Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 13 de 13
Filter
1.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 39(1): 98-103, ene.-mar. 2022. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1389934

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Los asilos de ancianos son instituciones con una alta prevalencia de infecciones del tracto urinario ocasionado por Escherichia coli productoras de ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE), con diversos factores de virulencia. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la frecuencia del gen bla CTX-M y de ocho genes de virulencia en 35 E. coli uropatógenas productoras de BLEE provenientes de seis asilos en Perú, durante el 2018. El 57,1% (20/35) de las E. coli fueron portadores del gen bla CTX-M. Además, se obtuvo una frecuencia del 46% (15/35) y 37% (13/35) de hly-alfa y cnf-1, respectivamente; elevada presencia de los genes iucC (63%, 22/35), aer (94%, 33/35) y chuA (94%, 33/34) y una frecuencia del 46% (16/35) y del 91% (32/34) de los genes pap GII y nanA, respectivamente. Existe predominancia en la distribución del gen bla CTX-M, además de una alta frecuencia de exotoxinas que le confieren una ventaja competitiva para diseminarse hacia el torrente sanguíneo.


ABSTRACT Nursing homes are institutions with high prevalence of urinary tract infections caused by ESBL-producing E. coli with several virulence factors. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of the bla CTX-M gene and eight virulence genes in 35 ESBL-producing uropathogenic E. coli from six nursing homes in Peru during 2018. Of the E. coli samples, 57.1% (20/35) were carriers of the bla CTX-M gene. Furthermore, we obtained frequencies of 46% (15/35) and 37% (13/35) for hly-alpha and cnf-1, respectively; we also found high presence of the iucC (63%, 22/35), aer (94%, 33/35) and chuA genes (94%, 33/34) as well as a frequency of 46% (16/35) and 91% (32/34) for the pap GII and nanA genes, respectively. The bla CTX-M gene is predominant and a high frequency of exotoxins gives it a competitive advantage for spreading into the bloodstream.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Virulence , Escherichia coli , Uropathogenic Escherichia coli , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Urinary Tract Infections , beta-Lactam Resistance , Virulence Factors , Enterobacteriaceae Infections , Homes for the Aged , Infections
2.
Arq. Inst. Biol ; 88: e0702019, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1348957

ABSTRACT

Products such as milk and cheese produced by hand and sold by small producers in open markets and at home are a reality in Brazil, despite legal prohibitions. In many cases, this leads to the production of food without hygienic conditions, which may constitute an important source of transmission of foodborne diseases and a danger to public health. This study proposes to examine the hygienic-sanitary quality of milk and cheese sold illegally in municipalities of northern Mato Grosso, Brazil, to undertake a phenotypical investigation of the presence of resistance of isolated colonies to antimicrobials and to detect the production of ß-lactamase enzymes: extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC ß-lactamases (AmpC) and carbapenemases. The 25 milk and 37 cheese samples analyzed were subjected to the most probable number (MPN) test, isolation on eosin-methylene blue agar (EMB) agar and Escherichia coli identification by biochemical tests and disk diffusion test. Results showed that 76% of the milk samples and 67.57% of the cheese samples had thermotolerant coliform counts above the value allowed by the legislation. The milk and cheese isolates showed 15.79 and 5.88% resistance, respectively, to at least one of the tested antimicrobials. No ß-lactamase enzyme production was observed in the isolates.


Subject(s)
Cheese , Milk , Escherichia coli , Health Surveillance of Products , Food Contamination , Food Hygiene , Food Inspection , Public Health , Foodborne Diseases
3.
Rev. cient. (Guatem.) ; 28(2): 45-56, 2019/07/05.
Article in Spanish, English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1006381

