Research progress of breast cancer with low HER2 expression / 国际肿瘤学杂志

Breast cancer with low expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) has unique biological behaviors. Compared with HER2-zero breast cancer, there are significant differences in molecular subtype and gene expression between the two categories of breast cancer. Novel antibody-drug conjugates represented by T-DXd provide a new treatment option for patients with HER2-low breast cancer, and relevant clinical trials are continuing. At present, the relationship between HER2-low status and prognosis of breast cancer patients remains controversial. In-depth research into HER2-low breast cancer will help further improve clinical outcomes for this population.

Cellular behavior of carbon dots derived from Poria cocos polysaccharide / 药学学报

The biological behavior of carbon dots, especially the mechanism of cellular uptake and intracellular distribution, is the basis of its biomedical applications. In this paper, blue fluorescent carbon quantum dots were synthesized by hydrothermal method with Poria cocos polysaccharide as raw material, and the specific biological behavior of carbon dots entering cells was explored to evaluate its biological activity. It was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Two different cell lines, immunocytes-RAW264.7 cells (mouse mononuclear macrophages cells) and cancer cells-4T1 cells (mouse breast cancer cells), were used as the research objects to study the uptake kinetics, uptake pathway, distribution and efflux of polysaccharide carbon dots in cells. The results showed that the carbon dots have a size distribution of 2 to 10 nm, and the average size was 6.85 nm. The carbon dots were mainly composed of C, O and N elements, with abundant surface functional groups such as -OH, C=O, C-N and C=C, and the fluorescence quantum yield was 4.72%. Carbon dots enter cells in a certain concentration and time dependence. Different cell lines have different uptake pathways. RAW264.7 cells enter the cells mainly by macrophage-specific phagocytosis, and a small part of the endocytosis is mediated by caveolin, while 4T1 cells are mainly mediated by grid protein endocytosis and giant cell drinking process. In summary, the synthesized carbon dots have good fluorescence properties, low cytotoxicity and excellent biocompatibility, which can be used for cell imaging applications.

The effect of modified Miccoli surgery in the treatment of patients with benign thyroid diseases and its influence on the postoperative aesthetic degree of scar score and the expression of pain factors / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of modified Miccoli surgery in the treatment of patients with benign thyroid disease and its intervention on the postoperative aesthetic degree of scar score and the expression of pain factors.Methods:The clinical data of 114 patients with benign thyroid diseases in Hankou Hospital from February 2018 to February 2020 were collected, 57 cases with traditional open thyroid surgery were enrolled in the open group, and 57 cases with modified Miccoli surgery were enrolled in the modified group. The surgery related indicators, postoperative recovery indicators, complications and preoperative, postoperative 1, 3 d serum pain factors substance P (SP), β-endorphin (β-EP), dynorphin ( DYN), immune function indexes CD 3+, CD 4+, CD 8+, parathyroid function related indexes parathyrotropic hormone(PTH), blood calcium, 3 months and 6 months after surgery of observer scar evaluation scale (OSAS), Vancouver scar scale (VSS) scores were compared between the two groups. Results:The length of incision, recovery time of neck movement, and hospital stay and the intraoperative blood loss were lower than those in the open group: (2.2 ± 0.4) cm vs. (6.5 ± 0.7) cm, (19.6 ± 4.8) h vs. (28.2 ± 7.8) h, (4.8 ± 1.4) d vs. (7.1 ± 1.8) d, (21.9 ± 5.1) ml vs. (39.5 ± 7.0) ml, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The levels of serum SP, β-EP and DYN in the modified group were lower than those in the open group at 1 and 3 d after operation: 1 d after surgery:(87.40 ± 12.25) ng/L vs. (114.96 ± 15.79) ng/L, (149.34 ± 21.49) ng/L vs.(192.15 ± 26.43) ng/L, (1.14 ± 0.21) mg/L vs. (1.59 ± 0.30) mg/L; 3 d after surgery: (80.18 ± 10.79) ng/L vs.(96.24 ± 12.36) ng/L, (137.46 ± 18.57) ng/L vs. (168.24 ± 21.50) ng/L, (0.94 ± 0.16) mg/L vs. (1.27 ± 0.25) mg/L, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The levels of CD 3+ and CD 4+ in the modified group were higher than those in the open group at 1 and 3 d after the operation, and the CD8+ level was lower than that of the open group: 1 d after surgery: 0.597 ± 0.053 vs. 0.542 ± 0.049, 0.382 ± 0.041 vs. 0.362 ± 0.036, 0.308 ± 0.048 vs. 0.332 ± 0.060; 3 d after surgery: 0.615 ± 0.060 vs. 0.580 ± 0.055, 0.408 ± 0.051 vs. 0.385 ± 0.046, 0.290 ± 0.038 vs. 0.317 ± 0.045, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The levels of serum PTH and blood calcium in the modified group were higher than those in the open group at 1 and 3 d after operation: 1 d after surgery: (29.12 ± 6.58) ng/L vs. (20.67 ± 5.14) ng/L, (1.86 ± 0.22) mmol/L vs. (1.59 ± 0.10) mmol/L; 3 d after surgery: (36.39 ± 7.65) ng/L vs. (24.08 ± 5.97) ng/L, (2.03 ± 0.18) mmol/L vs. (1.72 ± 0.14) mmol/L, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The OSAS and VSS scores of the modified group were lower than those of the open group at 3 and 6 months after surgery: 3 months after surgery: (15.9 ± 3.3) scores vs. (24.7 ± 6.9) scores, (4.4 ± 1.5) scores vs. (8.1 ± 3.2) scores; 6 months after surgery: (10.3 ± 2.7) scores vs. (17.1 ± 5.4) scores, (3.3 ± 1.2) scores vs. (6.9 ± 2.4) scores, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The incidence of postoperative complications in the modified group was lower than that in the open group: 3.51%(2/57) vs. 15.79%(9/57), the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The application of modified Miccoli surgery in patients with benign thyroid diseases can reduce the length of the incision, reduce the impact on postoperative pain stress, immune function, and parathyroid function, speed up the process of postoperative recovery, improve the appearance of postoperative aesthetic degree of scar, and reduce the risk of complications.

