Flavor Characterization of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma Processed with Nine-time Repeating Steaming and Sun-drying Based on Intelligent Sensory Technology / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo analyze the flavor substances and change rules of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma during the process of nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying. MethodThe flavor response values of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma samples were obtained by using PEN3 electronic nose system. The data were processed and analyzed by principal component analysis （PCA）， linear discriminant analysis （LDA） and Loadings analysis. ResultRhei Radix et Rhizoma processed with nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying could be effectively distinguished into two categories as the sixth sample was the turning point. The samples steamed and dried for one to five times could be grouped into one category， the other four samples were obviously distinguished from them. The main flavor components reached the maximum response in the sample processed with six-time repeating steaming and sun-drying， and its response value of inorganic sulfur compounds was about 2.7 times that of the sample processed with one-time repeating steaming and sun-drying. In addition， compared with the raw products， the flavors of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma processed with nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying and wine stewing changed significantly， and the response value of inorganic sulfur compounds in sample processed with nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying was about 2.2 times that of raw products. From the perspective of flavor analysis， the response values of inorganic sulfur compounds and nitrogen-oxygen compounds in sample processed with nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying were higher than those of wine-stewed products， and the two were not completely equivalent. ConclusionElectronic nose technology preliminarily clarifies the dynamic change rules of the flavor of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma during the process of nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying from the flavor characteristics， and clarifies the difference between products processed with nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying and wine-stewed products from the odor characteristics， which lays a foundation for revealing the processing principle of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma processed with nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying.

Flavorand taste change rules of Sophora Flavescentis Radix processed using ancient classical method:an exploration based on intelligent sensory analysis / 中国中药杂志

This study was designed to investigate the flavor and taste change rules of Sophora Flavescentis Radix processed using the ancient classical method documented in Master Lei's Discourse on Medicinal Processing(Lei Gong Pao Zhi Lun). The Sophora Flavescentis Radix pieces and the corresponding test samples in each processing stage were first prepared based on the processing method for Sophora Flavescentis Radix recorded in Master Lei's Discourse on Medicinal Processing(Lei Gong Pao Zhi Lun). Then the flavors and tastes of Sophora Flavescentis Radix test samples undergoing the soaking in rice-washed water, washing with clean water, and steaming for different time were compared with the electronic nose and tongue. The results showed that in the preparation of Sophora Flavescentis Radix with the ancient method, such processes as soaking in rice-washed water and washing with clean water had no significant influences on the flavor, which, however, was weakened by steaming. In terms of the taste, soaking with rice-washed water enhanced the bitter taste of Sophora Flavescentis Radix, which remained unchanged after being washed with the clean water. The steaming would also diminish the bitter taste, making it taste similar to the original Sophora Flavescentis Radix medicinal materials. During the steaming for six to eight hours, the flavor did not vary significantly over time, while the bitter taste was first weakened and then intensified. The bitter taste of Sophora Flavescentis Radix steamed for six hours was similar to that steamed for eight hours. In addition, the differences in flavor and taste between Sophora Flavescentis Radix pieces processed by the ancient method in Master Lei's Discourse on Medicinal Processing(Lei Gong Pao Zhi Lun)and those by the modern method in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia were analyzed. The findings demonstrated that the flavor of Sophora Flavescentis Radix pieces prepared by the ancient method was weaker than that by the modern method, whereas the bitter taste showed the opposite trend. The exploration on the flavor and taste change rules of Sophora Flavescentis Radix in its preparation by the ancient classical method and the differences in flavor and taste between Sophora Flavescentis Radix decoction pieces prepared by ancient and modern methods will lay a foundation for further elucidation of the scientific connotation of the ancient processing method and the medication principles of Sophora Flavescentis Radix in both ancient and modern times.

Review and prospect of theoretical research on Sanming medical reform based on bibliometrics / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To analyze the research hotspots and change trends of Sanming medical reform theory in China from 2013 to 2019, so as to provide reference for the relevant research of medical reform in China.Methods:The theoretical and empirical studies on Sanming medical reform from 2013 to 2019 in relevant databases at home and abroad were screened. The literature metrology method was used to analyze the overall trend of domestic literature. The keyword cloud method was used to analyze the research hotspots and main problems.Results:After screening, a total of 59 literatures were obtained. It was found that the reform of public hospitals was the hotspot of current research. Three medical linkage, governance system, annual salary system and medical insurance integration were the core contents of researches.Conclusions:The research of Sanming medical reform is in the initial stage of development. In the future, the research on medical reform can be further deepened around the relevant basic theories, normative and specific research, and so on.

