Plasma energetic substrates and hepatic enzymes in the four-eyed fish Anableps anableps (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes) during the dry and rainy seasons in the Amazonian Island of Maracá, extreme north of Brazil

ABSTRACT Anableps anableps is a viviparous teleost typical from Amazon Delta estuaries. It is representative of this biome in Maracá, which offers a potential for biomonitoring. The aim of this study is to apply different biomarkers to males and females of this species and verify possible seasonal influences on their physiology. To collect fish, three expeditions were carried out from the rainy season of April 2018 to the rainy season of February 2019. Biometric parameters and gonadosomatic (GSI), hepatosomatic (HSI), and viscerosomatic (VSI) indexes were calculated, and blood samples were taken to measure triglycerides, total proteins, glucose, and activity of the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The GSI of males is higher in the rainy season and of females in the dry season. This is probably related to the embryogenesis process. Males show an increase in biomass during the dry season, a metabolic homogeneity, and females show an increase in plasma glucose, triglycerides, and ALT activity. The tested biomarkers are potential for biomonitoring, preliminarily suggesting that there is a seasonal asynchronism between males and females of A. anableps as for the allocation of energy resources at different times of their life cycle.

RESUMO Anableps anableps é um teleósteo vivíparo típico de estuários do Delta do Rio Amazonas, sendo representativo deste bioma na ilha de Maracá, com potencial para o biomonitoramento. O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar diferentes biomarcadores em machos e fêmeas desta espécie e verificar a possível influência sazonal em aspectos de sua fisiologia. Para a coleta dos peixes foram realizadas três expedições, de abril/2018 (estação chuvosa), setembro/2018 (estação seca) até fevereiro/2019 (estação chuvosa). Foram obtidos parâmetros biométricos, índices gonadossomático (IGS), hepatossomático (IHS), viscerossomático (IVS) e amostras de sangue para dosagem de triglicerídeos, proteínas totais, glicose e a atividade das enzimas aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e fosfatase alcalina (ALP). O IGS dos machos foi maior na estação chuvosa e das fêmeas na estação seca, isso provavelmente ocorreu devido ao processo de embriogênese. Os machos aumentaram a biomassa na estação seca e apresentaram homogeneidade metabólica, já as fêmeas apresentaram hiperglicemia, hipertrigliceridemia e maior atividade da ALT. Os biomarcadores testados mostraram-se promissores para o biomonitoramento, sugerindo de forma preliminar que há um assincronismo sazonal entre machos e fêmeas de A. anableps na alocação de recursos energéticos em diferentes momentos do seu ciclo de vida.

[Alterations to antioxidative enzymes in early life stages of rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss] reared in different densities]

Stocking density induced stress that affects energy intake, growth rate, enzymatic activity and oxygen consumption in fish. In this study the development of antioxidant enzyme Glutathione peroxidase [GPX], catalase [CAT] and superoxide dismutase [SOD] in egg and larvae of rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss] that kept in different stocking density was investigated. Four groups of eggs, cultured in pans [size16x9.5x10 cm, volume 10 L] with density of 400egg/l [group1 as routine density], 200egg/l [group2 as low density] and 600egg/l [group3 as high density] in triplicate. Eggs were held in tanks supplied with flow-through freshwater at 10.8[degree sign]C. samples were taken at day1 [fertilization], 3 [Cleavage], 8[organogenesis], 16 [eyed egg], 31 [hatch] and 48 [active feeding]. A significant increase in GPX and SOD activity was seen from fertilization till eggs were eyed. [p<0.001]. The activity of these enzymes decreased to active feeding [p<0.001], meanwhile this activity was higher than the fertilization starts. Similar changes were seen in SOD and GPX activities in higher and lower densities [Group 2, 3]. CAT activity increased from fertilization to organogenesis and then toward active feeding significantly decreased in compare to fertilization [p<0.001]. Pattern of changes of catalase activity in high density group was similar to routine density but in low density group it was higher until eggs were eyed. GPX, SOD and CAT activities did not show significant difference in similar days among different groups [p<0.05]. Our results showed that rearing densities used in this study could not affect antioxidant defense development in early life stages of O. mykiss

Reproductive characteristics and the weight-length relationship in Anableps anableps (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cyprinodontiformes: Anablepidae) from the Amazon Estuary

The present study analyzed the length-weight relationship and some aspects of the reproductive biology of Anableps anableps from the mouth of the Maracanã River, in the Brazilian state of Pará. The specimens were collected using two 30 m-long gillnets with 15 and 20 mm mesh size, as well as a 1 m-diameter hand net with a 10 mm mesh. A total of 865 specimens were collected, from which an adult sex ratio of 2.12 females per male was recorded (χ² = 13.07; p<0.05). Females presented positively allometric growth, whereas males were negatively allometric. In the additional analyses, the gonads of 371 female specimens were observed microscopically. Gonadal development was classified in three stages: immature (5.0 percent), maturing (12.0 percent), and mature (83.0 percent). Embryonic development was classified in five phases, according to the size of the embryo and the vitelline sac. Mean fecundity was 12 eggs/embryos per female (range: 1-37 eggs/embryos). A significant relationship was recorded between the standard length of females and ovaries weight (R² = 0.257; p < 0.001), and the number of embryos carried (R² = 0.573; p < 0.001). Mean body length of females at initial sexual maturation (L50) was estimated at 11.7 cm. The species reproduced throughout the year.

O presente estudo analisou a relação peso-comprimento e uma série de aspectos da biologia reprodutiva de Anableps anableps da foz do rio Maracanã, no estado brasileiro do Pará. Os espécimes foram coletados por meio de duas redes de emalhar de 30 m de comprimento, com malhas de 15 e 20 mm, e com um puçá com um metro de diâmetro, com malha de 10 mm. Foram capturados 865 espécimes, os quais foram analisados para estabelecer a razão sexual, que foi de 2,12 fêmeas por macho (χ² = 13,07; p<0,05). As fêmeas apresentaram crescimento alométrico positivo, enquanto que os machos foram alométricos negativos. Nas análises adicionais, as gônadas de 371 fêmeas foram observadas ao microscópio. O desenvolvimento gonadal foi classificado em três estádios: imaturo (5,0 por cento), em maturação (12,0 por cento) e maturo (83,0 por cento). O desenvolvimento embrionário foi classificado em cinco fases, de acordo com o tamanho do embrião e do saco vitelino. A fecundidade média foi de 12 ovos / embriões por fêmea (variando de 1-37 ovos / embriões). Uma relação significativa foi verificada entre o comprimento padrão das fêmeas, o peso de seus ovários (R ² = 0,257, p < 0,001), e o número de embriões (R ² = 0,573, p < 0,001). O tamanho médio da primeira maturação sexual (L50) para as fêmeas fo

Prey selectivity and functional response by larval red-eyed tetra Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae (Steindachner, 1907) (Characiformes: Characidae)

Studies were carried out to quantify the functional response and prey selectivity of larval (1-5 weeks old) of Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae, a widely cultured ornamental fish, using four rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus, B. havanaensis, B. patulus and B. rubens) as prey. Regardless of larval age, B. havanaensis was not selected, while B. rubens and B. calyciflorus were preferred. B. patulus was selected only after three weeks. When fed B. calyciflorus, the larvae showed increased prey consumption with increasing age, but remained as plateau around 80 prey individuals. M. sanctaefilomenae consumed much lower individuals of both B. havanaensis and B. patulus, while B. rubens was consumed in higher numbers starting from the first week (about 35 ind. larva-1 45 min.-1). Thus, the maximum number of individuals of each Brachionus species consumed by the larval M. sanctaefilomenae showed significant (p<0.05) differences among the prey types.

Epigean and subterranean ichthyofauna in Cordisburgo karst area, eastern Brazil / Ictiofauna epígea e subterrânea na área cárstica de Cordisburgo, Estado de Minas Gerais

After an ichthyofaunistic survey conducted in May 2007 on surface (epigean) water bodies of Cordisburgo karst area, State of Minas Gerais, 13 species were recorded, mostly characiforms; in addition three non-troglomorphic (normally eyed and pigmented) and one troglomorphic catfish (siluriforms) species were recorded in two caves surveyed at different occasions, totaling 17 fish species for the area. All the nominal species herein reported for Cordisburgo area have been previously reported for the Rio das Velhas basin. None of the species observed in caves were found in epigean habitats and vice-versa. The four cave species are distributed throughout subterranean stream reaches, with individuals at different size/age classes. This, associated to the lack of conspicuous morphological differences in relation to epigean congeners, indicate that Trichomycterus brasiliensis, Gymnotus cf. carapo and Pimelodella cf. vittata are troglophiles (species encompassing individuals able to live and complete their life cycle either in the surface or in the subterranean environment) in the Morena Cave; the latter forms a large population and may be at the beginning of a differentiation process due to isolation in the subterranean habitat, as indicated by a slight reduction in eye size. Topographic isolation may be the cause for the incipient, but unmistakable troglomorphism of the Rhamdiopsis population found in the Salitre Cave, allowing for its classification as troglobite (exclusively subterranean species). The Cordisburgo area is subject to significant anthropic pressure, mainly represented by deforestation for agriculture, cattle raising and timbering. Tourism is an additional important threat for cave communities, calling for urgent protection measures.

Um levantamento ictiofaunístico em corpos d'água epígeos (superficiais) da área cárstica de Cordisburgo, Minas Gerais, realizado em maio de 2007, resultou no registro de 13 espécies, a maioria Characiformes; adicionalmente, três espécies não-troglomórficas e uma troglomórfica (com olhos e pigmentação reduzidos em comparação aos congêneres epígeos) de bagres foram encontradas em duas cavernas visitadas em diversas ocasiões, totalizando 17 espécies de peixes para a região. Todas as espécies nominais aqui registradas para Cordisburgo haviam sido reportadas anteriormente para a bacia do Rio das Velhas. Nenhuma das espécies amostradas nas localidades epígeas foi observada nas cavernas e vice-e-versa. As quatro espécies subterrâneas ocorrem ao longo de riachos subterrâneos, sendo observados indivíduos de diferentes faixas de tamanho/etárias. Isto, associado à ausência de diferenças morfológicas notáveis em relação a coespecíficos de localidades epígeas, indicam que Trichomycterus brasiliensis, Gymnotus cf. carapo e Pimelodella cf. vittata são troglófilos (espécies com indivíduos capazes de viver e completar o ciclo de vida tanto no ambiente superficial como no subterrâneo) na Gruta Morena; esta última pode estar no início de processo de diferenciação devido ao isolamento, pelo menos parcial, na caverna, conforme sugerido pela ligeira redução no tamanho dos olhos. Tal isolamento pode ser igualmente a causa do troglomorfismo incipiente, porém indubitável, dos bagres Rhamdiopsis da Gruta do Salitre, permitindo sua classificação como troglóbios (espécie exclusivamente subterrânea). A região de Cordisburgo há muito vem sendo sujeita a pressão antrópica significativa, representada principalmente pelo desmatamento para agricultura, pastagem e extração de madeira. Turismo é uma ameaça adicional para as populações cavernícolas, sendo urgentes medidas para sua proteção.