5 cm, with either clear or unclear margins.Two PMSO cases were diagnose as teratoma on ultrasound, showing mixed echogenic patterns, with echoless interior regions and poor sound transmission.Color doppler flow imaging found no blood flow signal inside and around the mixed echogenic areas.Five cases were misdiagnosed on ultrasound, with 2 as postmenopausal ovarian endometrial cyst and 3 as ovarian cystadenocarcinoma.All patients recovered well after surgery.By the end of the follow-up, no recurrence of struma ovarii was found in the 7 cases.Conclusions:PMSO is a rare monodermal teratoma, can be easily misdiagnosed and needs to be differentiated from postmenopausal ovarian endometrial cyst, mature teratoma, ovarian cystadenocarcinoma and other types of lesions.A mass >5 cm may exhibit characteristic ultrasonographic manifestations, including protruding thyroid nodules, cyst wall calcification, etc.A solid portion of the cystic mass with blood flow may suggest a diagnosis of struma ovarii.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To evaluate the feasibility of high resolution MRI for the measurement of anterior cartilaginous acetabulum-head-index (A-CAHI) and the value of A-CAHI for predicting hip clinical function after treatment in developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).Methods:The imaging data of 92 hips from 61 children with treated DDH were retrospectively reviewed in Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute from January 2019 to January 2020. All children underwent conservative treatments or surgical interventions 3 years ago. Hip function after treatment was evaluated clinically based on the modified MacKay criteria. The hips were divided into satisfactory clinical function group (McKay rating excellent or good, n=46) and unsatisfactory group (McKay rating fair or poor, n=46). All patients were imaged with conventional MRI, high resolution fat suppressed proton density weighted image (FS-PDWI) of the unilateral hip joint in oblique sagittal view, and anteroposterior hip radiographs. A-CAHI and lateral cartilaginous acetabulum-head-index (L-CAHI) were measured respectively on high-resolution oblique sagittal PDWI and conventional coronal T 1WI. Acetabulum head index (AHI) was also measured on anteroposterior hip radiograph. Mann-Whitney U test or independent-samples t test was used to compare the difference of A-CAHI, L-CAHI and AHI between satisfactory and unsatisfactory clinical function groups. The diagnostic value using A-CAHI, L-CAHI, AHI, or A-CAHI combined with L-CAHI for unsatisfactory clinical function were investigated by the ROC curve. The area under the curve (AUC) and the Z statistic were used to compare diagnostic performance. Results:The values of A-CAHI, L-CAHI and AHI were significantly higher in satisfactory clinical function group compared with the unsatisfactory group ( Z=-7.746, -7.735, t=-7.199, all P<0.001).A-CAHI combined with L-CAHI had the significant highest diagnostic accuracy compared with A-CAHI, L-CAHI and AHI (AUC were 0.994, 0.969, 0.968, 0.861, respectively), with significant differences ( Z=1.975, 2.006, 3.553, P=0.048, 0.051,<0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of A-CAHI combined with L-CAHI for the diagnosis of prognosis were 95.7% and 97.8%, respectively. Conclusions:A-CAHI measured by high resolution MRI was found to have the highest diagnostic accuracy for prediction of hip clinical function in the treated DDH, and combined with L-CAHI can improve the diagnostic accuracy significantly.
ABSTRACT
Advances in virtual and augmented reality technology have shown its potential for medical education and clinical application. The purpose of this review is to summarize how medical colleges and universities have explored in virtual and augmented reality technology for Medical Imaging in China and other countries. Applications of virtual and augmented reality technology for diagnostic radiology education can enrich the teaching contents, expand the space and time of teaching, and help students in analysis and diagnosis. In interventional radiology education, students can experience the medical environment which is close to the real one, simulate the surgical process, optimize the teaching resources and improve the teaching quality. With the comprehensive utilization of the Internet, big data, artificial intelligence and new computer technologies, virtual and augmented reality technology will bring a new revolution to future medical education.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To systematically sort out and cluster the existing indicators of key issues in the quality of postgraduate clinical degree education based on the bibliometric study, so as to build a multidimensional quality assessment index system that integrates scientificity, rationality and representativeness, and to provide a scientific measurement tool for assessing clinical professional postgraduate education in China.Methods:By mining the related functions of UCINET6 network analysis integration software and its one-dimensional and two-dimensional data analysis NetDraw program, the social network analysis (SNA) method was used to extract and cluster the education quality problem set of clinical professional degree postgraduates.Results:A three-dimensional evaluation index system was constructed. The first dimension concluded such 8 key issues in the quality of postgraduate education in clinical medicine as ability assessment, teaching system, teaching quality assurance system, professional cognition and career prospects, assessment and evaluation system and organization, and the pulse taking and diagnosis.Conclusion:The clinical graduate education quality evaluation index system is an effective measurement tool for education quality improvement, based on a multidimensional perspective, with key issues as priority areas for intervention, providing an effective evidence-based basis for ensuring the development of professional graduate education efforts from 2020-2025.
ABSTRACT
Febuxostat, as a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, is a classic anti-gout drug with significant therapeutic effects and good tolerability. The structures of febuxostat and its derivatives can be divided into two parts: a substituted phenyl ring and a five-membered or six-membered heterocyclic ring with a carboxyl substitution. This paper reviewed the research progress of febuxostat derivatives in recent ten years and classified the structure-activity relationships of various febuxostat derivatives. Exploring the action mechanisms and structure-activity relationships of xanthine oxidase inhibitors might be significant for the rational design and development of new anti-gout chemical entities.