Analysis of clinical research outcome indicators of traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of diabetic foot / 中国中药杂志

To analyze the outcome indicators from the randomized controlled trials(RCTs) on traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) treatment for diabetic foot, and to lay a foundation for the establishment of the core index set of the clinical trials on TCM treatment of diabetic foot. Computer retrieval of RCTs on TCM treatment of diabetic foot was performed in CNKI, Wanfang, SinoMed, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMbase and Web of Science databases. Literature screening and data extraction were conducted independently by two researchers in strict accordance with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Any difference was resolved through discussion. A total of 72 RCTs involving 5 791 patients were included and 204 indicators were used. The number of indicators used in a single study was 2-22, with an average of 3 indicators used for each RCT. The indicators with top 16 frequency were clinical total effective rate, ankle brachial index(ABI), ulcer area, TCM syndrome integral, fibrinogen(FIB), fasting blood glucose(FBG), plasma viscosity(PV), c-reactive protein(CRP), saccharification blood of eggs(HbAlc), 2 h postprandial blood glucose(2 hPG), wound healing time, triglyce-rides(TC), TCM efficacy for syndromes, total cholesterol(TG), percutaneous oxygen partial pressure(TCPO2) and TCM symptom scores. The difference in selection of RCT indicators was large among TCM treatment methods for diabetic foot, and the combination of outcome indicators was arbitrary. The description on indexes was not standardized. Some non-laboratory examination indicators, some indicators not recommended in guidelines or not recognized in clinical practice, and some self-made indicators were not explained in detail. There was a lack of standardized evaluation criteria for indicators. The indicators had large time-point difference in measurement, and the time points were not distinguished in the measurement for diabetic foot patients with different degrees of severity. In addition, the patients with long course of treatment weren't timely measured. The characteristics of TCM or significant endpoint indicators were insufficient. It was urgent to establish the core index set of TCM in treating diabetic foot.

Antipyretic effect of Xiyanping injection on bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide-induced fever in rabbits / 药学学报

This paper mainly studied the effect of Xiyanping injection on the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever in rabbits, preliminarily investigated the mechanisms, and provided pharmacological basis for the clinical application. The rabbit model of endotoxin-induced fever was established by using LPS as the inducer; The changes of rectal temperature were measured; The levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and phospholipaseA2 (PLA2) in the serum were measured; The levels of PGE2, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and arginine vasopressin (AVP) in cerebrospinal fluid as well as hypothalamus were detected. The animal welfare and experimental process are in accordance with the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of China Pharmaceutical University in this study. The results showed that Xiyanping injection (12.5, 25, and 50 mg·kg-1) could significantly reduce LPS-upregulated body temperature of rabbits, and the duration of action could reach 5.5-8.5 h. At the doses of 25 and 50 mg·kg-1, the antipyretic effect of Xiyanping injection was comparable to that of analgin injection (50 mg·kg-1). Furthermore, Xiyanping injection and analgin injection both reduced the levels of PGE2, IL-1β, TNF-α, and PLA2 in the serum of febrile rabbits to the varying degrees. In addition, Xiyanping injection also down-regulated the levels of PGE2, cAMP, and AVP in the hypothalamus, and PGE2 and cAMP in the cerebrospinal fluid. The level of AVP in the cerebrospinal fluid was up-regulated. This study indicated that Xiyanping injection could significantly improve the endotoxin-induced fever in rabbits, and mechanisms were closely related to the regulation of the levels of PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β, PLA2, cAMP, and AVP in serum, hypothalamus, and cerebrospinal fluid.

