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@#Abstract: Objective To explore the spatial epidemiological characteristics of severe cases hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Guangxi, China, from 2014 to 2018, and to provide a basis for identifying the high-risk regions as well as the prevention and control of severe cases of HFMD in Guangxi. Methods Spatial-temporal scanning analysis, global and local spatial autocorrelation analysis were used to analyze the spatial clustering of HFMD. The trend surface analysis was used to evaluate the spatial distribution trend of HFMD. Results From 2014 to 2018, the incidence and severe case fatality rates of HFMD were 3.89/100 000 and 4.23%, respectively. Monte Carlo scanning analysis showed that the first cluster region was Cenxi City, the second cluster was mainly concentrated in northwest of Guangxi, and the aggregation time was mainly concentrated in April to May and August to October. The global spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the severe HFMD was significant clustering distribution, and the Moran's I coefficients of the sever cases, severe morbidity and severe case fatality rate were 0.088, 0.118, 0.197, respectively (P<0.05). Local spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that hotspots of severe HFMD cases were concentrated in the southern Guangxi, mainly in Lingshan County. Anselin local Moran's I clustering and outlier analysis indicated that 5 high-high (H-H) clustering regions for fatality were Lingshan, Pubei, Zhongshan, Zhaoping and Pinggui County. There were 6 high-high (H-H) clustering regions for severe incidence rate, namely Lingshan, Qinnan, Lingyun, Youjiang, Bama Yao Autonomous and Pinggui County, and 1 high-low (H-L) clustering region, Cenxi County. The trend surface analysis showed that the overall number of severe cases of death decreased from east or west to the middle, and increased from north to middle, and then decreased to south. Conclusions Severe HFMD cases in Guangxi have obvious spatial-temporal clustering, and the hop spots are mainly concentrated in southern Guangxi. The prevention and control of HFMD in areas with high incidence of severe cases should be strengthened to reduce the burden of HFMD cases.
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Ben Cao Tu Jing is the earliest version of block-printed edition for herbals so far, with 933 medicinal paintings. In this paper, it analyzed the medicine paintings in the Fruit, Vegetable and Rice Sections of Ben Cao Tu Jing, as well as discussed the types of medicine paintings and relevant information when they were drawn. There are a total of 76 paintings in the fruits, vegetables and rice sections of Ben Cao Tu Jing, which can be divided into four types: broken branch paintings, ground paintings, rootless plant paintings and the whole plant with root paintings. The first three paintings were similar to the paintings of Tang and Song, and the paintings of the whole plant with root can be called the type of medicine paintings with Chinese characteristics created by Ben Cao Tu Jing. These four types of paintings had a profound impact on the later illustrations of medicinal materials, such as Lv Chan Yan Ben Cao, Jiu Huang Ben Cao, Ben Cao Pin Hui Jing Yao, Zhi Wen Ben Cao, Zhi Wu Ming Shi Tu Kao. The two types that had the greatest impact on later generations are the broken branch paintings and the whole plant with roots paintings, which had been inherited and developed in contemporary Chinese pharmacy books such as Zhong Yao Cai Pin Zhong Lun Shu and Zhong Hua Ben Cao. The paintings of the fruits, vegetables and rice sections are highly realistic and artistic, not only carrying the role of conveying medicinal knowledge, but also having unique aesthetic value. It can be inferred that the fruits, vegetables and rice sections had the participation of professional painters at least. In addition, through the highly consistent drawing styles of several sets of paintings, it is concluded that the paintings without place names were likely to be drawn uniformly by the editing team, and the local paintings may have been revised and improved by the editing team lately.