ABSTRACT

A nivel mundial la resistencia a los antibióticos es un problema de salud pública, tanto en el ámbito hospitalario como en el comunitario. La producción de ß-lactamasas es el principal mecanismo de resistencia en enterobacterias y la mayoría de enzimas responsables pertenecen a las familias TEM, SHV y CTX-M. El objetivo de este estudio fue detectar los genes de ß-lactamasas blaTEM, blaSHV y blaCTX-M en cepas comunitarias de Escherichia coli productoras de BLEE aisladas de urocultivos de pacientes que acudieron al Laboratorio Clínico Popular de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala en el año 2016. Se detectó la presencia de al menos uno de los genes en el 90% de los 79 aislamientos y un 53.2% presentó los tres genes. La frecuencia fue de 57% para blaCTX-M, 84% para bla SHV y 85% para blaTEM. La detección de los genes codificadores de las enzimas TEM-1, SHV-11, CTX-M15 y CTX-M55 corresponde a la primera caracterización molecular de aislamientos de E. coli productoras de BLEE en Guatemala y son importantes para entender su propagación en el ámbito comunitario. Los aislamientos de E. coli productoras de BLEE mostraron alta resistencia a ciprofloxacina y trimetoprim sulfametoxazol (78%) y bajos niveles de resistencia para fosfomicina (2.5%) y nitrofurantoina (7.6%). El 11.39% de las cepas presentó resistencia a un grupo de antibióticos no betalactámicos. Es importante establecer una vigilancia activa para la resistencia de estos antibióticos en cepas comunitarias ya que son la primera opción de tratamiento para cepas productoras de BLEE


Globally, resistance to antibiotics is a public health problem, both in the hospital and in the community environment. e production of ß-lactamases is the main mechanism of resistance in enterobacteria and usually the cause of resistance are the enzymes to the families TEM, SHV and CTX-M. e principal aim of this study was to detect - ß-lactamase genes blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M in community strains of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli isolated from urine cultures of patients attended in the Laboratorio Clínico Popular of the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala in 2016. At least, one of the genes was detected in 90% of the 79 isolates and in 53.2% of the isolates the three genes were detected. e frequency was 57% for blaCTX-M, 84% for blaSHV and 85% for blaTEM. e detection of the genes coding for TEM-1, SHV-11, CTX-M15 and CTX-M55 represent the first molecular characterization of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates in Guatemala and it is important to understand the spread of these strains at the community environment. e ESBL-producing E. coli isolates showed high resistance to ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (78%) and low resistance levels for fosfomycin (2.5%) and nitrofurantoin (7.6%). e 11.39% of the strains showed resistance to a group of non-beta-lactam antibiotics. It is important to establish an active surveillance for these antibiotics in community strains because they are the first line treatment for strains producing ESBL

4.
Infection and Chemotherapy ; : 160-165, 2016.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-28875

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) are increasingly reported as pathogens in urinary tract infections (UTIs). However, in Sri Lanka, the clinical and molecular epidemiology of ESBL-PE implicated in UTIs has not been well described. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted prospective, laboratory-based surveillance from October to December 2013 at a tertiary care hospital in southern Sri Lanka and enrolled patients ≥1 year of age with clinically relevant UTIs due to ESBL-PE. Isolate identity, antimicrobial drug susceptibility, and ESBL production were determined. Presence of ß-lactamase genes, bla(SHV), bla(TEM), and bla(CTX-M), was identified by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: During the study period, Enterobacteriaceae were detected in 184 urine samples, with 74 (40.2%) being ESBL producers. Among 47 patients with ESBL-PE who had medical records available, 38 (80.9%) had clinically significant UTIs. Most UTIs (63.2%) were community acquired and 34.2% were in patients with diabetes. Among 36 cultured ESBL-PE isolates, significant susceptibility (>80%) was only retained to amikacin and the carbapenems. The group 1 bla(CTX-M) gene was present in 90.0% of Escherichia coli isolates and all Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae isolates. The bla(SHV) and bla(TEM) genes were more common in K. pneumoniae (75% and 50%) and E. cloacae (50% and 50%) isolates than in E. coli (10% and 20%) isolates, respectively. CONCLUSION: The majority of UTIs caused by ESBL-PE were acquired in the community and due to organisms carrying the group 1 CTX-M ß-lactamase. Further epidemiologic studies of infections due to ESBL-PE are urgently needed to better prevent and treat these infections in South Asia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Amikacin , Asia , Carbapenems , Cloaca , Enterobacter cloacae , Enterobacteriaceae , Epidemiologic Studies , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Medical Records , Molecular Epidemiology , Pneumonia , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prospective Studies , Sri Lanka , Tertiary Healthcare , Urinary Tract Infections , Urinary Tract
5.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 46(4): 943-944, Oct.-Dec. 2015.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-769657

