Determination and difference analysis of bile acid active constituents of artificial bezoar in Babao jingfeng powder from different manufacturers / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To establish the method for determination of bile acid active constituents （cholic acid， hyodeoxycholic acid and sodium taurocholate） in Babao jingfeng powder， and to compare the differences of 3 constituents in Babao jingfeng powder from different manufacturers. METHODS UPLC-MS method was adopted to determine the contents of cholic acid， hyodeoxycholic acid and sodium taurocholate in 9 batches of Babao jingfeng powder from 3 manufacturers. The separation was performed on a Phenomenex Luna® C18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water （gradient elution） at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The column temperature was 40 ℃ and the sample size was 2 μL. MS system was operated in a negative ion single quadrupole mode， and the m/z of cholic acid， hyodeoxycholic acid and sodium taurocholate were 407.2， 392.2 and 514.2， respectively. With the contents of three components as the index， cluster analysis and principle component analysis were performed on 9 batches of samples. RESULTS The linear ranges of cholic acid， hyodeoxycholic acid and sodium taurocholate were 5.48- 548.40， 5.38-538.40， 4.74-474.05 ng/mL， respectively （r≥ 0.999 3）. RSDs of precision， repeatability and stability tests（24 h） were all lower than or equal to 3.7% （n＝6）， and the average recoveries were 103.3%， 103.3% and 101.6% with RSDs of 3.3%， 3.4%， 4.2% （n＝6）， respectively. The contentsof cholic acid ranged 0.702-1.711 mg/g， those of deoxycholic acid ranged 0.599-2.049 mg/g， and those of sodium taurocholate ranged 0.664-1.752 mg/g in 9 batches of samples. The average content of 3 components in samples from manufacturer A was high， and the difference between batches was the smallest； the average content of 3 components from manufacturer C was the lowest， and the difference between batches was large. Cluster analysis could basically distinguish samples from different manufacturers； cluster analysis was conducted by using the comprehensive score of principal components as an indicator， the results of which were basically consistent with those of cluster analysis for content. CONCLUSIONS The method is established successfully for the content determination of the 3 bile acid active constituents of artificial bezoar in Babao jingfeng powder. The contents of 3 components in Babao jingfeng powder from 3 manufacturers are significantly different.

Respiratory mechanics analysis of inspiratory trigger in mechanical ventilation / 中华危重病急救医学

OBJECTIVE@#To find out the circuit pressure and flow at the trigger point by observing the characteristics of the inspiratory trigger waveform of the ventilator, confirm the intra-alveolar pressure as the index to reflect the effort of the trigger according to the working principle of the ventilator combined with the laws of respiratory mechanics, establish the related mathematical formula, and analyze its influencing factors and logical relationship.@*METHODS@#A test-lung was connected to the circuit in a PB840 ventilator and a SV600 ventilator set in pressure-support mode. The positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was set at 5 cmH2O (1 cmH2O ≈ 0.098 kPa), and the wall of test-lung was pulled outwards till an inspiratory was effectively triggered separately in slow, medium, fast power, and separately in flow-trigger mode (sensitivity VTrig 3 L/min, 5 L/min) and pressure-trigger mode (sensitivity PTrig 2 cmH2O, 4 cmH2O). By adjusting the scale of the curve in the ventilator display, the loop pressure and flow corresponding to the trigger point under different triggering conditions were observed. Taking intraalveolar pressure (Pa) as the research object, the Pa (called Pa-T) needed to reach the effective trigger time (TT) was analyzed in the method of respiratory mechanics, and the amplitude of pressure change (ΔP) and the time span (ΔT) of Pa during triggering were also analyzed.@*RESULTS@#(1) Corresponding relationship between pressure and flow rate at TT time: in flow-trigger mode, in slow, medium and fast trigger, the inhalation flow rate was VTrig, and the circuit pressure was separately PEEP, PEEP-Pn, and PEEP-Pn' (Pn, Pn', being the decline range, and Pn' > Pn). In pressure-trigger mode, the inhalation flow rate was 1 L/min (PB840 ventilator) or 2 L/min (SV600 ventilator), and the circuit pressure was PEEP-PTrig. (2) Calculation of Pa-T: in flow-trigger mode, in slow trigger: Pa-T = PEEP-VTrigR (R represented airway resistance). In medium trigger: Pa-T = PEEP-Pn-VTrigR. In fast trigger: Pa-T = PEEP-Pn'-VTrigR. In pressure-trigger mode: Pa-T = PEEP-PTrig-1R. (3) Calculation of ΔP: in flow trigger mode, in flow trigger: without intrinsic PEEP (PEEPi), ΔP = VTrigR; with PEEPi, ΔP = PEEPi-PEEP+VTrigR. In medium trigger: without PEEPi, ΔP = Pn+VTrigR; with PEEPi, ΔP = PEEPi-PEEP+Pn+VTrigR. In fast trigger: without PEEPi, ΔP = Pn'+VTrigR; with PEEPi, ΔP = PEEPi-PEEP+Pn'+VTrigR. In pressure-trigger mode, without PEEPi, ΔP = PTrig+1R; with PEEPi, ΔP = PEEPi-PEEP+PTrig+1R. (4) Pressure time change rate of Pa (FP): FP = ΔP/ΔT. In the same ΔP, the shorter the ΔT, the greater the triggering ability. Similarly, in the same ΔT, the bigger the ΔP, the greater the triggering ability. The FP could better reflect the patient's triggering ability.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The patient's inspiratory effort is reflected by three indicators: the minimum intrapulmonary pressure required for triggering, the pressure span of intrapulmonary pressure, and the pressure time change rate of intrapulmonary pressure, and formula is established, which can intuitively present the logical relationship between inspiratory trigger related factors and facilitate clinical analysis.

Effects of organ dose modulation technique on image quality and radiation dose in sinus CT scanning / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To investigate the effects of organ dose modulation (ODM) on image quality and radiation dose to lens during sinus CT scanning.Methods:The GE Revolution EVO CT was used to scan the anthropomorphic head with ODM turned off as the control group and ODM turned on as the observation group. With different parameter combinations of tube voltage (140, 120, 100 kV), noise index (N17, N18), pitch (0.531, 0.969 at 20 cm collimation width, 0.516, 0.984 at 40 mm collination width), 24 series of images were acquired respectively. The tube current (mA) valuesat the anterior (A), left (L), posterior (P) and right (R) positions, volume CT dose index (CTDI vol) and dose length product (DLP) were recorded. Average CT values (AV), standard deviation (SD), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast to noise ratio (CNR) and image quality factor (FOM) of ROI were calculated. Double blind method was used to evaluate the edge sharpness, soft tissue level, noise and artifact on a subjective scale of 3 points. Results:For the combinations of different scanning parameters, the radiation dose of the observation group was lower than that of the control group. The tube current attheposition A for the observation group was lower than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=2.28, P<0.05). The differences oftube currentsatposotions of L, P and R, CTDI vol and DLP values in twogroupswere not statistically significant ( P>0.05). There were no significant differences in SD, SNR, CNR and FOM between the two groups of images ( P>0.05). There were no significant differences in the subjective scores of edge sharpness, soft tissue gradation, noise and artifacts between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:ODM technique can effectively reduce the radiation dose of eye lens without decompromising the image quality, which could meet the requirements of diagnosis, and accord with the principle of radiological protection optimization.