Clinical Efficacy of Modified Qingyitang Combined with Blood Purification on Severe Acute Pancreatitis Complicated with Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To explore the effect of modified Qingyitang combined with continuous blood purification in the adjuvant treatment of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) complicated with multiple organ dysfunction (MODS) caused by heat accumulation of viscera. Method::Totally 100 cases of patients of SAP complicated with MODS, who were diagnosed as heat accumulation of viscera by traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and treated in ICU of the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine during May 2015 and May 2019, were randomly divided into two groups, namely control group and observation group, with 50 cases in each group. The patients in control group were treated with fasting and abstinence, gastrointestinal decompression, inhibition of trypsin secretion, gastric mucosal protection, early jejunal nutrition, reduction of inflammatory reaction, continuous blood purification (CBP), mechanical ventilation and circulatory support. The patients in observation group were treated by nasojejunal tube according to syndrome differentiation in addition to routine comprehensive therapy. Modified Qingyitang was injected for 7 days. The remission time of abdominal pain and distention, the time of first exhaust and defecation, the time of ICU residence, the number of samples falling off, the cause of death and the number of cases were recorded. Relevant indexes were measured before treatment, on the 3rd and 7th day of treatment, including the evaluation indexes of pancreatitis: blood amylase (AMS), blood lipase (LPS), and modified computed tomography severity index (MCTSI), inflammatory response indexes were interleukin-6 (IL-6) and hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Organ function indexes included APACHE-Ⅱ, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamyltransferase (γ-GGT), urine volume, creatinine (CREA), urea nitrogen (UREA), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase isoenzymes (CKMB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), myoglobin (Mb). Tissue perfusion evaluation indexes included acute physiology and chronic health score, serum lactic acid (Lac) and central venous pressure (CVP). TCM treatment score was based on the syndrome score of acute pancreatitis with heat accumulation of viscera syndrome. Result::The total effective rate of TCM syndromes was 86.67%(39/45) in observation group and 73.91%(34/46) in control group (χ2 =13.524, P<0.01). On the 7th day of treatment, the symptoms and indicators of the two groups were improved. Compared with before treatment, AMS, LPS, IL-6, hs-CRP, MCTSI, APACHE-Ⅱ, Lac, CVP, PaO2, PaO2/FiO2, ALT and AST were improved on the 3rd and 7th day after treatment in observation group and control group. The levels of AMS, LPS, IL-6, hs-CRP, MCTSI, APACHE-Ⅱ, Lac, CVP, PaO2, PaO2/FiO2, ALT, AST, ALP, γ-GGT, urine volume were significantly improved (P<0.05). Compared with control group on the 3rd and 7th day, the levels of AMS, LPS, IL-6, hs-CRP, MCTSI, APACHE-Ⅱ, Lac, CVP, PaO2, PaO2/FiO2, ALT, AST, ALP, γ-GGT, urine volume were significantly improved (P<0.05). CREA, UREA, GFR, CK, CKMB, LDH and Mb were significantly improved (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the abdominal pain, abdominal distension relief time, first exhaust/defecation time, ICU stay time in observation group were significantly shortened (P<0.05), and the mortality rate in observation group was significantly reduced (P<0.05). Conclusion::Patients of SAP accompanied with MODS can be treated with blood purification combined with modified Qingyitang by promoting pancreas repair, inhibiting inflammation and improving organ function. It plays an important role in improving symptoms, alleviating TCM syndromes, delaying progression of disease, reducing hospital stay and reducing mortality.

Study on key issues and countermeasures on building the " Eight-integration system" for close-type countywide medical alliances: counties in Fujian province as an example / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To analyze key issues in the implementation process of the " Eight-integrations system" for close-type countywide medical alliances in Fujian province, and provide references for improving such a mechanism.Methods:Sixteen counties in the province were selected from October to December 2019 and materials were collected by means of interview, questionnaires and field survey. On such basis, the Meter-horn model was used to systematically analyze and evaluate the implementation status, and completion rate was used to describe the implementation of the " Eight-integration system" .Results:The average completion rate of the regions surveyed was 60.15%, of which the mountainous counties being 65.90%, and coastal counties being 47.50%. Of the eight regulations to be integrated, the aspects of better completion include institutions′ names(16 institutions, 100.00%), quality of care(13 institutions, 81.25%), promotions(12 institutions, 75.00%)、staff deployment(11 institutions, 68.75%) and financial management(10 institutions, 62.50%). Those of poor completion rates were drug supply(7 institutions, 43.75%), labor performance(6 institutions, 37.50%)and informationization development(3 institutions, 18.75%). Some of the counties staged localized measures to promote the " Eight-integration system" . Such factors as vague policy objectives, inadequate policy resources, lack of means, biased value orientations of the implementation entities, and complex socio-economic environments influence negatively effective implementation of the system.Conclusions:This system has not yet achieved the expected effects in the implementation process. We should improve the system implementation and its sustained operation by such means as clarifying policy objectives, broadening policy resources, enriching implementation means, enhancing experience exchange and optimizing policy environments.