Research progress of glucocorticoid receptor ligands / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Glucocorticoids have been applied to clinical treatment of autoimmune diseases and allergic diseases for over 60 years.In recent years, the clinical application of glucocorticoids is annually on the rise with the increased incidence of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.Therefore, the adverse events of glucocorticoids have been well concerned.It is urgent to analyze the pharmacological mechanism of glucocorticoids, search for novel glucocorticoid receptor ligands with anti-inflammatory and immune inhibitory effects and less adverse events.This study aims to review the research progress of glucocorticoid receptor ligands.

Fundus changes presented by OCT and OCTA after scleral buckling for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To observe the changes of the morphology and structure of macula, blood flow density of macula and optic disc, as well as retinal nerve fiber layer thickness by optical coherence tomography(OCT)and optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD)under went sclera buckling(SB). METHODS: As a cross-sectional case-controlled study, 25 patients(25 eyes)were diagnosed with RRD in the department of ophthalmology, Ganzhou People's Hospital from July 2014 to March 2021. The differences in the vascular density(VD)of superficial vessel cluster(SVC), the VD of deep vessel cluster(DVC)of macula, the SVC-VD of optic disc, retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL), central macular thickness(CMT), subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT)and outer structure of macula between the affected eyes and healthy eyes at the last post-operative follow-up were compared, and the correlation indicators affecting best corrected visual acuity(BCVA, LogMAR)of the affected eyes at the last follow-up were analyzed. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant in SVC-VD and DVC-VD of macula, SVC-VD of optic disc, RNFL, CMT, SFCT between the affected eyes and healthy eyes at the last post-operative follow-up(all P&#x003E;0.05); At the last follow-up visit, the comparison of macular outer structure on OCT between the affected eyes and the healthy eyes showed that the light band integrity of the external limiting membrane(ELM), myoid zone(MZ), ellipsoid zone(EZ)and outer segment of photoreceptor(OS)had no statistically significant difference(all P&#x003E;0.05), while the light band integrity of interdigitation zone(IZ)had significant difference(P=0.014); The difference of BCVA(LogMAR)between the affected eyes and the healthy eyes at the last follow-up was statistically significant(P=0.002). There was significant correlation between BCVA(LogMAR)of affected eyes at the last post-operative follow-up and the presence or absence of macular involvement, the correlated with SVC-VD of optic disc, the integrity of the light bands of ELM, MZ, EZ, OS and IZ on the outer structure of macula, it was positively correlated with the presence or absence of macular involvement(rs=0.401, P=0.047)and it was negatively correlated with SVC-VD of optic disc, the integrity of the light bands of ELM, MZ, EZ, OS and IZ on the outer structure of macula(all P&#x003C;0.05).CONCLUSION: The OCT and OCTA can be used to observe fundus changes after SB surgery for RRD to obtain long-term follow-up information related to vision prognosis, and visual prognosis depends on the recovery of retinal outer structure, and the integrity of IZ structure is more important for visual recovery; The SVC-VD of optic disc is correlated with visual prognosis, and whether it was correlated with intraocular pressure require further observation and verification with postoperative continuous data.