ABSTRACT

The bacterium, Inquilinus limosus, with its remarkable antimicrobial multiresistant profile, has increasingly been isolated in cystic fibrosis patients. We report draft genome sequence of a strain MP06, which is of considerable interest in elucidating the associated mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in this bacterium and for an insight about its persistence in airways of these patients.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/drug effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/genetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/microbiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Base Sequence/drug effects , Base Sequence/genetics , Base Sequence/microbiology , Base Sequence/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/microbiology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/pharmacology , Genome, Bacterial/drug effects , Genome, Bacterial/genetics , Genome, Bacterial/microbiology , Genome, Bacterial/pharmacology , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/genetics , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/pharmacology , Humans/drug effects , Humans/genetics , Humans/microbiology , Humans/pharmacology , Molecular Sequence Data/drug effects , Molecular Sequence Data/genetics , Molecular Sequence Data/microbiology , Molecular Sequence Data/pharmacology , Rhodospirillaceae/drug effects , Rhodospirillaceae/genetics , Rhodospirillaceae/microbiology , Rhodospirillaceae/pharmacology
6.
CES med ; 28(2): 233-246, jul.-dic. 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-751168

ABSTRACT

Acinetobacter baumannii ha emergido como una bacteria de gran importancia clínica. Esta bacteria ha sido relacionada con altos porcentajes de mortalidad y posee una alta capacidad para diseminarse en el ambiente hospitalario. Con el paso del tiempo, Acinetobacter baumannii ha adquirido diferentes mecanismos de resistencia a los antibióticos y en la actualidad se reporta resistencia a carbapenémicos, aminoglicósidos, quinolonas y polimixinas, lo que ha complicado el manejo de las infecciones ocasionadas por esta bacteria. El problema se agrava aún más con las limitaciones en el diagnóstico y la carencia de métodos fenotípicos estandarizados que permitan detectar los mecanismos de resistencia específicos. En Colombia se han descrito altos porcentajes de resistencia a los carbapenémicos, lo que ha limitado las opciones terapéuticas y hace necesario el conocimiento de la epidemiología local para establecer medidas de control más certeras.


Currently Acinetobacter baumannii has become in a microorganisms of great clinical importance. It has an extraordinary capacity to spread in the hospital environment and it has been associated with high mortality rates. Acinetobacter baumannii has acquired different resistance mechanisms to antibiotics with reports resistance to carbapenems, aminoglycosides, quinolones and polymyxins; which has complicated the therapy of the infections caused for this pathogen. The problem is further due to the limitations in the diagnosis and the lack of standardized phenotypic methods to detect specific resistance mechanisms. In Colombia has reported high percentages of resistance to carbapenems, which has reduced therapeutic options. The knowledge of local epidemiology is necessary for establish more assertive control measures.

7.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 66(3): 386-399, sep.-dic. 2014.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: lil-737008

ABSTRACT

Introducción: el género Klebsiella causa brotes hospitalarios, por cepas multidrogorresistentes en diferentes continentes y conlleva a un aumento en la morbimortalidad. Objetivos: identificar las especies de Klebsiella causantes de infecciones en hospitales cubanos, determinar la procedencia de los aislamientos según el servicio, y la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana, conocer la prevalencia de aislamientos productores de ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE), y tipos, así como la susceptibilidad de los mismos a diferentes antimicrobianos de interés terapéutico. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 448 aislamientos de Klebsiella spp. recibidos en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Microbiología del IPK (LRNM/IPK) procedentes de 40 hospitales de 12 provincias del país durante el período de 2010 a 2012. La identificación de las especies se realizó mediante pruebas bioquímicas convencionales y por la técnica de Espectrometría de masas MS MALDI-TOF. Se determinó la susceptibilidad a 15 antimicrobianos mediante el método E-test y la producción de BLEE mediante el método de discos combinados según las recomendaciones del Instituto de Estándares Clínicos y de Laboratorio. Los genes blaESBL se determinaron mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa según protocolo descrito previamente. Resultados: la especie prevalente fue Klebsiella pneumoniae (95,1 %), seguida por K. oxytoca (4,5 %) y K. ozaenae (0,4 %). Los aislamientos procedieron, principalmente, de los servicios de Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (26,3 %), cirugía (22 %) y neonatología (13 %). La mayor resistencia se observó para las cefalosporinas (48-52 %), trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol (49 %), gentamicina (43 %), ácido nalidíxico (38 %) y tetraciclina (34 %). El 52 % de los aislamientos fueron productores de BLEE y prevaleció la enzima CTX-M (82 %) y la TEM (70 %). Conclusiones: se evidencia la repercusión clínica de Klebsiella spp. en hospitales cubanos con elevada resistencia a diferentes antimicrobianos. La producción de BLEE es un mecanismo de resistencia importante en esta bacteria en las que los carbapenémicos, la piperacilina-tazobactam, la colistina, y la tigeciclina juegan un rol terapéutico importante.