Analysis of hypertension in the Chinese elderly population with hypertension / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective:To assess the prevalences of hypertension, rates of medication recommendations and failure rates of blood pressure(BP)control in Chinese elderly patients(≥65 years old).Methods:We used data from the 2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS). A total of 2, 391 Chinese adults aged≥65 years with complete information comprising BP measurements repeated three times and antihypertensive medication use were included for analysis.Results:The mean age of subjects was 72.6±6.2 years, and females accounted for 53.1%.The numbers of patients with hypertension were 1784(74.6%)and 1221(51.1%)according to the definitions from 2017 ACC/AHA guideline and the 2010 Chinese guideline, respectively.There was a significant difference in the prevalence of hypertension in the subgroup with a cardiovascular disease(CVD)history according to the definitions from the two guidelines( χ2=23.70, P<0.01). The BP thresholds for drug therapy recommendations were the same as those set in the diagnostic criteria of hypertension based on the two guidelines.Therefore, the rates for medication recommendations were 74.6% and 51.1%, respectively.The numbers of patients with BP above the target levels were 622(88.2%)and 346(49.1%), respectively, according to the definitions from the two guidelines.There was no significant difference in failure rate of BP control due to age( χ2=5.36, P>0.05), gender( χ2=0.12, P>0.05)or a CVD history( χ2=0.07, P>0.05)according to analyses using the definitions from the two guidelines. Conclusions:Compared with the 2010 Chinese hypertension guideline, the prevalence of hypertension and rate of medication recommendations are higher in the Chinese elderly population when the 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guideline is used.Hypertension management and antihypertensive drug treatment should be reinforced to improve the control rate of hypertension.

Early Diagnosis Value of F-wave Minimum Latency for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To study the early diagnostic value of F-wave for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Methods:A total of 211 patients with type 2 diabetes who were admitted to hospital from January to October, 2018 were selected. The nerve conduction studies (NCS) of lower limbs and the minimum latency of F-wave in tibial nerve were measured. The height corrected reference of F-wave was used to judge the abnormality of F-wave. According to the clinical symptoms and signs, they were divided into symptomatic group (n = 126) and asymptomatic group (n = 85). According to the duration of diabetes, they were divided into three groups: less than one year group (n = 45), one to ten years group (n = 85) and more than ten years group (n = 81). The abnormal rates of motor nerve conduction studies (MNCS), sensory nerve conduction studies (SNCS), NCS and F-wave minimum latency in different groups were compared. Results:The abnormal rate of F-wave was higher than that of MNCS, SNCS and NCS in lower limbs in the symptomatic group (χ2 > 7.088, P < 0.01). The abnormal rate of F-wave in the asymptomatic group was prominently higher than that of MNCS, SNCS and NCS (χ2 > 7.545, P < 0.01). The abnormal rate of F-wave in each course was higher than that of MNCS, SNCS and NCS (P < 0.05). Conclusion:The abnormal of F-wave minimum latency is more senstive than that of MNCS, SNCS and NCS, which suggested subclinical lesions, and is valuable for the early diagnosis of DPN.

Effects of excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress on lung ischemia/reperfusion induced myocardial injury in mice / 中国应用生理学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effects of excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress on lung ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced myocardial injury in mice.@*METHODS@#Forty healthy SPF male C57BL/6J mice were divided into 4 groups randomly (=10):sham operation group (Sham group), lung I/R group (I/R group), endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) pathway agonist Tunicamycin group (TM) and ERS inhibitor 4-phenyl butyric acid group (4-PBA). The model of lung I/R injury was established by clamping the left hilum of lung for 30 min followed by 180 min of reperfusion. In sham group, only sternotomy was performed, the hilum of lung was not clamped, and the mice were mechanically ventilated for 210 min. In TM and 4-PBA groups, TM 1mg/kg and 4-PBA 400 mg/kg were injected intraperitoneally, respectively, at 30 min before establishment of the model. At 180 min of reperfusion, blood samples were collected from the orbit for determination of myocardial enzyme. The animals were then sacrificed, and hearts were removed for determination of light microscope, TUNEL, Caspase 3 enzymatic activity, real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot.@*RESULTS@#Compared with sham group, the cardiomyocytes had obvious damage under light microscope, and the serum creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, apoptosis index and Caspase 3 enzymatic activity were increased significantly, the expressions of p-Jun N-terminalkinase(p-JNK), Caspase 12, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and glucose regulated protein 78(GRP78) protein and mRNA were up-regulated in I/R, TM and 4-PBA groups (<0.01). Compared with I/R group, the cardiomyocytes damage was obvious under light microscope, and the serum CK-MB and LDH activities, apoptosis index and Caspase 3 enzymatic activity were increased significantly, the expressions of p-JNK, Caspase 12, CHOP and GRP78 protein and mRNA were up-regulated in group TM; while all above changes were relieved in group 4-PBA (<0.01). Compared with TM group, the cardiomyocytes damage was relieved under light microscope, and the serum CK-MB and LDH activities, apoptosis index and Caspase 3 enzymatic activity were decreased significantly, the expressions of p-JNK, Caspase 12,CHOP and GRP78 protein and mRNA were down-regulated in group 4-PBA.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress participates in myocardial injury induced by lung ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and inhibit excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress response can relieved myocardial injury.