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Humans , China , Fruit , Medicine , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Oryza , Paintings , VegetablesABSTRACT
This study was designed to compare intestinal bacteria and inflammatory cytokine expression in rats with ulcerative colitis (UC) after treatment of three regiments, Huang-qin-tang (HQT), Si-shen-wan (SSW), and Tong-xie-yao-fang (TXYF). After approved by Institute of Chinese Materia Medica Ethics Committees in China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, UC in rats was induced by using a compound method (trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid plus ethanol). Rats were randomly divided into control, disease, positive control salazosulfapyridine (SASP, 0.5 g·kg-1), HQT (20 g·kg-1), SSW (26 g·kg-1), and TXYF groups (22 g·kg-1). After 7 days of treatment, colonic tissues and the blood were taken for various assays. Damage of colonic tissues was detected by H&E staining. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-ɑ (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the serum were detected by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Total DNA was extracted from stool samples for analyses of 16SMiseqPE300V3-4 segment using high-throughput sequencing. The inflammatory cytokine results showed that compared with the disease group, the content of IL-6, PGE2, TNF-α in SASP group were decreased (P<0.05), with the most significant decrease being the level of IL-8 (P<0.01), whereas the levels of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in HQT group were reduced (P<0.05) and PGE2 content was clearly reduced (P<0.01). The contents of four cytokines in SSW group were decreased, but there was no statistical difference. While the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in TXYF group were reduced, and the reductions of IL-8 and PGE2 were significant (P<0.05). The results after sequencing showed that microbiome species richness SSW group > HQT group > TXYF group; the similarity between samples TXYF group > SSW group > HQT group; the species of HQT and TXYF group have greater difference when compared to the disease group. The content of beneficial bacteria in the intestine of HQT group > SSW group > TXYF group. Three regiments all have therapeutic effects on UC, manifested by improvements of the signs and mental status of UC rats. However, in terms of inhibition of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-8, PGE2 and TNF-α, and regulation of intestinal microbiome, the therapeutic effect of HQT was superior than SSW and TXYF.
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Objective: To discuss the application principle in tuina manipulation for lumbar intervertebral disc herniation (LIDH) in Chinese literatures published in recent 30 years. Methods: The three major Chinese databases, Wanfang Academic Journal Full-text Database (Wanfang), Chongqing VIP Database (CQVIP) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), were searched to collect the studies of tuina manipulations in treatment of LIDH published in recent 30 years. Clustering analysis was applied to analyze the top 20 tuina manipulations for LIDH. Results: The top 20 most frequently used manipulations for LIDH were Gun-rolling, Rou-kneading, Dian-digital pressing, oblique Ban-pulling, An-pressing, Tanbo-plucking, Bashen-pulling and extending, horizontal Tui-pushing, Na-grasping, Anrou-pressing and kneading, Dou-shaking, Yao-rocking, Ca-scrubbing, Pai-patting, post-extension Ban-pulling, Mo-rubbing, Zhen-vibrating, Nie-pinching, fist-back Ji-tapping, and dorsal Shen-extending methods. The involved manipulations can be divided into two categories by the treated body areas. One category is applied to the soft tissues, including Gun-rolling, Rou-kneading, Dian-digital pressing, An-pressing, Tanbo-plucking, horizontal Tui-pushing, Na-grasping, Anrou-pressing and kneading, Ca-scrubbing, Pai-patting, Mo-rubbing, Zhen-vibrating, Nie-pinching, and fist-back Ji-tapping methods. The other category is applied to bones and joints, including oblique Ban-pulling, Bashen-pulling and extending, Dou-shaking, Yao-rocking, post-extension Ban-pulling, and dorsal Shen-extending methods. Conclusion: Based on the treated body area, the tuina manipulations applied to treat LIDH are predominated by the ones performed on soft tissues, assisted by those on bones and joints. From the way of force exertion, the involved manipulations are majorly the swinging methods, followed by squeezing and pressing ones. The manipulations applied to bones and joints are predominated by the Ban-pulling ones, followed by the Bashen-pulling and extending ones.
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"Xishuang" is a special phenomenon that chemical composition of medicinal materials crystallize on the surface exposed to air for a long time. We summarized Herbal textual research of "Xishuang" phenomenon of six herbs, such as Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, Moutan Cortex, Atractylodis Rhizoma, Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex, dried persimmon frost and watermelon frost. From historical perspective, cream of Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus was firstly discovered in Lei Gong's Moxibustion Theory. Thereafter, dried persimmon frost was found in Song Dynasty, which was named "white persimmon" in Ben Cao Tu Jing and had become an independent medicine in Compendium of Materia Medica. Then, watermelon frost was found in Yang Yi Da Quan of the Qing Dynasty, and Moutan Cortex's "sand star" was recorded in Zeng Ding Wei Yao Tiao Bian of the Republic of China. After that, "Xishuang" phenomenon of Atractylodis Rhizomaand Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex were reported in 1950s and 1960s in succession. The pattern of "Xishuang" is divided into different type, natural "Xishuang" includes Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, Moutan Cortex, Atractylodis Rhizoma and Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex, artificial "Xishuang" includes watermelon frost, and dried persimmon frost formed crystals by using artificial intervention. The above 6 kinds of herbs have different crystal structure and chemical composition. Therefore, according to traditional identification experience, "Xishuang" phenomenon is related to varieties and quality of medicinal herbs. These research provide herbalism basis for the modern study of "Xishuang" medicinal materials.