Hydromorphone postconditioning attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis in rats through PI3K/AKT pathway / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the role of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in hydromorphone postconditioning on alleviating myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced apoptosis in rats.Methods:Forty healthy male SD rats were randomly(random number) divided into five groups, with 8 rats in each group:①sham group;②I/R group;③I/R+hydromorphone group (I/R+H group);④I/R+PI3K inhibitor group (I/R+W group); and⑤I/R+hydromorphone+PI3K inhibitor group (I/R+H+W group). The myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury model was established by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 120 min. After the experiment, the area of myocardial infarction was measured by 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. The amount of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was estimated by colorimetry . The cardiomyocyte apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The protein expressions of p-Akt, Bcl-2 and Bax were detected by Western blot. Comparisons among groups were carried out by analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results:Compared with the sham group, the area of myocardial infarction, serum LDH leakage and cardiomyocyte apoptosis were significantly increased, p-Akt and Bax expression were upregulated, Bcl-2 expression was downregulated in the I/R group ( P<0.05). Compared with the I/R group, the area of myocardial infarction, serum LDH leakage and cardiomyocyte apoptosis were markedly decreased, p-Akt and Bcl-2 expression were upregulated and Bax expression was downregulated in the I/R+H group ( P<0.05). Compared with the I/R+H group, the area of myocardial infarction, serum LDH leakage and cardiomyocyte apoptosis were significantly increased, p-Akt and Bcl-2 expression were downregulated, and Bax expression was upregulated in the I/R+H+W group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Hydromorphone postconditioning can alleviate cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, and its protection mechanism may be related to the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Mechanism of protective effect of hydromorphone postconditioning on myocardium in rats: PI3K/Akt signaling pathway-mediated autophagy / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the relationship between the mechanism of protective effect of hydromorphone postconditioning on myocardium and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway-mediated autophagy in rats.Methods:Forty healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 220-250 g, were divided into 5 groups ( n=8 each) using a random number table method: sham operation group (Sham group), ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) group (group IR), hydromorphone postconditioning group (group HP), PI3K inhibitor group (group W) and hydromorphone postconditioning+ PI3K inhibitor group (group HP+ W). Myocardial ischemia was induced by 30 min occlusion of left anterior descending branch of coronary artery followed by 120 min reperfusion.In group HP, hydromorphone 0.1 mg/kg was injected via femoral vein at 5 min before reperfusion in group HP.In group HP+ W, hydromorphone 0.1 mg/kg and wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor) 15 μg/kg were injected via femoral vein at 5 min before reperfusion.In group W, wortmannin 15 μg/kg was injected via femoral vein at 5 min before reperfusion.At the end of reperfusion, the myocardial infarct size (IS) was determined by TTC staining, the activities of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was detected by colorimetry, myocardial specimens were collected for microscopic examination of the ultrastructure (with a electron microscope), the expression of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) was determined by Western blot and the ratio of LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰwas calculated. Results:Compared with Sham group, IS and the activities of serum of LDH were significantly increased, p-Akt expression in myocardial tissues was up-regulated, the ratio of LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰwas increased ( P<0.05), autophagic vacuoles were increased and the damage of ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes was obvious in group IR.Compared with group IR, IS and the activities of serum of LDH were significantly decreased, p-Akt expression in myocardial tissues was up-regulated, the ratio of LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰwas decreased ( P<0.05), autophagic vacuoles were decreased and the damage of ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes was attenuated in group HR.Compared with group HR, IS and the activities of serum of LDH were significantly increased, p-Akt expression in myocardial tissues was down-regulated, the ratio of LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰwas increased ( P<0.05), autophagic vacuoles were increased and the damage of ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes was aggravated in group HR+ W. Conclusion:The mechanism of protective effect of hydromorphone postconditioning on myocardium is related to activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and inhibition of autophagy in rats.