Effect of dexmedetomidine on apoptosis and CHOP in hypoxia/reoxygenation injury A549 cell / 中国应用生理学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine (Dex) on injury of A549 cells induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation(H/R)and the influence of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression.@*METHODS@#Logarithmic growth phase A549 cells(it originated from alveolar type Ⅱ epithelial cell line) were randomly divided into 4 groups (=10):normoxic control group (N), Dex group (D), hypoxia/reoxygenation group (H), hypoxia/reoxygenation + Dex group(HD). At the beginning of modeling, 1 nmol/L Dex was puted into D and HD groups. N and D groups were cultured in the normoxic incubator for 30 h. H and HD group were incubated in the anoxic cultivation for 6 h, fo llowed by normoxic culture for 24 h. Then A549 cells were observed under the inverted microscope to observe the morphological changes. Cell activity was detected by cell counting Kit-8(CCK-8) and the apoptosis index(AI) was detected by in situ end labeling (TUNEL) method. The expression of CHOP、glucose-regulated protein of molecular weight 78 kDa (Grp78)、cysteinyl aspirate-specificprotease-3 (caspase-3) protein and CHOP、Grp78 mRNA were detected by Western blot and RT-PCR.@*RESULTS@#Compared with N group, the number of adherent cells in H group decreased significantly, and cell morphology changed. The absorbance value in H group decreased obviously (<0. 01). The AI value and expression of CHOP, Grp78, caspase-3 proteins and CHOP, Grp78 mRNA were significantly increased (<0.01). Compared with H group, the cell damage in HD group was decreased, the absorbance value increased (<0.01), the number of apoptosis cells decreased relatively (<0.01), the expression of CHOP, caspase-3 protein and CHOP mRNA decreased (<0. 01).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Dex has notable effects against H/R injury, which may be related to effective inhibition of apoptosis mediated by the CHOP's signal path.

The effect of Yiqi Wenyang Huoxue Huatan Fang on hypoxia-hypercarbia induced pulmonary hypertension and its mechanism / 中国应用生理学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of Yiqi Wenyang Huoxue Huatan Fang (YWHHF) on alleviating hypoxia-hypercarbia pulmonary hypertension by inhibiting endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) BMP-7/Smads pathway.@*METHODS@#Fifty male healthy SD rats of clean grede, weighting (180~220) g, were randomly divided into 5 groups (=10):normoxia group (N), hypoxia-hypercarbia group (HH); YWHHF high dose group (YH), middle dose group (YM) and low dose group (YL). The rats in N group were kept in normal oxygen environment, the remaining four groups were intermittently exposed to hypoxia-hypercarbia environment (9%~11% O, 5%~6% CO) for 4 weeks, 6 days a week, 8 hours per day. The rats in YH, YM, YL groups were received YWHHF gavage in a dosageof 0.6, 0.3, 0.15g/kg respectively (3 ml/kg),the rats in N and HH groups were received equal volume of normal saline. After 4 weeks, the mean pulmonary arterial pressure(mPAP) was detected,the right ventricular free wall and left ventricle plus ventricular septum were isolated to determine the right ventricular hypertrophy index. Lung ultrastructural changes were surveyed under an electronic microscopy, the changes of pulmonary artery structure surveyed by immunofluorescence, the mRNA levels of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)、platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31)、bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7)、drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein1/5/8 (Smad1/5/8) were detected by RT-PCR, and the protein levels of α-SMA、CD31、BMP-7、p-Smad1/5/8 and Smad1/5/8 were detected by Western blot.@*RESULTS@#Compared with N group, mPAP and the right ventricular hypertrophy index were increased,some significant injuries also were discovered under microscopic observation,the mRNA and protein expression of α-SMA was increased, and the mRNA expressions of CD31、BMP-7、Smad1/5/8 were decreased in the other four groups, the protein expressions of CD31、BMP-7、p-Smad1/5/8 were decreased(<0.05). Compared with HH group, the above changes in YH、YM、YL groups were all improved (<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#YWHHF can inhibit EndoMT to alleviate pulmonary hypertension, and the mechanism may be related to the promotion of the expression of BMP-7/Smads pathway.