Introduction: the Klebsiella genus gives rise to many hospital outbreaks due to multi-drug-resistant strains on different continents and leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Objectives: to identify the Klebsiella species causing infections in Cuban hospitals, to determine the origin of isolates per service, their antimicrobial susceptibility and, to determine the production and type of extended-spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBLs) and the susceptibility of these isolations to several antimicrobials of therapeutic interest. Methods: a descriptive study was conducted on 448 Klebsiella spp. Isolates that were received in the national reference microbiology laboratory of "Pedro Kouri" Institute of Tropical Medicine from 40 hospitals located in 12 Cuban provinces during the 2010-2012 period. Species identification was based on conventional biochemical tests and mass spectrometry technique called MS MALDI-TOF. The susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials and the extended spectrum ß-lactamase production were determined by the E-test method and by the combined disks method, respectively, according to recommendations of the Institute of Clinical and Laboratory Standards. The polymerase chain reaction made it possible the detection of BlaESBL genes as indicated in the previously described protocol. Results: Klebsiella pneumoniae (95.4 %) was the prevalent species, followed by K. oxytoca (4.1%), and K. ozaenae (0.5 %). The isolates were mainly from the intensive care units (26.3 %), surgery (22 %), and neonatology (13%) services. The highest resistance rate was observed for cephalosporins (48-52 %), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (49 %), gentamicin (43 %), nalidixic acid (38 %), and tetracycline (34 %). Fifty-two percent of the isolates were extended spectrum ß-lactamase producers, with CTX-M (82 %) and TEM (70 %) enzymes prevailing. Conclusions: This study shows the clinical impact of Klebsiella spp in Cuban hospitals, which is highly resistant to different antimicrobials. The production of extended spectrum ß-lactamases provides a significant resistance mechanism in Klebsiella in which carbapenems, piperacillin-tazobactam, cholistin and tigecycline play an important therapeutic role.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Acinetobacter/isolation & purification , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Cross Infection/prevention & control , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cuba
8.
Infectio ; 17(2): 80-89, ene.-jun. 2013. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: lil-702374

ABSTRACT

En 2010, el Instituto Americano de Estándares Clínicos y de Laboratorio (CLSI) inició un proceso de revisión y actualización de los puntos de corte para microdilución y disco difusión para cefalosporinas (cefazolina, cefotaxima, ceftriaxona, ceftizoxima, ceftazidima), monobactámicos (aztreonam) y carbapenémicos (imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, doripenem). Los cambios se basaron en modelos PK/PD que buscan predecir la respuesta clínica con el uso exclusivo de la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) y esquemas específicos de dosificación de forma independiente al mecanismo de resistencia expresado. Este nuevo paradigma eliminaría la necesidad de realizar pruebas fenotípicas para beta-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) y carbapenemasas para tomar decisiones terapéuticas y permitiría utilizarlas únicamente para fines epidemiológicos. Sin embargo, ante las limitaciones de las metodologías actuales para pruebas de susceptibilidad en Colombia, el desconocimiento de estos cambios y la alarma epidemiológica por la aparición de nuevas ß-lactamasas en el país, se hace necesario generar recomendaciones para los laboratorios clínicos, con el fi n de unifi car los criterios para la realización e informe de los antibiogramas en bacilos Gram negativos, incluyendo la implementación de los puntos de corte actuales y la aplicación de las pruebas fenotípicas para la detección de BLEE y carbapenemasas.