Relationship between over-expression of endocannabinoid receptor 2 and macrophage pyroptosis in mice / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the relationship between the over-expression of endocannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) and macrophage pyroptosis in mice.Methods:Bone marrow-derived macrophages of mice were transfected by lentivirus vector and successfully screened out two stable cell lines: lentivirus LV5 negative control cells (LV5-NC) and lentivirus LV5CB2R overexpressing cells (OE). Two cell lines were respectively divided into 3 groups ( n=18 each) using a random number table method: control group (LV5-NC-C group, OE-C group), LPS/ATP group (LV5-NC-LPS/ATP group, OE-LPS/ATP group) and CB2R specific agonist HU308 group (LV5-NC-HU308 group, OE-HU308 group). Cells in group C were commonly cultured.In LPS/ATP group, cells were incubated with LPS at a final concentration of 0.5 μg/ml for 5 h, and then incubated with ATP at the final concentration of 5 mmol/L for 1 h. In group LPS/ATP+ HU308, cells were incubated for 5 h with LPS at the final concentration of 0.5 μg/ml and HU308 at the final concentration of 10 μmol/L and then with ATP at the final concentration of 5 mmol/L for 1 h. The expression of CB2R, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3), caspase-1, and gasdermin D (GSDMD) mRNA was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction, the expression of caspase-1 was detected by Western blot, and the concentrations of interleukin-18 (IL-18) and IL-1β in the culture medium were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results:In each cell line, compared with group C, the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1 and GSDMD was significantly up-regulated, and the concentrations of IL-18 and IL-1β were increased in group LPS/ATP ( P<0.05). Compared with group LPS/ATP, the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1 and GSDMD was significantly down-regulated, the concentrations of IL-18 and IL-lβ were decreased in group HU308 ( P<0.05). There was no significant differences in the indicators mentioned above between group V5-NC-C and group OE-C, between group LV5-NC-LPS/ATP and group OE-LPS/ATP, and between group LV5-NC-HU308 and OE-HU308 ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Over-expression of CB2R gene cannot effectively inhibit the occurrence of macrophage pyroptosis, and only activation of CB2R can inhibit it in mice.

Research Progress in the Role of Tim3/galectin-9 in Hematological Malignancy--Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

The incidence of hematological malignant tumor is increasing year by year, and seriously affecting the human health. In addition to the traditional radiation and chemotherapy, immunotherapy has achieved a certain effect in the treatment of blood tumor, but it is limited by exhaustion of CD8

Analysis of Related Early Warning Indexes of Cytokine Release Syndrome in Multiple Myeloma Patients after CAR-T Treatment / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the relationship between the levels of ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in peripheral serum and cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in patients with relapse and/or refractory multiple myeloma (R/R MM) after receiving chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) immunotherapy.@*METHODS@#Twenty-eight patients with R/R MM were treated with 1×10@*RESULTS@#Among the 28 patients, 27 cases (96.4%) developed CRS, 24 cases (85.7%) in 1-2 grade CRS and 3 cases (10.7%) in 3-5 grade. The severity grade of CRS of 27 patients was positively correlated with the peak values of ferritin, CRP, LDH, and IL-6 in peripheral blood (r@*CONCLUSION@#After receiving CAR-T cellular immunotherapy, the incidence of CRS in patients with R/R MM is higher, but most of them are in grade 1 or 2. The severity of CRS is positively correlated with the levels of ferritin, CRP, LDH and IL-6 in peripheral blood.