Norisoboldine, a natural aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist, alleviates TNBS-induced colitis in mice, by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome / 中国天然药物

Although the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease is still uncertain, increasing evidence indicates that the excessive activation of NLRP3 inflammasome plays a major role. Norisoboldine (NOR), an alkaloid isolated from Radix Linderae, has previously been demonstrated to inhibit inflammation and IL-1β production. The present study was to examine the effect of NOR on colitis and the underlying mechanism related to NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Our results showed that NOR alleviated colitis symptom in mice induced by 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Moreover, it significantly reduced expressions of cleaved IL-1β, NLRP3 and cleaved Caspase-1 but not ASC in colons of mice. In THP-1 cells, NOR suppressed the expressions of NLRP3, cleaved Caspase-1 and cleaved IL-1β but not ASC induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Furthermore, NOR could activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in THP-1 cells, inducing CYP1A1 mRNA expression, and promoting dissociation of AhR/HSP90 complexes, association of AhR and ARNT, AhR nuclear translocation, XRE reporter activity and binding activity of AhR/ARNT/XRE. Both siAhR and α-naphthoflavone (α-NF) markedly diminished the inhibition of NOR on NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In addition, NOR elevated Nrf2 level and reduced ROS level in LPS- and ATP-stimulated THP-1 cells, which was reversed by either siAhR or α-NF treatment. Finally, correlations between activation of AhR and attenuation of colitis, inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and up-regulation of Nrf2 level in colons were validated in mice with TNBS-induced colitis. Taken together, NOR ameliorated TNBS-induced colitis in mice through inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation via regulating AhR/Nrf2/ROS signaling pathway.

Norisoboldine, a natural aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist, alleviates TNBS-induced colitis in mice, by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome / 中国天然药物

Although the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease is still uncertain, increasing evidence indicates that the excessive activation of NLRP3 inflammasome plays a major role. Norisoboldine (NOR), an alkaloid isolated from Radix Linderae, has previously been demonstrated to inhibit inflammation and IL-1β production. The present study was to examine the effect of NOR on colitis and the underlying mechanism related to NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Our results showed that NOR alleviated colitis symptom in mice induced by 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Moreover, it significantly reduced expressions of cleaved IL-1β, NLRP3 and cleaved Caspase-1 but not ASC in colons of mice. In THP-1 cells, NOR suppressed the expressions of NLRP3, cleaved Caspase-1 and cleaved IL-1β but not ASC induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Furthermore, NOR could activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in THP-1 cells, inducing CYP1A1 mRNA expression, and promoting dissociation of AhR/HSP90 complexes, association of AhR and ARNT, AhR nuclear translocation, XRE reporter activity and binding activity of AhR/ARNT/XRE. Both siAhR and α-naphthoflavone (α-NF) markedly diminished the inhibition of NOR on NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In addition, NOR elevated Nrf2 level and reduced ROS level in LPS- and ATP-stimulated THP-1 cells, which was reversed by either siAhR or α-NF treatment. Finally, correlations between activation of AhR and attenuation of colitis, inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and up-regulation of Nrf2 level in colons were validated in mice with TNBS-induced colitis. Taken together, NOR ameliorated TNBS-induced colitis in mice through inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation via regulating AhR/Nrf2/ROS signaling pathway.