Ethical considerations in animal research: the principle of 3r's

In the last century, progress in the knowledge of human diseases, their diagnosis and treatment have grown exponentially, due in large part to the introduction and use of laboratory animals. Along with this important progress, the need to provide training and guidance to the scientific community in all aspects related to the proper use of experimental animals has been indispensable. Animal research committees play a primary role in evaluating experimental research protocols, from their feasibility to the rational use of animals, but above all in seeking animal welfare. The Institutional Committee for the Care and Use of Animals (IACUC) has endeavored to share several relevant aspects in conducting research with laboratory animals. Here, we present and discuss the topics that we consider of utmost importance to take in the account during the design of any experimental research protocol, so we invite researchers, technicians, and undergraduate and graduate students to dive into the fascinating subject of proper animal care and use for experimentation. The main intention of these contributions is to sensitize users of laboratory animals for the proper and rational use of them in experimental research, as well as to disseminate the permitted and unpermitted procedures in laboratory animals. In the first part, the significance of experimental research, the main functions of IACUC, and the principle of the three R's (replacement, reduction, and refinement) are addressed.

Spinal cord atrophy-like changes in adolescent Chiari malformation type I patients: a neglected imaging change / 中华骨科杂志

Abstract:To compare the morphology of spinal cord between healthy adolescents with adolescent Chiari malformation type I (CMI) patients and investigate the impact of syringomyelia on the morphology of spinal cord in CMI patients.Methods:The clinical and radiological data of 292 CMI patients diagnosed by our center between June 2012 and March 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Among them 15 CMI patients without syringomyelia were recruited in the CM group. Among the remaining 277 CMI patients, 274 patients had syringomyelia below the C 3-4 intervertebral disc. According to the principle of best matching, CMI patients with syringomyelia were selected with the closest age to the CM group (±18 months), and 30 CMI patients with syringomyelia were included in the CMS group according to a ratio of 1∶2. Thirty healthy adolescents were enrolled as the control group (NC group) in the same way. The anteroposterior diameters of spinal cord at C 2 (DSCO-C 2), spinal canal at C 2 (DSCA-C 2), midbrain-pontine junction (DPJ), the distance between the tip of cerebellar tonsils and the foramen magnum (AB) and the maximal diameter of the syrinx (D-syrinx) were measured on MRI. All radiographic parameters were measured twice independently by two spine surgeons, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were determined to demonstrate intra- and inter-observer reliability. One-way ANOVA and SNK- q test were used to compare the above radiographic parameters and age between CM, CMS and NC group. The distribution of genders was compared between the three groups using Chi-square tests. Pearson correlation analysis were conducted to demonstrate the relationship between radiographic parameters in CM and CMS group. Results:ICC ranged between 0.91 and 0.95 in the current study, demonstrating "excellent" reliability of radiographic measurements. No significant difference was noted regarding age and the distribution of genders among the three groups. Patients in CM and CMS groups showed similar DSCO-C 2 values ( P=0.254), both of which were significantly lower than that in NC group ( P<0.001). DSCA-C 2 in CMS group was significantly larger than that in CM ( P=0.003) and NC ( P<0.001) groups, while no significant difference was found between the CM and NC groups ( P=0.216). Moreover, DPJ in CMS group was significantly lower than that in CM group ( P<0.001) and NC group ( P<0.001). There was no significant difference in AB between CM and CMS groups ( P=0.948). DSCO-C 2 was significantly positively correlated with DSCA-C 2 in CMS group ( r=0.906, P<0.001), while AB, D-syrinx, DSCO-syrinx, DSCA-syrinx and DPJ were not significantly correlated with DSCA-C 2. There were significant correlations observed between DPJ and other radiographic parameters in the CMS group (all P>0.05). Significant positive correlation between DSCO-C 2 and DPJ was observed in CM group ( r=0.703, P=0.005). There was no significant correlation between DSCO-C 2 and DSCA-C 2 and DPJ in NC group (all P>0.05). Conclusion:CMI adolescents have significant atrophic change of cervical spinal cord and midbrain-pontine junction compared with healthy adolescents, regardless of the existence of syrinx. Moreover, syrinx in CMI patients indicated more obvious atrophic change of midbrain-pontine junction and dilated spinal canal compared with isolated CMI patients.

Simultaneous Determination of 6 Flavonoids in Zhuang Medicine Engelhardia roxburghiana by HPLC-QAMS and Multivariate Statistical Analysis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To establish a m ethod for simultaneous determination of neoastilbin ，astilbin，neoisoastilbin，isoastilbin， quercitrin and engeletin in Engelhardia roxburghiana，and conduct multivariate statistical analysis. METHODS ：HPLC-QAMS method was adopted. The determination was performed on Phenomenex SuperLu C 18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.1％ formic acid （19 ∶ 81，V/V）at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelengths were set at 254 nm （neoastilbin，astilbin，neoisoastilbin，isoastilbin，engeletin）and 291 nm（quercitrin）. The column temperature was 30 ℃，and sample size was 10 μL. Using astilbin as internal substance，and the relative correction factors of other 5 factors were calculated. The contents of each component were calculated according to relative correction factor ，and were compared with the results of external standard method. SPSS 22.0 software was used for cluster analysis and principal component analysis. RESULTS ：The linear range of neoastilbin ，astilbin，neoisoastilbin，isoastilbin，quercitrin and engeletin were 0.007-0.311，0.871-18.184，0.002-0.119， 0.052-1.251，0.105-2.202，0.020-2.319 μg（r＞0.999），respectively. RSDs of precision ，reproducibility and stability （24 h）tests were all lower than 3％. The average recoveries were 97.32％，94.89％，97.15％，96.90％，97.52％ and 97.53％（RSDs were 1.09％ -2.60％ ，n＝6），respectively. The relative correction factors of neoastilbin ，neoisoastilbin，isoastilbin，quercitrin and engeletin were 1.252 6，1.198 3，0.958 6，0.807 1 and 1.138 1， respectively. The contents of neoastilbin ， neoisoastilbin， qq.com isoastilbin，quercitrin and engeletin measured by QAMS were 0.394 2-2.067 2，0.139 1-0.804 7，2.864 8-8.554 8，4.581 2- 11.371 1，1.028 9-13.401 5 mg/g；the contents of neoastilbin ， astilbin，neoisoastilbin，isoastilbin，quercitrin and engeletin were 0.367 2-1.925 3，46.361 1-126.342 1，0.138 1-0.798 8，2.966 2-8.857 8， 4.642 5-11.523 3，0.970 6-12.641 9 mg/g，respectively. Relative errors of two methods was lower than or equal to 3.55％. The results of cluster analysis showed that 9 batches of samples could be clustered into two categories ；S8 sample was one category and others were one category. The results of principal component analysis showed that accumulative contribution rate of former 2 principle components was 84.745％，and the results of sample classification were consistent with those of cluster analysis. CONCLUSIONS ： The established HPLC-QAMS method is accurate ，feasible and repeatable ，and can be used for simultaneous determination of 6 flavonoids in E. roxburghiana ，and it can provide reference for quality control.