Trans-base and trans-vault low-velocity penetrating brain injury: A retrospective comparative study of characteristics, treatment, and outcomes / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Low-velocity penetrating brain injury (LVPBI) caused by foreign bodies can pose life-threatening emergencies. Their complexity and lack of validated classification data have prevented standardization of clinical management. We aimed to compare the trans-base and trans-vault phenotypes of LVPBI to help provide guidance for clinical decision-making of such injury type.@*METHODS@#A retrospective study on LVPBI patients managed at our institution from November 2013 to March 2020 was conducted. We included LVPBI patients admitted for the first time for surgery, and excluded those with multiple injuries, gunshot wounds, pregnancy, severe blunt head trauma, etc. Patients were categorized into trans-base and trans-vault LVPBI groups based on the penetration pathway. Discharged patients were followed up by outpatient visit or telephone. The data were entered into the Electronic Medical Record system by clinicians, and subsequently derived by researchers. The demography and injury characteristics, treatment protocols, complications, and outcomes were analyzed and compared between the two groups. A t-test was used for analysis of normally distributed data, and a Mann-Whitney U test for non-parametric data. A generalized linear model was further established to determine whether the factors length of stay and performance scale score were influenced by each factor.@*RESULTS@#A total of 27 LVPBI patients were included in this analysis, comprised of 13 (48.1%) trans-base cases and 14 (51.9%) trans-vault cases. Statistical analyses suggested that trans-base LVPBI was correlated with deeper wounds; while the trans-vault phenotype was correlated with injury by metal foreign bodies. There was no difference in Glasgow Coma Scale score and the risk of intracranial hemorrhage between the two groups. Surgical approaches in the trans-base LVPBI group included subfrontal (n = 5, 38.5%), subtemporal (n = 5, 38.5%), lateral fissure (n = 2, 15.4%), and distal lateral (n = 1, 7.7%). All patients in the trans-vault group underwent a brain convex approach using the foreign body as reference (n = 14, 100%). Moreover, the two groups differed in application prerequisites for intracranial pressure monitoring and vessel-related treatment. Trans-base LVPBI was associated with higher rates of cranial nerve and major vessel injuries; in contrast, trans-vault LVPBI was associated with lower functional outcome scores.@*CONCLUSION@#Our findings suggest that trans-base and trans-vault LVPBIs differ in terms of characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. Further understanding of these differences may help guide clinical decisions and contribute to a better management of LVPBIs.

Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Mediates Antimony-induced Astrocyte Activation / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#Antimony (Sb) has recently been identified as a novel nerve poison, although the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying its neurotoxicity remain unclear. This study aimed to assess the effects of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway on antimony-induced astrocyte activation.@*Methods@#Protein expression levels were detected by Western blotting. Immunofluorescence, cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions separation were used to assess the distribution of p65. The expression of protein in brain tissue sections was detected by immunohistochemistry. The levels of mRNAs were detected by Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).@*Results@#Antimony exposure triggered astrocyte proliferation and increased the expression of two critical protein markers of reactive astrogliosis, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), indicating that antimony induced astrocyte activation @*Conclusion@#Antimony activated astrocytes by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Cortical 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A (Htr3a) positive inhibitory neurons: diversity in type and function / 生理学报

Cortical GABAergic inhibitory neurons are composed of three major classes, each expressing parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SOM) and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A (Htr3a), respectively. Htr3a

Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Assessing Parotid Gland Tumors: Correlation and Comparison with Arterial Spin Labeling Imaging

Objective@#To compare and correlate the findings of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and arterial spin labeling (ASL) imaging in characterizing parotid gland tumors. @*Materials and Methods@#We retrospectively reviewed 56 patients with parotid gland tumors evaluated by MR imaging. The true diffusion coefficient (D), pseudo-diffusion coefficient (D*), and fraction of perfusion (f) values of IVIM imaging and tumor-to-parotid gland signal intensity ratio (SIR) on ASL imaging were calculated. Spearman rank correlation coefficient, chi-squared, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests with the post-hoc Dunn-Bonferroni method and receiver operating characteristic curve assessments were used for statistical analysis. @*Results@#Malignant parotid gland tumors showed significantly lower D than benign tumors (p = 0.019). Within subgroup analyses, pleomorphic adenomas (PAs) showed significantly higher D than malignant tumors (MTs) and Warthin’s tumors (WTs) (p < 0.001). The D* of WTs was significantly higher than that of PAs (p = 0.031). The f and SIR on ASL imaging of WTs were significantly higher than those of MTs and PAs (p < 0.05). Significantly positive correlation was found between SIR on ASL imaging and f (r = 0.446, p = 0.001). In comparison with f, SIR on ASL imaging showed a higher area under curve (0.853 vs. 0.891) in discriminating MTs from WTs, although the difference was not significant (p = 0.720). @*Conclusion@#IVIM and ASL imaging could help differentiate parotid gland tumors. SIR on ASL imaging showed a significantly positive correlation with f. ASL imaging might hold potential to improve the ability to discriminate MTs from WTs.