Role of EndoMT in HHPH based on TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway and regulated by Yiqi-Wenyang-Huoxue-Huatan formula / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM:To investigate the relationship between transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)/Smads signa-ling pathway and pulmonary arterial endothelial-mesenchymal transition(EndoMT)in hypoxia-hypercapnia pulmonary hy-pertension(HHPH)process and the regulatory effect of Yiqi-Wenyang-Huoxue-Huatan formula(YWHHF).METHODS:Healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups:normal control(N)group,hypoxia-hypercapnia(HH)group, high-dose YWHHF(YH)group,middle-dose YWHHF(YM)group and low-dose YWHHF(YL)group.The rats in N group was housed in normoxic environment,and the rats in the other 4 groups were housed in hypoxia-hypercapnia environ-ment(9%~11%O2and 5%~6%CO2)for 4 weeks,8 h/d,6 d/week.The excess water vapor was absorbed by anhy-drous CaCl2,and CO2was absorbed by sodium hydroxide.The rats in YWHHF groups were put into the oxygen chamber before the same volume of YWHHF at different concentrations were given(200 g/L for YH group,100 g/L for YM group and 50 g/L for YL group).The average pulmonary artery pressure and the average carotid artery pressure were measured during the operation.After operation,the right ventricular free wall and left ventricle plus interventricular septum were col -lected for determining the right ventricular hypertrophy index.Moreover,the morphological changes of the lung tissues were observed under light microscope.The mRNA and protein levels of α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA),CD31,TGF-β1 and Smad2/3,and the protein level of p-Smad2/3 were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot.RESULTS:Compared with N group,the pulmonary artery mean pressure,the mRNA and protein expression of α-SMA,TGF-β1 and Smad2/3,and the protein level of p-Smad2/3 were increased, the levels of CD31 were decreased(P<0.05), and the lung tissue damage was observed in the other 4 groups.Compared with HH group,the pulmonary artery mean pressure,the mRNA and protein expression of α-SMA,TGF-β1 and Smad2/3,and the protein level of p-Smad2/3 were decreased, while the mRNA and protein levels of CD31 were increased.Moreover,the lung tissue damage was reduced in YH,YM and YL groups.CON-CLUSION:TGF-β/Smads pathway may be involved in the process of EndoMT under hypoxia and hypercapnia condition, and YWHHF may reduce EndoMT by inhibiting the expression of TGF-β/Smads pathway-related molecules.

Research progress on variations of endogenous metabolites and intestinal bacteria in ulcerative colitis / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

Ulcerative colitis(UC)is a common chronic intestinal inflammation and one of the modern diseases that are difficult to cure effectively.Increasing attention is paid on UC based on metabonomic and microbe analysis. In this article, we review the recent advances in endogenous metabolites including amino acid, energy metabolism and lipid metabolism, intestinal bacteria including Firmicutes, Bacte-roidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria as well as covariation between metabolites and intestinal bacteria in UC.Short chain fatty acid and tryptophan are used as examples to ecaborate on the important functions of metabolism of nutrients and intestinal bacteria in diseases and illustrate the contributions of intestinal bacteria to diseases.

Application of PQRST formula and self-made abdominal organ projection in the triage of patients with acute abdomen / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate the combination application of PQRST triage formula and self-made abdominal organ projection in the triage of patients with acute abdomen. Methods From November 2016 to February 2017 combination of PQRST triage formula and self- made abdominal organ projection were applied in triage of 99 cases of patients with abdominal pain (the observation group). Traditional triage method using SOAP information collection table were applied in 83 cases of patients with abdominal pain (the control group) from July to October 2016. The accuracy rate of triage were compared between two groups. Results The accuracy rate of nurse triage for acute abdomen was 89.90％ (89/99) in the observation group, and 78.31％ (65/83) in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (χ2=4.66, P< 0.05). Conclusions The combination use of PQRST formula and the abdominal organ projection image in triage can improve the accuracy of emergency triage.

Value of texture analysis in evaluating liver cancer recurrence after transarterial chemoembolization / 中华肝脏病杂志

Objective@#To investigate the feasibility of contrast-enhanced computer tomography (CT) texture analysis in predicting early recurrence after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with liver cancer.@*Methods@#A retrospective analysis was performed for 47 patients with liver cancer confirmed by liver biopsy and digital subtraction angiography who underwent upper abdominal contrast-enhanced CT scan before TACE, and according to the presence or absence of focal recurrence within half a year, these patients were divided into early recurrence (ER) group and non-early recurrence (NER) group. The texture analysis was used to delineate tumor boundary layer by layer on the axial contrast-enhanced CT image before liver cancer surgery, and related parameters of tumor heterogeneity, including entropy, mean, non-uniformity, skewness, and kurtosis, were obtained. The independent samples t-test was used for comparison of texture parameters between the two groups. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used for the analysis of entropy, mean, and non-uniformity, and the area under the ROC curve (ROC), optical cut-off value, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated to evaluate the efficiency of texture analysis in predicting early focal recurrence after TACE.@*Results@#There were 20 patients in the ER group and 27 in the NER group. The ER group had a maximum major axis length of 88.2±36.3 mm and a maximum minor axis length of 41.4±21.4 mm, and the NER group had a maximum major axis length of 66.9±30.2 mm and a maximum minor axis length of 29.3±19.8 mm; the ER group had significantly higher maximum major and minor axis lengths than the NER group (t = 4.89 and 4.62, P < 0.001). The ER group had significantly higher entropy and non-uniformity values than the NER group, and there were no significant differences in skewness and kurtosis between the two groups. Entropy, non-uniformity, and mean had high efficiency in predicting early recurrence after TACE, and the optimal cut-off value of entropy was 4.135.@*Conclusion@#Volumetric texture analysis of contrast-enhanced CT images before liver cancer surgery has a high value in predicting early recurrence after TACE.