Application value of TRIANGLE operation in radical resection of pancreatic cancer / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the application value of TRIANGLE operation in radical resection of pancreatic cancer.Methods:The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 30 patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent TRIANGLE operation in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from March 2020 to July 2020 were collected. There were 18 females and 12 males, aged from 41 to 79 years, with a median age of 65 years. After assessment of the resectability and dissection of the hepatoduodenal ligament, the superior mesenteric artery, celiac axis, common hepatic artery, portal vein and superior mesenteric vein of patients were exposed. According to the location of tumor, patients were performed pancreaticoduodenectomy, distal pancreatectomy or total pancreatectomy combined with dissection of putatively tumor-infiltrated lymphatic and neural tissue from the triangular space. During the TRIANGLE operation, it required to at least finish the skeletonization of right semi-circumference of the superior mesenteric artery and celiac axis in cases of pancreatico-duodenectomy, whereas the left semi-circumference in cases of distal pancreatectomy. In principle, both of the superior mesenteric artery and celiac axis were circumferentially skeletonized for cases of total pancreatectomy. Lymphatic, neural and fibrous tissues between the superior mesenteric artery and the celiac artery were completely dissected in all patients. Observation indicators: (1) surgical conditions and postoperative histopathological examination; (2) postoperative recovery situations; (3) follow-up. Regular follow-up was conducted by telephone interview or outpatient examinations to understand tumor recurrence and metastasis of patients up to January 2021. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M (range). Count data were described as absolute numbers or percentages, Fisher exact probability method was used for comparison between groups. Results:(1) Surgical conditions and postoperative histopathological examination: all patients underwent open operation, including 21 cases of pancreaticoduodenec-tomy, 6 cases of distal pancreatectomy, 2 cases of total pancreatectomy, 1 case of mid-segment preserving pancreatectomy. There were 16 cases combined with portal vein-superior mesenteric vein resection and 3 cases combined with left adrenal resection. For the dissection area of superior mesenteric artery-celiac axis, one cycle was conducted in 5 of 30 patients, one and a quarter cycle in 8 patients, one and a half cycle in 8 patients, one and three quarters?two cycles in 9 patients. There were 16 cases with left gastric vein dissection and 14 cases with left gastric vein preservation. The operative time of 30 patients was 287 minutes (range, 165?495 minutes) and the volume of intraoperative blood loss was 275 mL(range, 50?800 mL). Nine patients received intraoperative transfusion of red blood cells or frozen plasma. Postoperative histopathological examination showed that the tumor diameter was 3.4 cm (range, 1.2?7.3 cm), the number of harvested lymph nodes was 20 (range, 9?35), the number of positive lymph nodes was 2 (0?19). Of the 30 patients,20 cases had moderately differentiated tumor and 10 cases had poorly differentiated tumor. R 0 resection was achieved in 9 patients, 1 mm R 1 resection in 17 patients, and R 1 resection in 4 patients. Postoperative pathological T stages: 3 of 30 patents were in stage T1, 18 cases were in stage T2, 5 cases were in stage T3, and 4 cases were in stage T4. Postoperative pathological N stages: 9 of 30 patents were in stage N0, 13 cases were in stage N1, and 8 cases were in stage N2. Postoperative pathological TNM stages: 2 of 30 patents were in stage Ⅰa, 2 cases were in stage Ⅰb, 3 case were in stage Ⅱa, 11 cases were in stage Ⅱb, 12 cases were in stage Ⅲ. (2) Postoperative recovery situations: 20 of 30 patients had postoperative complications, including 6 cases of Clavien-Dindo grade I complications, 9 cases of grade Ⅱ complications, 3 cases of grade Ⅲa complications, 2 cases of grade V complications. The incidence of postoperative diarrhea was 0 in cases with one cycle dissection of tissues around superior mesenteric artery-celiac axis, 1/8 in cases with one and a quarter cycle dissection, 4/8 in cases with one and a half cycle dissection, 9/9 in cases in with one and three quarters-two cycles dissection, showing a significant difference between the four groups ( P<0.05). The incidence of delayed gastric emptying was 5/16 in patients with left gastric vein dissection, versus 1/14 in patients with left gastric vein preservation, showing no significant difference between the two groups ( P>0.05). Nineteen of 30 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy.Twenty-eight of 30 patients were successfully discharged from hospital, with the duration of postoperative hospital stay of 15 days(range, 8?68 days) and the rest of 2 patients died. Three patients had unplanned readmission within postoperative 90 days. (3) Follow-up: all the 28 patients discharged from hospital were followed up for 1.0?9.0 months, with the median follow-up time of 6.5 months. During the follow-up, one patient with locally advanced pancreatic cancer had local recurrence, 9 patients had liver metastasis (including 4 cases with resectable pancreatic cancer, 4 cases with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer, 1 case with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer), and 1 patient with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer had peritoneal metastasis. The rest of 17 patients survived without tumor recurrence. Conclusions:TRIANGLE operation in the radical resection of pancreatic cancer has high radicality and low postoperative local recurrence, but a slightly high morbidity and mortality rate. Its long-term efficacy needs to be further evaluated. It is recommend that this procedure should be performed for selected patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in high-volume pancreatic surgery centers.