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Based on the "Zhong Guo Ben Cao Yao Ji Kao", Chinese herbalists in past dynasties were counted and analyzed by their living period,numbers and native places. Combined with GIS, the geographical distribution and the formation causes of the four distribution centers of herbalists in past dynasties were discussed. The results showed that, there was a greater difference between the numbers of herbalists in different periods of time, which achieved to the peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In addition, the distribution of herbalists in past dynasties characterized east more and west less, forming the distribution areas centered by Huizhou, Shanghai, Hangzhou and Suzhou. Besides, the geographical distributions of Chinese herbalists showed an obvious southward trend since the Song Dynasty.
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Background Three oligosaccharides (EOS, WOS and SOS) were respectively prepared from the corresponding polysaccharides, namely exopolysaccharide (EPS), water-extracted mycelial polysaccharide (WPS) and sodium hydroxide-extracted mycelial polysaccharides (SPS) from the endophytic fungus Fusarium oxysporum Dzf17. In this study, the effects of EOS, WOS and SOS on the activities of the defense-related enzymes, namely phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) in its host plant Dioscorea zingiberensis cultures were investigated. Results For the suspension cell cultures of D. zingiberensis, the highest PAL activity was induced by 0.5 mg/mL of WOS at 48 h after treatment, which was 4.55-fold as that of control. Both PPO and POD activities were increased to the maximum values by 0.25 mg/mL of WOS at 48 h after treatment, which were respectively 3.74 and 3.45-fold as those of control. For the seedling cultures, the highest PAL activity was elicited by 2.5 mg/mL of EOS at 48 h after treatment, which was 3.62-fold as that of control. Both PPO and POD reached their maximum values treated with 2.5 mg/mL of WOS at 48 h after treatment, which were 4.61 and 4.19-fold as those of control, separately. Conclusions Both EOS and WOS significantly increased the activities of PAL, PPO and POD in the suspension cell and seedling cultures of D. zingiberensis. The results suggested that the oligosaccharides from the endophytic fungus F. oxysporum Dzf17 may be related to the activation and enhancement of the defensive mechanisms of D. zingiberensis suspension cell and seedling cultures.
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Oligosaccharides/metabolism , Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase/metabolism , Catechol Oxidase/metabolism , Peroxidase/metabolism , Endophytes , Fusarium , Polysaccharides , Suspensions , Cell Culture Techniques , Dioscorea , Plant Cells , Disease ResistanceABSTRACT
This study was aimed to observe the mechanism of Jia-Jian Xiao-Yao (JJXY) Powder improving facial skin barrier function of the hormone-dependent dermatitis patients. A total of 100 patients were randomly divided into two groups. In the treatment group, 50 cases were orally administered with JJXY Powder. In the control group, loratadine and vitamin EC particles were orally administered to the 50 cases. Thirty days is one treatment course. Changes of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin erythema amount and IL-4 were detected in patients of both groups before and after the treatment. The results showed that the clinical efficiency of treatment group and control group was 82.0% and 58.0%, respectively. In the treatment group, the TEWL and skin erythema amount were obviously decreased after the treatment (P < 0.05). In the treatment group, the decreasing range of serum IL-4 was significant compared to control group (P < 0.05). It was concluded that JJXY Powder is one of the effective methods for the treatment of facial hormone-dependent dermatitis. It is able to repair facial hormone-dependent dermatitis in patients with impaired skin barrier function and reduce the amount of skin erythema. The therapeutic mechanism may be related to the regulation of serum IL-4.