Optimize concentrate process of loganin from Cornus officinalis by ultrafiltration-nanofiltration coupling technology / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To explore the Optimize concentrate process of loganin from Cornus officinalis by ultrafiltration-nanofiltration coupling technology. Methods:Based on single factor test, nanofiltration membrane pore size, transmembrane pressure difference and pH were selected as independent variables, and the rejection of loganin was used as dependent variables. Response surface methodology of Box-Behnken Design was applied to optimize the concentrate process of loganin from Cornus officinalis. Results:Ultrafiltration can remove polysaccharides and improve the filtrability of the solution. The optimum nanofiltration concentrate conditions were nanofiltration membrane pore size 400 Da, pH 6.7 and the transmembrane pressure difference was 1.20 MPa. The average cut-off rate of loganin was (91.9 ± 1.7)%, which was close to the theoretical cut-off rate of 93.6%.Conclusion:The loganin from Cornus officinalis has been concentrated efficiently by the combination of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration. The coupling technology is stable and feasible, whinc could avoid the transformation loss of heat-sensitive ingredients.

Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of three key starch synthesis-related genes from the bulb of a rare lily germplasm, / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Starch is the predominant compound in bulb scales, and previous studies have shown that bulblet development is closely associated with starch enrichment. However, how starch synthesis affects bulbification at the molecular level is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that

Effect of exosome / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a main cause of death and disability worldwide, posing a serious threat to public health. But currently, the diagnosis and treatments for TBI are still very limited. Exosomes are a group of extracellular vesicles and participate in multiple physiological processes including intercellular communication and substance transport. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) are of great abundancy as cargo of exosomes. Previous studies have shown that ncRNAs are involved in several pathophysiological processes of TBI. However, the concrete mechanisms involved in the effects induced by exosome-derived ncRNA remain largely unknown. As an important component of exosomes, ncRNA is of great significance for diagnosis, precise treatment, response evaluation, prognosis prediction, and complication management after TBI.

Effect of U2AF1 Mutation to Inflammatory Cytokine Expression in SKM-1 Cells through FOXO3a-Bim Signaling Pathway / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of U2AF1 gene mutation to inflammatory cytokine in SKM-1 cell of human myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and whether the above effects were mediated by FOXO3a-Bim signaling pathway.@*METHODS@#Wide-type U2AF1 and mutant U2AF1 (the serine residue 34 was replaced by phenylalanine, and named as S34F) recombinant expression plasmids were constructed. Lentiviruses were packaged and transfected into SKM-1 cells. The expression of FOXO3a was up-regulated by lentiviruses, and its transfection rate was investigated. The cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 method. Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis and cycle of the cells. The expression pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 were detected by qRT-PCR. FOXO3a, Bim, Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression levels were detected by Western blot.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the control group, the cell apoptosis rate, pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and TNF-α transcription levels were significantly increased in the S34F group (P<0.05); cell cycle was blocked at the G@*CONCLUSION@#U2AF1 S34F mutation can regulate inflammatory phenotype in SKM-1 cells, which may be mediated through FOXO3a-Bim signaling pathway.