In 2010, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) began a process to revise and update the breakpoints for broth microdilution and disk diffusion for cephalosporins (Cefazolin, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime), monobactams (Aztreonam) and carbapenems (Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem and Doripenem). The changes made were based on PK/PD models that attempt to predict clinical outcomes using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and specific dosage regimens, regardless of the resistance mechanism expressed by the organism. The new breakpoints would eliminate the need to perform screening and confirmatory testing for ESBLs and carbapenemases for treatment decisions, and thus they would be used only for infection control purposes. Nevertheless, there are limitations to current methods in Colombia, a lack of knowledge regarding the recent changes and epidemiologic alarm over new B-lactamases spreading in our country. Therefore it was necessary to formulate and issue recommendations for clinical laboratories, with the aim of standardizing the criteria for reports on antibiograms in Gram-negative bacilli, including the current CLSI breakpoints and applying phenotypic confirmatory testing to detect ESBLs and Carbapenemases.


Subject(s)
Humans , beta-Lactamases , Cephalosporins , Epidemiology , Colombia , Enzymes , Clinical Laboratory Services
9.
Acta bioquím. clín. latinoam ; 46(3): 405-412, set. 2012. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-662034

ABSTRACT

La rápida emergencia de resistencia a antimicrobianos debida a la presencia de b-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) tiene un impacto significativo en la salud pública. Las BLEEs son enzimas producidas por bacilos gramnegativos y confieren resistencia a las penicilinas, a todas las cefalosporinas y al aztreonam, pero no a los carbapenemes ni a las cefamicinas y la mayoría son inhibidas por el ácido clavulánico. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la resistencia a antibióticos b-lactámicos en aislamientos de Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli y Proteus mirabilis y caracterizar las b-lactamasas responsables de dicha resistencia. Se analizaron 2.030 aislamientos (362 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 1.250 Escherichia coli y 175 Proteus mirabilis) provenientes de diferentes materiales clínicos de pacientes que concurrieron al Hospital Provincial del Centenario de la ciudad de Rosario (Santa Fe) durante el período 2008-2009. Los ensayos de sensibilidad antibiótica se realizaron de acuerdo con las recomendaciones del Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Se confirmó la presencia de los genes codificantes de BLEE blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M y blaPER mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) utilizando cebadores específicos. Los aislados fueron caracterizados fenotípicamente como productores de BLEE y demostraron poseer varios genes bla. Se detectaron tres diferentes b-lactamasas BLEE derivadas de SHV, TEM y CTX-M y se demostró que pueden coexistir dos o más de estos genes en una misma bacteria.


The rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance due to extended spectrum b-lactamases (ESBL) has a significant impact on public health. ESBL, produced by gram-negative bacilli, are enzymes that confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam, but not to carbapenems or cephamycins, and are usually inhibited by clavulanic acid. The aim of this study was to evaluate b-lactam resistance within isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Proteus mirabilis and to characterize the b-lactamases responsible for this resistance. A total of 2,030 strains (362 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 1,250 Escherichia coli, and 175 Proteus mirabilis) isolated from patients at Hospital Provincial del Centenario in Rosario-Santa Fe were analyzed from 2008 to 2009. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute recommendations. Molecular detection of ESBL-related bla genes, including blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M and blaPER was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers. The strains were phenotipically confirmed as ESBL producers and the isolates carried several bla genes. Three different b-lactamases were detected: SHV-related, TEM-related and CTX-M-related, showing that two or more genes may coexist in the same bacterium.


A rápida emergência de resistência a antimicrobianos devida à presença de b lactamases de espectro estendido (BLEE) tem um impacto significativo na saúde pública. As BLEEs são enzimas produzidas por bacilos gram-negativos e conferem resistência às penicilinas, a todas as cefalosporinas e ao aztreonam, mas não aos carbapenêmicos nem às cefamicinas e a maioria são inibidas pelo ácido clavulânico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência a antibióticos b-lactâmicos em isolamentos de Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli e Proteus mirabilis e caracterizar as b-lactamases responsáveis por tal resistência. Foram analisados 2.030 isolamentos (362 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 1.250 Escherichia coli e 175 Proteus mirabilis) provenientes de diferentes materiais clínicos de pacientes que foram ao Hospital Provincial do Centenário da cidade de Rosario (Santa Fe) durante o período 2008-2009. Os ensaios de sensibilidade antibiótica foram realizados de acordo com as recomendações do Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Confirmou-se a presença dos genes codificantes de BLEE blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M e blaPER mediante a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) utilizando cevadores específicos. Os isolados foram caracterizados fenotipicamente como produtores de BLEE e demonstraram possuir vários genes bla. Foram detectadas três diferentes b-lactamases derivadas de SHV, TEM e CTX-M e se demonstrou que podem coexistir dois ou mais destes genes numa mesma bactéria.