Construction and Practice of Experimental System for Undergraduate Teaching Based on CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing Technology / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

CRISP R/Cas9 is an emerging gene editing technique, which plays an important role in life science research.It is of great significance to introduce this cutting-edge scientific technique into the experimental teaching for undergraduates.Therefore, we established an undergraduate experiment system based on CRISPR/Cas9 technology.This experiment system focuses on the application of CRISPR/Cas9- mediating gene editing in mammalian cells.An engineered mouse embryonic fibroblast which genome were inserted with fluorescein mCherry gene was selected as the experimental model, and called STO-82.Firstly, sgRNAs targeting mCherry gene were designed to construct CRISPR-Cas9/sgRNA co-expression plasmids.After being confirmed by sequencing, they were transfected into STO-82 cells.Two groups of cells with mCherry negative and positive signals were detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting.Single cells with negative fluorescence were separated and then cultivated to become monoclonal cells.The mutation status of mCherry gene in monoclonal cell lines was detected by sequence analysis.The result showed that there were mutations of insertion or deletion at target sites, indicating that the experimental system was successfully established.Therefore, this comprehensive experiment is comprised of sgRNA design, construction of CRISPR-Cas9/sgRNA co-expression plasmids, cell transfection, cell sorting, monoclonal cell cultivation and sequence analysis.This experiment system is used for experimental teaching for senior undergraduates.Teaching practice can either be decomposed into content modules or be taken as a whole program in light of actual situation.In the teaching practice at 3 classes (13 groups in total, two students every group), which adopted the model of small-class teaching (about 10 students per class), the majority completed the content modules and the expected outcomes were achieved.Through the design and teaching practice of this experiment system, the students acquire a deeper understanding for the principle and experimental procedure of CRISPR/Cas9 technology, an enhanced experimental ability and rigorous scientific thinking and also some knowledge in the risk of its medical application.

Fingerprint Establishment ，Content Determination and Chemical Pattern Recognition Analysis of Tibetan Medicine Ershiwuwei Luxue Pills / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To establish fingerprint of Tibetan medicine Ershi wuwei luxue pills ，and determine the contents of 5 components，and to conduct chemical pattern recognition. METHODS ：HPLC method was adopted. Using aesculetin as reference ， HPLC fingerprint of 10 batches of Tibetan medicine Ershi wuwei luxue pills were drawn. The similarity evaluation was conducted by using Evaluation System of TCM Chromatogram Fingerprint Similarity （2012 edition），and the common peaks were determined. Same HPLC method was adopted to determine the contents of 5 components in Tibetan medicine Ershi wuwei luxue pills. The cluster analysis and principle component analysis were performed by using SPSS 19.0 software. RESULTS ：Totally 11 common peaks were calibrated ，and the similarity was higher than 0.98. Five common peaks were identified ，as aesculetin ，orientin， isovitexin，isoscoparin and ellagic acid. The linear range of aesculetin ，orientin，isovitexin，isoscoparin and ellagic acid were 1.232-11.092 μg/mL（r＝0.999 6），2.766-24.893 μg/mL（r＝0.999 5），1.400-12.600 μg/mL（r＝0.999 8），0.600-5.400 μg/mL（r＝ 0.999 5），49.447-445.025 μg/mL（r＝0.999 4），respectively. RSDs of precision ，stability（24 h）and reproducibility tests were all lower than 2％. The average recoveries were 101.29％（RSD＝2.33％，n＝3），91.39％（RSD＝1.22％，n＝3），90.28％（RSD＝ 1.88％，n＝3），98.76％（RSD＝2.53％，n＝3），101.45％（RSD＝2.84％，n＝3），100.44％（RSD＝1.38％，n＝3），100.91％ （RSD＝1.73％，n＝3），97.78％（RSD＝2.07％，n＝3），99.15％（RSD＝1.28％，n＝3），100.27％（RSD＝1.81％，n＝3），98.38％ （RSD＝1.89％ ，n＝3），101.92％（RSD＝1.17％ ，n＝3），95.50％（RSD＝0.67％ ，n＝3），99.89％（RSD＝0.38％ ，n＝3）， 100.10％（RSD＝0.65％，n＝3），respectively. Their contents were 0.175-0.310， 0.351-0.632， 0.274-0.395， 0.186-0.278， 61932600 6.956-8.636 mg/g，respectively. Cluster analysis showed that 10 batches of Tibetan medicine Ershi wuwei luxue pills were clustered into two category ，with S1-S4 as one category and S5-S10 as one category. Principal component analysis showed that accumulative contribution rate of two principle components was 89.178％. CONCLUSIONS ：Established fingerprint is stable and feasible ，and the method of content determination is simple ， accurate and reproducible. They combined with chemical pattern recognition can be used for the quality control of the Tibetan medicine Ershiwuwei luxue pills.

Establishment of HPLC Fingerprint and Content Determination of 5 Kinds of Isoflavone Components in Sojae Semen Nigrum / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To establ ish the fingerprint of Sojae Semen Nigrum and content determination method of 5 kinds of isoflavones，so as to provide reference for controlling its quality better. METHODS ：HPLC method was adopted to establish the fingerprint and detect the contents of 5 kinds of isoflavones. The determination was performed on Phenomenex C 18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile- 0.12％ formic acid solution （gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 1 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 260 nm；the column temperature was 30 ℃ and sample size was 10 μL. Using daidzin as reference，HPLC fingerprints of 12 batches of samples were determined. The similarity of 12 batches of samples was evaluated by TCM Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System （2012A） to confirm common peak. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were performed by using SPSS 20.0 software and SIMCA 13.0 software. RESULTS ：There were 19 common peaks in HPLC fingerprints of 12 batches of samples ，the similarity of which was higher than 0.94. Totally 5 components were identified，such as daidzin ，glycitin，genistin，daidzein，genistein. Cluster analysis showed that 12 batches of Sojae Semen Nigrum were clustered into 2 categories，i.e. S 1-S3 clustered into one category ，and S 4-S12 clustered into the other category. By principal component analysis ，the contribution rates of two principle components were 53.261％ and 40.715％；accumulative contribution rate was 93.976％. The linear range of above 5 components were 5.97-191.00 µg/mL（r＝0.999 9），1.05-33.46 µg/mL（r＝0.999 9）， 8.93-285.61 µg/mL（r＝0.999 5），0.82-26.33 µg/mL（r＝0.999 9），0.93-29.64 µg/mL（r＝0.999 7），respectively. The limits of quantitation were 0.881 1，0.611 6，0.078 6，0.243 3，0.511 6 μg/mL，respectively. The limits of detection were 0.264 3，0.244 7， 0.021 4，0.124 8，0.106 7 μg/mL，respectively. RSDs of precision ，stability，reproducibility and durability tests were all lower than 5％. Recoveries were 95.15％-96.56％（RSD＝0.51％，n＝6），98.52％-103.45％（RSD＝1.88％，n＝6），95.37％-97.91％ （RSD＝0.95％，n＝6），99.75％-102.00％（RSD＝0.78％，n＝6），100.26％-103.65％（RSD＝1.21％，n＝6）. Among 12 batches of Sojae Semen Nigrum ，the contents of above 5 components were 0.178 3-0.265 9，0.021 7-0.096 2，0.288 5-0.597 2，0.014 1- 0.058 8，0.012 9-0.082 9 mg/g. CONCLUSIONS ：Established HPLC fingerprint and content determination method of 5 kinds of isoflavones can be used for quality control of Sojea Semen Nigrum. The Isoflavone components are similar ，but the contents are different among Sojae Semen Nigrum from different producing areas.