Analysis of common pathogens in children with acute severe pneumonia in pediatric intensive care unit / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective To provide reference for anti-infection drugs in Zunyi area by analyzing the etiological characteristics of children with severe pneumonia.Methods The sputum, throat swabs and serum of children with severe pneumonia in pediatric intensive care unit of our hospital from January 2014 to December 2015 were collected in this study.The pathogen species which caused severe pneumonia were detected and identified by the method of pathogen culture,and typical pathogens were detected by RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence.Results A total of 337 children with severe pneumonia were included,the pathogen positive rate was 86.65%(292/337).The rate of viral infection(37.32%)was the highest,followed by bacterial infection accounting for 28.42%,then the mixed infection accounting for 27.74%,and the mycoplasma pneumoniae infection accounting for 6.50%.The respiratory syncytial virus type B accounting for 28.44% was the most common in viral infection,and there were significant differences in age distribution(P<0.05),the children under 3-years-old,especially the infants under 1-year-old had the highest susceptibility.Viral infection had certain seasonality,compared with spring and winter,autumn and winter(November to April) had higher viral detection rate and the difference was statistically significant(x2=29.28,P=0.001).The escherichia coli was the most common in bacterial infection,accounting for 21.69%.Klebsiella pneumoniae,Escherichia coli were more common in neonates and infants under 1-year-old,Haemophilus influenzae occured in 1~3 years old children,Streptococcus pneumoniae infection could occur in any age.Conclusion Viral infection is the most common pathogen in children with severe pneumonia in Zunyi area followed by bacterial infection,which is more common in children under 1-year-old,and with the high incidence in autumn and winter.Bacterial infection is more common in children over 3 years of age.Bacterial and viral mixed infection is common in children under 3 years of age,especially in children under 1-year-old.

Excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates brain damage in hypoxia hypercapnia induced pulmonary hypertension rats / 生理学报

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) on the brain damage in hypoxia hypercapnia induced pulmonary hypertension (HHPH) rats. Forty healthy SPF male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10 for each): control group, hypoxia hypercapnia group, ERS pathway agonist tunicamycin (TM) group and ERS pathway inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) group. The rats of control group lived in normal environment, while the rats of other three groups were raised for four weeks in the tank with 8.5%-11% Oand 5%-6% CO. TM (0.08 mg/kg, twice a week) and 4-PBA (80 mg/kg, daily) were respectively intraperitoneally injected into the rats of TM and 4-PBA groups, and the hypoxia hypercapnia group was given the same volume of normal saline. The mean pulmonary artery pressure and heart perfusion of the rats were determined and recorded after four-week raising. Then the brain tissue of the rats were quickly taken out for the brain water content measuring and morphological changes observing. The Caspase-3 activity and the apoptotic index of the brain cells were also determined. The protein and mRNA expressions of p-JNK, Caspase-12, CHOP and GRP78 in brain tissues were detected by Western blot and RT-PCR. The results showed that compared with the control group, the mean pulmonary artery pressure, brain water content and brain cells apoptotic index, Caspase-3 activity, the protein and mRNA levels of p-JNK, Caspase-12, CHOP and GRP78 were increased (P < 0.05), and the brain tissues of the rats were obviously damaged in the rats raised in the hypoxia hypercapnia environment; compared with hypoxia hypercapnia group, the mean pulmonary artery pressure, brain water content, brain apoptotic index and Caspase-3 activity, p-JNK, Caspase-12, CHOP, GRP78 protein and mRNA expressions in TM group were increased (P < 0.05), and the brain tissues of the rats were obviously damaged, while all above changes were relieved in 4-PBA group (P < 0.05). These results suggest that excessive ERS may participate in the brain injury induced by HHPH in rats and inhibition of excessive ERS can relieve the brain injury in the rats with HHPH.