Three dimensional nephrometry system for partial nephrectomy: Our initial exploration / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To construct a preoperative evaluation system for partial nephrectomy using CT three-dimensional visualization technology and to explore its practical value.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of the patients who underwent partial nephrectomy for renal tumors in Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital were collected retrospectively. At the same time, the homogenized standard data of patients who underwent partial nephrectomy for renal tumors were collected in 16 clinical centers in China. The CT three-dimensional visualization system was applied (IPS system, Yorktal) to evaluate tumor anatomy, blood supply, perirenal fat and other information. The parameters were summarized to build a three-dimensional nephrometry system, on the basis of which virtual surgery design and intraoperative navigation were completed.@*RESULTS@#A three-dimensional visualization image was established based on the enhanced CT urography. The nephrometry system included the longest diameter and volume of the tumor, proportion volume of tumor invading the parenchyma, maximum depth of the tumor invading the parenchyma, contact surface area, flatness of the tumor surface, renal segment where the tumor was located, vascular variation, and perirenal fat. The average two-dimensional diameter of the tumor was (2.78±1.43) cm, the average three-dimensional maximum diameter was (3.09±1.35) cm, and the average postoperative pathological size was (3.01±1.38) cm. The maximum tumor diameter in the three-dimensional image was significantly related to the prolonged renal artery clamping time and intra-operative blood loss (r=0.502, P=0.020; r=0.403, P=0.046). The three-dimensional and pathological tumor volume were (25.7±48.4) cm3 and (33.0±36.4) cm3, respectively (P=0.229). The tumor volume was significantly related to the intraoperative blood loss (r=0.660, P < 0.001). The proportion volume of the tumor invading into renal parenchyma was significantly related to the prolongation of renal artery clamping and the occurrence of postoperative complications (r=0.410, P=0.041; r=0.587, P=0.005). The tumor contact surface area and the presence of vascular variation did not show correlation with the perioperative data and postoperative complications. While the preoperative evaluation was completed, the reconstructed three-dimensional image could be zoomed, rotated, combined display, color adjustment, transparency, and simulated cutting on the Touch Viewer system. The process generally consisted of showing or hiding the tissue, adjusting the transparency of the interested area, rotating and zooming the image to match the position of the surgical patient. Together, these functions met the requirements of preoperative virtual surgery plan and intraoperative auxiliary navigation.@*CONCLUSION@#Three-dimensional images can provide a more intuitive anatomical structure. The CT three-dimensional visua-lization system clearly displays tumor anatomical parameters, blood supply and perirenal fat. The three-dimensional nephrometry system for renal tumors can help predict the difficulty of partial nephrectomy and perioperative complications. Importing the reconstructed three-dimensional visualization image into the specified program or robot operating system can complete virtual surgery and intraoperative navigation, helping the surgeon to better grasp the surgical process. The indexes included in the nephrometry system and the score weights of each index need to be confirmed and perfected by multi-center study with large samples.

Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy: Evaluating Microstructural Changes of Extraocular Muscles and Optic Nerves Using Readout-Segmented Echo-Planar Imaging-Based Diffusion Tensor Imaging

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the ability of readout-segmented echo-planar imaging (rs-EPI)-based diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in assessing the microstructural change of extraocular muscles (EOMs) and optic nerves in patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) as well as in evaluating disease activity.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 35 TAO patients and 22 healthy controls (HCs) who underwent pre-treatment rs-EPI-based DTI. Mean, axial, and radial diffusivity (MD, AD, and RD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) of the medial and lateral EOMs and optic nerve for each orbit were calculated and compared between TAO and HC groups and between active and inactive TAO groups. Factors such as age, sex, disease duration, mediation, and smoking history between groups were also compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the predictive value of significant variables for disease activity.RESULTS: Disease duration was significantly shorter in active TAOs than in inactive ones (p < 0.001). TAO patients showed significantly lower FA and higher MD, AD, and RD than HCs for both medial and lateral EOMs (p < 0.001), but not the AD value of lateral EOMs (p = 0.619). Active patients had significantly higher FA, MD, and AD than inactive patients for medial EOMs (p < 0.005), whereas only FA differed significantly in the lateral EOMs (p = 0.018). The MD, AD, and RD of optic nerves were significantly lower in TAO patients than HCs (p < 0.05), except for FA (p = 0.129). Multivariate analysis showed that the MD of medial EOMs and disease duration were significant predictors for disease activity. The combination of these two parameters showed optimal diagnostic efficiency for disease activity (area under the curve, 0.855; sensitivity, 68.4%; specificity, 96.9%).CONCLUSION: rs-EPI-based DTI is promising in assessing microstructural changes of EOMs and optic nerves and can help to indicate the disease activity of TAO, especially through the MD of medial EOMs.