Subject(s)
Humans , beta-Lactamase Inhibitors/blood , beta-Lactamase Inhibitors/urine , beta-Lactamases/blood , Argentina , beta-Lactam Resistance , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Proteus mirabilis
10.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 43(3): 203-211, jun.-set. 2011. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-634692

ABSTRACT

The intensive care units (ICUs) are often considered as the epicenters of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, the total antibiotic consumption is approximately ten fold greater in ICU wards than in general hospital wards. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current use of antibiotics in Latin American ICUs. Three cross-sectional (one-day point) prevalence studies were undertaken in 43 Latin American ICUs. Of 1644 patients admitted, 688 received antibiotic treatment on the days of the study (41.8 %) and, 392 cases (57 %) were due to nosocomial-acquired infections. Of all infections, 22 % (151/688) corresponded to septic shock; and 22 % (151/688) to nosocomial pneumonia (50/151 [33 %], ventilator-associated pneumonia). In 485 patients (70.5 %), cultures were performed before starting antibiotic treatment. The most common microorganisms isolated were extended-spectrum ß-lactamase Enterobacteriaceae, (30.5 %), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17 %). Carbapenems (imipenem or meropenem) were the antibiotics most frequently prescribed (151/688, 22 %), followed by vancomycin (103/688, 15 %), piperacillin-tazobactam (86/688, 12.5 %) and broad-spectrum cephalosporins (mainly cefepime) (83/688, 12 %). In summary, carbapenems were the most frequent antibiotics prescribed in Latin American ICUs. This practice seems justified for the high rates of ESBL-producing Gram-negatives found in our patients. Beyond this reason, the problem of bacterial resistance in LA requires that physicians improve the use of carbapenems. The high prevalence of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa in the region, along with the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, have increased markedly. A comprehensive evidence-based stewardship program based on local antimicrobial use and resistance problems should be implemented in our clinical settings.


Prescripción de antibióticos en unidades de cuidados intensivos de Latinoamérica. Las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) son a menudo consideradas el epicentro de la resistencia a los antibióticos. En este sentido, el consumo total de antibióticos es aproximadamente diez veces mayor en las UCI que en las salas de internación general. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el hábito prescriptivo de antibióticos en las UCI de varios países de Latinoamérica. A tal fin, se realizó un estudio transversal con tres evaluaciones puntuales de un día de duración cada una, para determinar la prevalencia del uso de antibióticos en las 43 UCI ubicadas en distintos países del continente americano. De los 1644 pacientes admitidos, 688 estaban recibiendo tratamiento antibiótico en los días en que se realizó el relevamiento (41,8 %), en 392 casos (57 %), debido a infecciones nosocomiales. De todas las infecciones, 22 % (151/688) correspondieron a shock séptico y 22 % (151/688) a neumonía nosocomial (de estas últimas, el 33 % [50/151] fueron neumonías asociadas a ventilación mecánica). En 485 pacientes (70,5 %) se obtuvieron cultivos antes del inicio del tratamiento antibiótico. Entre los aislamientos, los microorganismos más comúnmente aislados fueron las enterobacterias productoras de ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) (30,5 %) y Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17 %). Los carbapenems (imipenem o meropenem) fueron los antibióticos prescriptos con mayor frecuencia (151/688, 22 %), seguidos por la vancomicina (103/688, 15 %), la piperacilina-tazobactama (86/688, 12,5 %) y las cefalosporinas de amplio espectro (principalmente cefepima) (83/688, 12 %). En conclusión, los carbapenems fueron los antibióticos más frecuentemente prescriptos en las UCI de los países latinoamericanos evaluados. Esta práctica podría estar justificada por las altas tasas de enterobacterias productoras de BLEE halladas en los pacientes de esas regiones. Más allá de esta razón, el problema de la resistencia bacteriana en muchos países del continente requiere que los médicos optimicen el uso de los carbapenems, ya que la prevalencia de aislamientos resistentes a este grupo de antimicrobianos se ha incrementado marcadamente, tanto en A. baumannii y P. aeruginosa como en enterobacterias. Frente a este panorama, en todos estos países se torna necesario implementar programas de optimización del uso de antibióticos, basados en la epidemiología y en las tasas de resistencia locales.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Drug Prescriptions/statistics & numerical data , Drug Utilization Review/statistics & numerical data , Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data , beta-Lactam Resistance , Cross-Sectional Studies , Carbapenems/therapeutic use , Cross Infection/drug therapy , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/drug therapy , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/epidemiology , Internet , Latin America/epidemiology , Prevalence , Pneumonia, Bacterial/drug therapy , Pneumonia, Bacterial/epidemiology , Shock, Septic/drug therapy , Shock, Septic/epidemiology
11.
Invest. clín ; 50(4): 419-431, dic. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-574444