Study on UPLC Fingerprint of Vaccariae Semen before and after Processing and Content Determination of Erythrine and Vaccarin / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：Compare the fingerprint difference of Vaccariae Semen before and after processed （stir-fried），and to determine the contents of erythrine and vaccarin before and after stir-fried. METHODS ：UPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on YMC Trait C 18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water （gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 219 nm，and the column temperature was 35 ℃. The sample size was 1 μL. Using vaccarin as reference，the fingerprints of Vaccariae Semen crude product and its processed product （each of 17 batches，S1-S17，CS18-CS34） were drawn. The similarity evaluation and common peak identification were carried out by Similarity Evaluation System of TCM Chromatographic Fingerprint （2012 edition）；cluster analysis ，principle component analysis （PCA）and factor analysis were performed by using SPSS 20.0 software. The contents of erythrine and vaccarin in Vaccariae Semen crude product and its processed product were determined by UPLC. RESULTS ：There were 5 common peaks in UPLC fingerprints of 17 batches of Vaccariae Semen crude product and its processed product. The similarities were all higher than 0.99. Among them ， 2 common peaks were identified ，i.e. erythrine ，vaccarin. Results of cluster analysis showed that S 1-S17 were clustered into one category and CS 18-CS34 were clustered into one category. Results of PCA and factor analysis showed that variance contribution rate of the first principle component was 76.418％；erythrine and vaccarin had higher loading on the first principal component （eigenvalues were 0.976 and 0.966，respectively）. The linear ranges of above 2 components were 6.437-321.832 μg/mL and 7.729-386.437 μg/mL，respectively（r＞0.999）. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.085，0.284 ng （crude product） and 0.739， 2.465 ng （processed product ）， respectively. RSDs of precision ，reproducibility，stability（12 h）and durability tests were all lower than 3％（n＝6 or n＝5）. E-mail：1083656123@qq.com Average recoveries were 96.42％（RSD＝0.85％，n＝6）and 99.13％（RSD＝1.74％，n＝6）. The contents of the two components were 0.11％-0.20％，0.42％-0.63％（crude product ）and 0.08％-0.11％，0.34％-0.50％（processed product ）. CONCLUSIONS ：UPLC fingerprint of Vaccariae Semen crude product and its processed product are established successfully. Although the chemical constituents in Vaccariae Semen are consistent before and after stir-fried ，the contents of erythrine and vaccarin are all decreased after stir-fried.

HPLC Fingerprint Establishment ，Chemistry Pattern Recognition Analysis and Content Determination of Arnebia euchroma / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To es tablish the HPLC fingerprint of Arnebia euchroma ，analyze them with chemical pattern recognition technology ， and determine the contents of 3 components. METHODS ： HPLC method was adopted. Using acetylshikonin as reference ，HPLC fingerprint of 34 batches of A. euchroma from different sources were drawn. Similarity Evaluation System for TCM Chromatographic Fingerprint （2012A edition ）was used to evaluate the similarity of the samples ，and common peaks were determined. SPSS 19.0 and SIMCA 14.1 statistical software was used for cluster analysis ，principle component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminate analysis. According to the standard of the variable importance in the project greater than 1，the differential markers affecting the quality difference of A. euchroma were screened. Meanwhile ，the contents of 3 components were determined by the same HPLC method. RESULTS ：There were 12 common peaks in HPLC fingerprints for 34 batches of A. euchroma . The similarity of other samples were more than 0.86，except that t he three （No.2016A3005-5） batches of medicinal herbs on the market were less than 0.72；3 common peaks were identified ， such as shikonin ，acetylshikonin， β ，β ′-dimethylacrylic acanine. These 34 batches of samples could be classified into two categories . S 1， qq.com S4-S6，S13，S15-S20，S22，S26-S34 were clustered into one category，and others clustered into the other category. By principal component analysis ，the contribution rates of three principle components were 52.834％ ，18.600％ and 8.387％ . Accumulative contribution rate was 79.821％ . Six constituents，such as shikonin，acetylshikonin and β，β'-dimethylacrylic acanine were screened as differential markers，representing the major differences of A. euchroma . The linear range of above three components were 0.72-90，2.05-410，2.50-500 µg/mL（r all more than 0.999）， respectively. The limits of quantification were 0.132，0.135，0.118 µg/mL，respectively. The limits of detection were 0.040，0.041， 0.036 µg/mL，respectively. RSDs of precision ，stability（24 h），reproducibility and durability tests were all lower than 3％. Recoveries were 95.959％-100.201％（RSD＝1.669％，n＝6），97.818％-102.698％（RSD＝1.788％，n＝6），95.831％-99.344％ （RSD＝1.600％，n＝6）. The contents of above three components were 0.002％-0.134％，0.025％-1.388％，0.022％-0.881％. CONCLUSIONS：Established HPLC fingerprint and content determination method are simple and stable ，can be used for quality evaluation and quantitative analysis of A. euchroma . Shikonin ，acetylshikonin and β，β'-dimethylacrylic acanine are different in the content and are differential markers of A. euchroma from different source.

Avaliação da eficácia de diferentes protocolos de analgesia preemptiva em cirurgias odontológicas / Evaluation of the effectiveness of different preemptive analgesia protocols in dental surgery

A analgesia preemptiva tem como princípio a administração de fármacos antes do início dos estímulos dolorosos, a fim de reduzir ou prevenir a dor pós-operatória. Apesar da sua importância, os efeitos da analgesia preemptiva em cirurgias odontológicas reportados na literatura ainda são conflitantes. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia clínica de diferentes classes de medicamentos para analgesia preemptiva, em 2 propostas de investigação 1) cirurgias para exodontia de terceiros molares impactados; 2) cirurgias periodontais a retalho. Para tal, foram realizados ensaios clínicos randomizados placebo-controlados onde os participantes recebiam, 1 hora antes da cirurgia, o medicamento teste e o placebo em cirurgias distintas, em um desenho boca-dividida. Na primeira proposta de investigação, de um total de 376 pacientes com necessidade de exodontia de terceiros molares inferiores classe IIB, foram selecionados 100 pacientes, com idade entre 18 - 30 anos (22,4±2,9), alocados em 5 grupos (n = 20 por grupo), sendo: 1) paracetamol; 2) cetoprofeno; 3) ibuprofeno; 4) nimesulida; 5) dexametasona). Através de escala visual analógica, dor pós-operatória foi avaliada nos tempos 1h, 6h, 12h, 24h, 48h e 72h e edema foi avaliado nos tempos baseline, 24h, 48h, 72h e 7 dias pós-operatórias. As diferenças entre o medicamento de teste e o placebo foram determinadas como a variável de resposta. Um modelo de Equação de Estimativa Generalizada foi ajustado para cada variável desfecho e os grupos foram comparados pelo teste de Tukey. O ibuprofeno e a nimesulida apresentaram efeitos preemptivos gerais mais altos no controle de dor ao longo do tempo, sem diferenças entre eles (p = 0,557). O paracetamol mostrou efeitos gerais mais baixos no controle do edema ao longo do tempo, quando comparado aos outros medicamentos em teste, que mostraram efeitos semelhantes (p<0,05). Também foram observados melhores resultados na quantidade de medicamentos de resgate para o ibuprofeno e a nimesulida, sem diferenças entre eles (p = 0,999). Ibuprofeno e a nimesulida mostraram melhores efeitos preemptivos gerais nas cirurgias de terceiros molares inferiores impactados e assim devem ser considerados caso a caso como medicamentos de escolha em analgesia preemptiva. Na segunda proposta de investigação, de um total de 360 indivíduos com necessidade de cirurgias a retalho, foram selecionados 40 pacientes, com idade entre 18 a 60 anos (43,40 ± 11,91), alocados em 2 grupos (n = 20 por grupo), sendo 1) ibuprofeno; 2) nimesulida. Através da escala visual analógica, dor pós-operatória foi avaliada nos tempos 1h, 6h, 12h, 24h, 48h e 72h. As diferenças entre medicamento teste e placebo foram determinadas como a variável de resposta. Um modelo de Equação de Estimativa Generalizada separado foi ajustado para cada variável desfecho e os grupos foram comparados pelo teste de Tukey. O uso de medicação de resgate foi menor e o tempo pós-operatório foi maior nos grupos teste ibuprofeno e nimesulida em comparação ao placebo (p<0,001). E o grupo nimesulida apresentou escores de EVA mais baixos nos tempos T12, T24, T72 horas (p<0,001; p<0,001; p<0,007), mostrando-se um coadjuvante benéfico para o controle da dor pós-operatória em cirurgias periodontais a retalho.

Preemptive analgesia has as its principle the administration of drugs before the start of painful stimuli, in order to reduce or prevent postoperative pain. Despite its importance, the effects of preemptive analgesia in dental surgeries reported in the literature are still conflicting. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of different classes of drugs for preemptive analgesia, in 2 different research proposals: 1) surgeries for extraction of impacted third molars; 2) periodontal flap surgeries. To this end, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials were carried out where the participants received, 1 hour before surgery, the test drug and the placebo in different surgeries, in a mouth-divided design. In the first research proposal, from a total of 376 patients in need of extraction of lower third molars, class IIB, 100 patients were selected, aged between 18 - 30 years (22.4 ± 2.9), allocated in 5 groups ( n = 20 per group), being: 1) acetaminophen; 2) ketoprofen; 3) ibuprofen; 4) nimesulide; 5) dexamethasone). Through a visual analog scale, postoperative pain was assessed at 1h, 6h, 12h, 24h, 48h and 72h and edema was assessed at baseline, 24h, 48h, 72h and 7 postoperative days. Differences between test drug and placebo were determined as response variable. A separate Generalized Estimation Equation model was separated for each outcome variable and the groups were compared using the Tukey test. Ibuprofen and nimesulide higher overall preemptive sinks in pain controls over time, with no differences between them (p = 0.557). Paracetamol general effects resulting from lower control of edema over time, when compared to other drugs under test, which affect other similar effects (p <0.05). Better results were also observed in the quantity of rescue drugs for ibuprofen and nimesulide, with no differences between them (p = 0.999). It was concluded that ibuprofen and nimesulide are the main general preemptive effects in impacted lower third molar surgeries. Thus, in the decision-making process for preemptive analgesia, ibuprofen and nimesulide should be considered case by case as the drugs of choice. In the second research proposal, from a total of 360 individuals in need of retail surgery, 40 patients were selected, aged between 18 and 60 years (43.40 ± 11.91) years, allocated in 2 groups (n = 20 per group), being 1) ibuprofen; 2) nimesulide. Through the visual analog scale, postoperative pain was assessed at 1h, 6h, 12h, 24h, 48h and 72h. The differences between the test drug and the placebo were determined as the response variable. A separate Generalized Estimation Equation model was separated for each outcome variable and the groups were compared using the Tukey test. The nimesulide group had lower complementary EVA scores at times T12, T24, T72 hours (p <0.001; p <0.001; p <0.007). The use of rescue medication was less secondary and the postoperative time was longer in the ibuprofen and nimesulide test groups compared to placebo (p <0.001). Thus, nimesulide can be considered a beneficial adjunct to the control of postoperative pain in periodontal flap surgeries.

Development of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for therapeutic drug monitoring of afatinib / 药物分析学报

Afatinib is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) approved for treating advanced non-small cell lung cancer. It is necessary to develop a simple quantification method for TKIs in order to facilitate therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in clinical settings. This study sought to develop a simple and sensitive com-petitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify afatinib in plasma for routine phar-macokinetic applications. An anti-afatinib antibody was obtained using (S)-N-4-(3-chloro-4-fluor-ophenyl)-7-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy)-quinazoline-4,6-diamine (CTQD), which has the same sub-structure as afatinib, as a hapten. Enzyme labeling of afatinib with horseradish peroxidase was similarly performed using CTQD. A simple competitive ELISA for afatinib was developed based on the principle of direct competition between afatinib and the enzyme marker for the anti-afatinib antibody, which had been immobilized on the plastic surface of a microtiter plate. Plasma afatinib concentrations below the limit of quantification of 30 pg/mL were reproducibly measurable. Also, the values of plasma afatinib levels measured from 20 patients were comparable with those measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, and there was a strong correlation between the values determined by both methods (Y = 0.976X – 0.207, r = 0.975). As indicated by its specificity and sensitivity, this newly developed ELISA for afatinib is an important tool for TDM and studies of the pharmacokinetics of afatinib.

Content Determination and Principle Components Analysis of 4 Kinds of Flavones in Scutellaria barbata Decoction Pieces by HPLC / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To establish the method for simultaneous determination of 4 kinds of flavones such as sutellarin， sutellarein， luteolin and apigenin in Scutellaria barbata decoction pieces， and to conduct principle component analysis. METHODS： HPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on Agilent ZOXDB-C18 column with mobile phase consisted of methanol-acetonitrile （80 ∶ 20，V/V）-1％ acetic acid solution （gradient elution） at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 335 nm， and column temperature was 30 ℃. The sample size was 10 μL. Principal component analysis was carried out by SPSS 20.0 and SIMCA-P 13.0 software. RESULTS： The linear ranges of sutellarin， sutellarein， luteolin and apigenin were 0.131-1.446 μg（r＝0.999 0）， 0.031-0.345 μg（r＝0.999 7）， 0.005-0.055 μg（r＝0.999 2）， 0.024-0.268 μg（r＝0.999 2）， respectively. The limits of quantitation were 1.178 8， 0.602 9， 0.744 1， 1.079 1 ng； the limits of detection were 0.353 6， 0.106 1， 0.223 2， 0.323 7 ng；RSDs of precision， stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 2％. The recoveries were 99.38％-100.56％（RSD＝0.44％，n＝6）， 91.01％-96.81％（RSD＝2.43％， n＝6）， 91.44％-97.34％（RSD＝2.59％， n＝6）， 96.21％- 99.26％（RSD＝1.23％，n＝6）， respectively. By principal component analysis， principal component 1 and prinicipal component 2 were main influential factors of sample， quality accumulative variance contribution rate of them was 92.573％（＞80％）. The comprehensive score of sample S14-3 was the highest， and the overall quality was relatively good； samples S14-2， S14-3 were the second. These 3 batches of sample were processed and produced in S. barbata planting base with stable quality. CONCLUSIONS： Established method is simple and rapid， and can be used for simultaneous determination of 4 kinds of flavones in S. barbata decoction pieces. Principle component analysis can provide reference for the quality control of S. barbata decoction pieces.

Determination of Main Components and Related Substances in Phenzolzine Capsules by HPLC / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To establish a method for content determination of main components and its related substances in Phenzolzine capsules. METHODS： HPLC method was adopted for content determination of main components. The contents of related substance （known impurity 1， known impurity 2， total impurity） were calculated with principle component self-control method. The determination was performed on Inertsil ODS-2 C18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water （55 ∶ 45， V/V）at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 223 nm， and column temperature was 25 ℃. The sample size was 20 μL. RESULTS： The main component phenzolzine and other impurity peaks were well separated. The liner range of phenzolzine was 20.04-60.12 μg/mL （r＝1.000 0）. RSDs of precision， stability （24 h） and reproducibility tests were all ≤0.5％ （n＝6）. Average recovery was 97.50％ （RSD＝0.36％， n＝3）. The detection limit and quantification limit of phenzolzine were 0.91 ng and 3.04 ng. In 3 batches of samples， average value of phenzolzine， known impurity 1， known impurity 2 and total impurity were 106.68％， 0.002 1％， 0.044 0％ and 0.046 2％， respectively. CONCLUSIONS： Established method is simple， specific， sensitive and accurate for content determination of main component and related substance in Phenzolzine capsules. It is suitable for quality control of Phenzolzine capsules.

Quality Evaluation of Standard Decoction of Zingiberis Rhizoma / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To establish the quality control methods for the standard decoction of Zingiberis Rhizoma. Method: DNA barcode primitives were identified for the medicinal materials from different origins; according to the standard of Chinese herbal medicine decoction preparation principle,the identified Zingiberis Rhizoma was prepared into standard decoction for analysis. Meanwhile, the extraction method and analysis method were validated from methodologies, and the transfer rate of 6-gingerol as well as the extraction rate of standard decoction of Zingiberis Rhizoma were calculated. In addition,the quality standard of standard decoction of Zingiberis Rhizoma was also established based. The structures of main chromatographic peaks were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) to clarify the main chemical constituents in the standard decoction of Zingiberis Rhizoma. Result: All the samples were identified as Zingiberis Rhizoma. Under the conditions established in this paper,the standard curve of 6-gingerol was Y=661.56X+2.493 3(r=0.999 3),and the RSD was 0.5%in precision test, indicating that the instrument precision was good. The repeatability test showed that the RSD was 0.3%, indicating that the method had good repeatability. The stability test showed that the RSD was 0.4%, indicating that the test solution had good stability within 24 h. The recovery rate was 97.2%and the RSD was 0.6%,indicating that the method was accurate and reliable. 6-gingerol's transfer rate ranged from 31.8%to 57.4%and the extraction rate was within the range of 9.6%-23.1%. The fingerprint similarity of 12 batches of Zingiberis Rhizoma standard decoction was>90%. Conclusion: The established quality control method for Zingiberis Rhizoma was stable and feasible; meanwhile, the standard preparation method for Zingiberis Rhizoma and its quality evaluation system were also established in this study.

Analysis of pressure-time and flow-time curve in ventilator / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective@#To better understand the significance of the pressure-time curve and flow-time curve from the perspective of PB840 ventilator working principle.@*Methods@#① Mechanical principle: flow supply valves (air valve and oxygen valve) and exhalation valve in PB840 ventilator were controlled to achieve the ventilation target (volume or pressure) by the central processing unit according to the monitoring data from pressure sensors (P1 at the supply side, P2 at the exhalation side) and flow sensors (Q1 at the air side, Q2 at the oxygen side, Q3 at the exhalation side). ② The essence of curve: each point means a value of pressure or flow at a certain time measured by the sensors or calculated by the system. ③ The respiratory process could be divided into inspiratory part, expiratory part, and the connection part from expiratory to inspiratory. The air running state and the respiratory mechanics relationship at the three parts could be inferred according to the form of curves.@*Results@#① Inspiratory process: at volume-controlled and constant flow ventilation: there should be a relationship "Pc-Pa = XR" between alveolar pressure (Pa) and circuit pressure (Pc) according to Ohm law. So, the Pc curve (pressure-time curve) could indirectly reflect the Pa curve with the flow (X) and resistance (R) being constant. At pressure-set ventilation: it is the goal of ventilator to maintain the Pc at the target level. So, the stability of the target pressure line in pressure-time curve reflects the matching ability of the flow supply valves and the exhalation valve. ② Expiratory process: it could be divided into pre-expiratory [without basic flow (Ba) or bias flow (Bi)] and post-expiratory (with Ba or Bi), where Ba or Bi is equal to "Q1+Q2". So, the mathematical function are "X(t) = Q3t" in pre-part, and "X(t) = Q3t-(Q1t+Q2t)" in post-part. The relationship between pressure and flow at peak expiratory flow point: it could be found that there is an obvious time span and area formation under the curve from 0 to peak point (Fpeak) after stretching the abscissa axis of flow-time curve. It means that some gas have been discharged from the lung when it arrives at the peak point. So, the alveolar pressure should be lower than the platform pressure at the point (Pplat). The circuit pressure is significantly higher than positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) at the point in the stretching axis diagram. So, it means that the formula "RE = (Pplat-PEEP)/Fpeak" to calculate the expiratory resistance (RE) is unreasonable in the angle of Ohm law. ③ The process from exhalation to inspiratory: according to the difference of the starting point of the conversion, it could be divided into two cases: one is that the inspiratory started from the ending of exhalation. Here, the inhaling starting point is lying in the abscissa axis. The other is that the inspiratory started before the ending of exhalation (with endogenous positive end expiratory pressure). Here, the starting point is lying below the abscissa axis, and the slope of the following curve is obviously larger than the slope of natural expiratory curve. According to the difference of results from the starting point to the end of the inhalation triggering effort, it could be divided into two cases: one is that it reach the trigger point. Here, the expiratory curve extends upward from or below the horizontal axis until an effective air supply is triggered. The other is that it could not reach the trigger point. Here, the expiratory curve extends upward from or below the horizontal axis, but then runs downward (meaning exhaling).@*Conclusion@#It is helpful to analyze the ventilation state, ventilation failure, and the causes of man-machine confrontation with understanding the ventilation principle and the air route map of the ventilator.

Factors associated with the efficiency of acaricides on different populations of Rhipicephalus microplus / Fatores associados à eficiência de acaricidas sobre diferentes populações de Rhipicephalus microplus

Tick infestation causes major problems in cattle. Tick parasitism accounts for significant economic losses in many beef and dairy herds in the vast majority of the states in the Brazilian territory including the State of Santa Catarina in the southern region of the country. Tick resistance to several active principles occurs due to a number of factors including the indiscriminate, injudicious and inadequate use of tick insecticides. Considering the great importance of fighting off tick infestations in cattle, we evaluated the efficiency of 8 different topical active principles against the ixodid tick R. microplus and identified the main factors that contribute to the development of ticks that are resistant to acaricides in the farms and bovine herds studied. For such purpose, R. microplus telegionae were collected in 39 farms locates in different municipalities of the West of Santa Catarina, south Brazil. At the time of sample collection, information about the management, the history of the acar used in the herd, the number of annual applications of these pesticides, the frequency of acaricide rotation, and the frequency of technical monitoring for strategic tick control were retrieved. We collected this data in order determine contributing factors to the development resistant R. microplus populations. For the sensitivity profile of these ticks to a number of different acaricides tested, 10 engorged females for each principle and a control were used. The results of our study show that most associations between pyrethroids and organophosphates had an efficiency between 96.6% and 100% in the control of R. microplus except for the combination of Alfacipermetrine 15%, Ethion 16%, and Chlorpyrifos 8.5% that had 93.4% of efficiency. Among the chemicals not associated with any other type of compound, Amitraz 12.5% ​​was effective in 98.3% of the cases. In contrast, Cypermethrin 15% had an efficiency in only 25.8% of the farms/herds analyzed. Based on the results of the present study, we may infer that the methods of control and management used by producers may be related to the low indexes of resistance to topical acaricides in the different populations of ticks in the study area.

A infestação por carrapatos em bovinos gera grandes problemas, sendo esse parasito responsável por elevados prejuízos econômicos em diversos rebanhos de produção de corte e também de leite na maioria das regiões brasileiras, inclusive em Santa Catarina. A resistência dos carrapatos frente aos diversos princípios ativos pode ser decorrente de fatores como o uso indiscriminado de carrapaticidas, bem como a inadequada forma de aplicação dos mesmos. Tendo em vista a grande importância em combater essas infestações, buscou-se avaliar a eficiência de oito diferentes princípios ativos de contato contra o carrapato Rhipicephalus microplus, bem como identificar os principais fatores que possam contribuir com a seleção de carrapatos resistentes nas propriedades avaliadas. Para isso, teleóginas de R. microplus foram coletadas em 39 propriedades de diferentes municípios do Oeste de Santa Catarina. No momento da coleta também foram obtidas informações referentes ao sistema de manejo dos animais, histórico dos carrapaticidas utilizados, número de aplicações anuais, frequência de rodízios de acaricidas, e frequência de acompanhamento técnico para controle estratégico, com a finalidade de evidenciar os diferentes fatores que possam estar contribuindo para o surgimento de eventual resistência das populações do R. microplus. A avaliação de suscetibilidade foi realizada através da técnica de biocarrapaticidograma, utilizando 10 teleóginas ingurgitadas para cada princípio e mais o controle. Dentre os principais resultados obtidos, a maioria das associações entre piretróides e organofosforados demonstraram ter eficiência entre 96,6% e 100%, com exceção da associação de Alfacipermetrina 15%, Ethion 16% e Clorpirifós 8,5% com 93,4% de eficiência. Dentre as bases químicas sem nenhum tipo de associação o Amitraz 12,5% demonstrou ser eficaz em 98,3%, em contrapartida a Cipermetrina 15% teve eficiência em apenas 25,8% das propriedades analisadas. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode se afirmar que as formas de controle e manejo adotados pelos produtores podem estar relacionadas com os baixos índices de resistência aos carrapaticidas de contato, nas diferentes populações de carrapato na região do estudo.

Evaluation of Peri-Implant Bone Reduction Levels from Superimposition Perspective: Pilot Study among Ukrainian Implantology Practice

Objective: To evaluate the possibility and efficiency of using adapted peri-implant bone evaluation method based on the principle of graphical superimposition and compare it to the possibilities of using sagittal sections of CBCT results to register the dynamics of peri-implant bone changes during the first year of implant functioning. Material and Methods: 108 pairs of DICOM data sets were selected and pre-anonymized and coded in Planmeca Romexis® Viewer software. Each pair of datasets consisted of a CBCT file, obtained immediately after the installation of a dental implant, and one year after its operation. The first method of peri-implant bone changes evaluation was carried out by analyzing the sagittal sections of the CBCT data from the mesial and distal sides of the implant. The second method was followed by original algorithm, which included specific steps of superimposition of graphical images. Results: Superimposition method helped to establish volumetric parameter of circular bone reduction around dental implants after 1 year of their functioning. Such average values for the maxillary distal implants were 3.547 mm3, maxillary frontal implants ­ 3.118 mm3, mandibular distal implants ­ 2.614 mm3, mandibular frontal implants ­ 2.456 mm 3. Correlation values between averages of vertical bone loss parameters and volumetric bone loss parameters riches r=0.954. Among all patients the highest peri-implant bone reduction rates were observed in the distal and frontal areas of the maxilla, even though statistical difference among such parameters of implants installed at the areas of mandible and maxilla was not significant (p > 0.05). Such observation was established during the analysis of results obtained both by digital sagittal cross section from CBCT results and by superimposition method. Conclusion: Using the superimposition principle allows us to evaluate the individual indicator of volumetric bone loss at the peri-implant region. The possibility of taking into account the parameters of bone tissue volume reduction, instead of just geometrical parameter of bone height, allows to individualize the parameters of bone loss among patients of different prosthetic rehabilitation group.