ABSTRACT

En este estudio, 25 cepas de K. pneumoniae aisladas de pacientes con infección nosocomial durante el periodo agosto 2002 a diciembre de 2003 fueron examinadas para determinar su susceptibilidad antimicrobiana, perfil plasmídico, transferencia de determinantes de resistencia y los tipos de genes blaTEM , blaSHV , blaCTX-M. Diecinueve cepas presentaron susceptibilidad disminuida a las cefalosporinas de tercera generación y al aztreonam y fueron productoras de ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE). Todas las cepas presentaron plásmidos transferibles con una frecuencia de conjugación de 10-3 a 10-4 transconjugantes/célula donante. El análisis de los patrones de restricción reveló la presencia de tres tipos de plásmidos. Las cepas E. coli transconjugantes, además de ser productoras de BLEE, expresaron resistencia a aminoglucósidos y cloranfenicol. Se encontró la presencia del gen blaTEM en todos los plásmidos transferibles y los genes blaSHV y blaCTX en plásmidos transferibles y no transferibles. Las enzimas identificadas fueron TEM-1, SHV-5-2a y CTX-M-2. Los plásmidos presentes en las cepas de K. pneumoniae, juegan un papel importante en la diseminación de los genes que codifican resistencia a los ß-lactámicos y otros antimicrobianos.


In this study, 25 strains of K. pneumoniae, isolated from patients with nosocomial infections from August 2002 to December 2003, were examined to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility, plasmid profile, transfer capacity of resistance determinants and blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M genes. Nineteen nosocomial strains revealed a weakened susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins and aztreonam, and were extended-spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBLs) producers. All strains presented conjugable plasmids with a conjugation frequency of 10-3 to 10-4 transconjugants/donor cell. The analysis of restriction patterns revealed the presence of three differents plasmids. The Escherichia coli transconjugants were ESBLs producers and expressed resistance for aminoglucosides and chloramphenicol. The blaTEM gen was found in all transferables plasmids and the blaSHV and blaCTX genes were found in transferables and no transferables plasmids. The enzymes identified in the isolates were TEM-1 SHV-5-2a and CTX-M-2. The plasmids present in the K. pneumoniae strains play an important role in the dissemination of the genes encoding resistance to ß-lactams and other antimicrobial agents.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , beta-Lactamases , Cross Infection/diagnosis , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Plasmids , Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests/methods , Bacteriology
12.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 26(3): 239-246, jun. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-518460

ABSTRACT

ESBL-producing in Enterobacteriaceae, is the main resistance mechanism to extended spectrum cephalosporin and monobactams. Seventy isolates collected of hospitals in four cities of the Colombian Caribean, were characterized to ESBL production and metalo-ß-lactamases by microbiological test. The ß-lactamases characterization were performed by IEF and RPC; genotyping by PFGE. Results evidenced the ESBL production at four cities with more frequency in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from UCI. The ß-lactamases present in Escherichia coli and in K. pneumoniae contributed co-resistance to different antibiotic families. Enzymes were detected with resistance to cephalosporin and carbapenems, suggesting presence of carbapenemases. Polyclonal isolates noticed, neither demonstrated presence of endemic strains nor association with epidemic outbreak. It is evident the importance to combine clinical, microbiological and molecular information to surveillance the prevalence and evolution of these enzymes in these hospitals.


La producción de BLEE en Enterobacteriaceae, es el principal mecanismo de resistencia a cefalosporinas de espectro extendido y monobactámicos. Setenta aislados recuperados de hospitales de cuatro ciudades del Caribe colombiano, fueron caracterizados micro-biológicamente para la producción de BLEE y metalo-ß-lactamasas. La caracterización de las ß-lactamasas se realizó por IEF y RPC; la genotipificación por PFGE. Los resultados evidenciaron la producción de BLEE en las cuatro ciudades con mayor frecuencia en Klebsiella pneumoniae aislada de UCI. Las ß-lactamasas presentes en Escherichia coli y en K. pneumoniae aportaron co-resistencia a diferentes familias de antimicrobianos. Se detectaron enzimas con resistencia a cefalosporinas y carbapenems, sugiriendo presencia de carbapenemasas. La policlonalidad observada no demostró presencia de cepas endémicas ni asociación con brotes epidémicos. Se evidencia la importancia de combinar datos clínicos, microbiológicos y moleculares para vigilar la prevalencia y evolución de ß-lactamasas en estos hospitales.


Subject(s)
Humans , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics , Escherichia coli/genetics , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genetics , beta-Lactamases/biosynthesis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Colombia , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Escherichia coli/enzymology , Genotype , Isoelectric Focusing , Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzymology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Polymerase Chain Reaction , beta-Lactamases/genetics
13.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 24(2): 137-141, abr. 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-471964

ABSTRACT

The resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii to ß-lactam antibiotics is mainly due to the synthesis of ß-lactamases. From a clinical point of view, this bacteria and others, grouped under the acronym SPACE (S: Serratia, P: Pseudomonas, A: Acinetobacter, C: Citrobacter, E: Enterobacter) are essentially Amp-C ß-lactamases producers. There is no local information about ESBL presence in Acinetobacter. We studied ESBL production using the Ho and col. technique modified by adding cloxacillin as chromosomal ß-lactamases inhibitor. From 69 isolates, with resistance to at least one third generation cephalosporin, only 7 showed positive synergy test. Four of these amplified for TEM family gene, and one of these amplified also for the OXA family. Our study found a low ESBL production percentage, which agrees with the premise of Amp-C as the main mechanism of resistance to ß-lactam antibiotics in A. baumannii. However, the ESBL description in these bacteria emphasizes the capacity of expressing multiple resistance mechanisms.


La resistencia de Acinetobacter baumannii a antimicrobianos ß-lactámicos se debe fundamentalmente a la síntesis de ß-lactamasas. Del punto de vista clínico se considera que esta bacteria, y otras agrupadas en el acrónimo SPACE (Serratia, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Enterobacter), son predominantemente productoras de ß-lactamasas tipo AmpC. No hay información en nuestro país sobre presencia de ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) en Acinetobacter. Se estudió la producción de BLEE en cepas de Acinetobacter, mediante una modificación de la técnica de Ho y col adicionando cloxacilina como inhibidor de ß-lactamasas cromosomales. De 69 cepas con resistencia al menos a una cefalosporina de tercera generación, sólo siete presentaron sinergia positiva. Cuatro cepas amplificaron por RPC un fragmento intragénico de genes de familia TEM y una de ellas amplificó, además, para el gen de la familia OXA. Se evidenció un bajo porcentaje de producción de BLEE, lo que confirma que la producción de Amp-C es el principal mecanismo de resistencia de A. baumannii a ß-lactámicos. Sin embargo, la descripción de BLEE en esta bacteria, enfatiza su capacidad de albergar múltiples mecanismos de resistencia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Acinetobacter baumannii/enzymology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , beta-Lactam Resistance , Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis , beta-Lactamases/biosynthesis , Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects , Acinetobacter baumannii/isolation & purification , Chile , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Isoelectric Focusing , Microbial Sensitivity Tests
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL