ABSTRACT
The seasons influence the production of buffalos milk. Because of this, the producers may produce a mixture of buffalo and bovine milk during cheese production in periods of low production. Therefore, the present work aimed to investigate fraud in buffalo cheese and the relationship between seasonality and different physicochemical properties of buffalo cheeses produced and marketed in eastern Amazonia. We obtained commercial samples of buffalo cheese during two Amazonian climatic periods from commercial points of Marajó-Pará, Brazil. After collection, there were lipid, protein, ash, and humidity analyses. Determination of carbohydrates and energy values was also performed for the nutritional characterization of samples, as well as for mPCR analysis to detect buffalo and/or bovine DNA. DNA extraction protocol of the samples was standardized and two pairs were used for the mPCR reaction, amplifying fragments of approximately 220 bp for Bubalus bubalis DNA and 346 bp fragments for Bos taurus DNA. Among the samples acquired in the rainy season, we observed that 33% were inadequately labeled, indicating fraud from cows milk incorporation and fraud from substitution of raw material. From the nine samples obtained in the dry season, all the samples showed cows milk incorporation fraud. The highest fraud rate coincided with the period of low milk production from buffalo and there was a difference in composition between fraudulent and non-fraudulent cheeses. Therefore, seasonality influences increase in cattle milk for the production of buffalo cheese, and this adulteration may decrease the nutritional content of the product.
As estações climáticas influenciam a produção de leite de búfala. Isso pode levar os produtores a misturarem os leites de búfala e bovino durante a produção de queijo em períodos de baixa produção. Portanto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar fraudes em queijo de búfala, a relação com a sazonalidade e as diferenças físico-químicas de queijos de origem bubalina, produzidos e comercializados no leste da Amazônia. Foram coletadas amostras comerciais de queijo de búfala em dois períodos climáticos da Amazônia em pontos comerciais do Marajó-Pará, Brasil. Após a coleta foram realizadas análises de lipídios, proteínas, cinzas e umidade. A determinação dos carboidratos e do valor energético também foi feita para a caracterização nutricional das amostras, bem como a análise de mPCR para a detecção de DNA de búfalo e/ou bovino. Para isso, padronizou-se um protocolo de extração de DNA das amostras e utilizou-se dois pares na reação mPCR, amplificar fragmentos de aproximadamente 220 pb para o DNA de Bubalus bubalis e fragmentos de 346 pb para o Bos taurus. Entre as amostras adquiridas na estação chuvosa, observou-se que 33% foram rotuladas inadequadamente, caracterizando fraude por incorporação de leite de vaca e fraude por substituição de matéria-prima. Das 9 amostras coletadas no período seco, todas as amostras apresentaram fraude na incorporação do leite de vaca. Este estudo revelou que a maior taxa de fraude coincide com o período de baixa produção de leite e que há uma diferença na composição entre queijos fraudulentos e não fraudulentos. Portanto, a sazonalidade influencia no acréscimo de leite de bovinos na produção de queijo de búfala e que esta adulteração pode diminuir o conteúdo nutricional do produto.
Subject(s)
Fraud , Milk/classification , Milk/chemistry , Food Production , Cattle , Seasons , Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinaryABSTRACT
The seasons influence the production of buffalos' milk. Because of this, the producers may produce a mixture of buffalo and bovine milk during cheese production in periods of low production. Therefore, the present work aimed to investigate fraud in buffalo cheese and the relationship between seasonality and different physicochemical properties of buffalo cheeses produced and marketed in eastern Amazonia. We obtained commercial samples of buffalo cheese during two Amazonian climatic periods from commercial points of Marajó-Pará, Brazil. After collection, there were lipid, protein, ash, and humidity analyses. Determination of carbohydrates and energy values was also performed for the nutritional characterization of samples, as well as for mPCR analysis to detect buffalo and/or bovine DNA. DNA extraction protocol of the samples was standardized and two pairs were used for the mPCR reaction, amplifying fragments of approximately 220 bp for Bubalus bubalis DNA and 346 bp fragments for Bos taurus DNA. Among the samples acquired in the rainy season, we observed that 33% were inadequately labeled, indicating fraud from cow's milk incorporation and fraud from substitution of raw material. From the nine samples obtained in the dry season, all the samples showed cow's milk incorporation fraud. The highest fraud rate coincided with the period of low milk production from buffalo and there was a difference in composition between fraudulent and non-fraudulent cheeses. Therefore, seasonality influences increase in cattle milk for the production of buffalo cheese, and this adulteration may decrease the nutritional content of the product.
As estações climáticas influenciam a produção de leite de búfala. Isso pode levar os produtores a misturarem os leites de búfala e bovino durante a produção de queijo em períodos de baixa produção. Portanto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar fraudes em queijo de búfala, a relação com a sazonalidade e as diferenças físico-químicas de queijos de origem bubalina, produzidos e comercializados no leste da Amazônia. Foram coletadas amostras comerciais de queijo de búfala em dois períodos climáticos da Amazônia em pontos comerciais do Marajó-Pará, Brasil. Após a coleta foram realizadas análises de lipídios, proteínas, cinzas e umidade. A determinação dos carboidratos e do valor energético também foi feita para a caracterização nutricional das amostras, bem como a análise de mPCR para a detecção de DNA de búfalo e/ou bovino. Para isso, padronizou-se um protocolo de extração de DNA das amostras e utilizou-se dois pares na reação mPCR, amplificar fragmentos de aproximadamente 220 pb para o DNA de Bubalus bubalis e fragmentos de 346 pb para o Bos taurus. Entre as amostras adquiridas na estação chuvosa, observou-se que 33% foram rotuladas inadequadamente, caracterizando fraude por incorporação de leite de vaca e fraude por substituição de matéria-prima. Das 9 amostras coletadas no período seco, todas as amostras apresentaram fraude na incorporação do leite de vaca. Este estudo revelou que a maior taxa de fraude coincide com o período de baixa produção de leite e que há uma diferença na composição entre queijos fraudulentos e não fraudulentos. Portanto, a sazonalidade influencia no acréscimo de leite de bovinos na produção de queijo de búfala e que esta adulteração pode diminuir o conteúdo nutricional do produto.
Subject(s)
DNA/analysis , Buffaloes , Food Production , Cheese/analysis , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Dairying/ethics , Milk , Fraud/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Animal medicinal materials are important parts of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with a long history and remarkable efficacy. Due to the destruction of wild animal resources and increasingly market demands, the adulterations of animals medicinal materials have become more common in medicine market and bring security risks for clinical application. In recent years, mitochondrial DNA is widely used in the field of animal population genetics, phylogeography, and phylogenetic development due to its maternally inherited features and abundant genetic diversity, and has achieved fruitful results in the field of molecular identification, which provides technical support for quality control of animal medicinal materials. This paper summarizes the application value and research status of COI, Cyt b, and 12S rRNA in the identification of animal medicinal materials, and gives a brief discussion on the follow-up development of mtDNA marker technique in the identification of animal medicinal materials in combination with previous result, which provides technical support for reasonable utilization of medicinal animal resources.
ABSTRACT
@#BACKGROUND. Sensorineural hearing impairment (SNHI) is the most common inherited sensory defect, affecting about 3 per 1000 children. More than 50% of these patients have a genetic cause (i.e. hereditary hearing impairment; HHI). Mutations in certain genes were noted to be extraordinarily popular in the deaf patients across different populations, making molecular screening feasible for these common deafness genes. One of the most important characteristics that we have learned concerning hereditary hearing loss is that common deafness genes and their mutations are usually different according to the ethnic background. As demonstrated in our previous studies performed in Taiwanese patients, the mutation spectrums of common deafness genes, such as the GJB2 gene and the SLC26A4 gene, are different from those in the Caucasian or even other Asian populations. These findings further underscore the indispensability of the collection of local data in terms of genetic counseling. In the collaborative project, we have successfully established a cohort of >100 hearingimpaired families, and clarified the genetic epidemiology of deafness in the Mongolian population. We identified several special deafness mutations such as GJB2 c.23+1G>A, c.559_604dup, and SLC26A4 c.919-2A>G, and our results revealed that Mongolian patients demonstrate a unique genetic profile in deafness as compared to other East Asian populations (paper in preparation). Meanwhile, by organizing a seminar at National Taiwan University Hospital in March 2017, we have transferred crucial concepts and techniques regarding how to perform genetic testing for deafness to the Mongolian colleagues. In the future, we plan to strengthen the mutual collaboration by expanding the clinical cohort and upgrading the genetic examination platform using the NGS techniques.
ABSTRACT
Objective To carry out mutation analysis of deafness-associated genes for deaf newborns and their parents, and to estimate the recurrence risk for their parents to have deaf descendants.Methods Suspected cases of inherited deafness were identified by neonatal hearing screening and questionnaires. Genomic DNAs of suspected cases and their parents were extracted from their peripheral blood samples . Common deafness-associated genes(i.e. GJB2,SLC26A4 and 12S rRNA genes)were amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR),and those PCR products were sequenced for the mutation analysis.Results From 2013 to 2016, 193 cases of deafness were found in neonatal hearing screening,29 cases of suspected as hereditary deafness were screened,and 17 out of 29 cases were found to have mutations in deafness-associated genes(detection rate:58.62%). GJB2 homozygous mutations were identified in two cases and their parents,and the recurrence risk to have deaf descendants was 100%. Four cases of suspected hereditary deafness had GJB2 homozygous mutations,and their parents were both GJB2 mutation carriers. There was one case with SLC26A4 homozygous mutations,and their parents were both SLC26A4 mutation carrier. Two cases were detected to have GJB2 V371 homozygous mutations,and their parents were both GJB2 V371 mutation carriers. For those seven parents carrying deafness-associated mutations above,the recurrence risk of deafness for their descendants was 25%.Conclusion In addition to hearing screening,the genetic diagnosis of deafness-associated genes is helpful to clarify the cause of suspected neonatal hereditary deafness,and can provide objective reproductive counseling and guidance for those deaf parents or parents with deaf children.
ABSTRACT
@#BACKGROUND. Sensorineural hearing impairment (SNHI) is the most common inherited sensory defect, affecting about 3 per 1000 children. More than 50% of these patients have a genetic cause (i.e. hereditary hearing impairment; HHI). Mutations in certain genes were noted to be extraordinarily popular in the deaf patients across different populations, making molecular screening feasible for these common deafness genes. One of the most important characteristics that we have learned concerning hereditary hearing loss is that common deafness genes and their mutations are usually different according to the ethnic background. As demonstrated in our previous studies performed in Taiwanese patients, the mutation spectrums of common deafness genes, such as the GJB2 gene and the SLC26A4 gene, are different from those in the Caucasian or even other Asian populations. These findings further underscore the indispensability of the collection of local data in terms of genetic counseling. In the collaborative project, we have successfully established a cohort of >100 hearing-impaired families, and clarified the genetic epidemiology of deafness in the Mongolian population. We identified several special deafness mutations such as GJB2 c.23+1G>A, c.559_604dup, and SLC26A4 c.919-2A>G, and our results revealed that Mongolian patients demonstrate a unique genetic profile in deafness as compared to other East Asian populations (paper in preparation). Meanwhile, by organizing a seminar at National Taiwan University Hospital in March 2017, we have transferred crucial concepts and techniques regarding how to perform genetic testing for deafness to the Mongolian colleagues. In the future, we plan to strengthen the mutual collaboration by expanding the clinical cohort and upgrading the genetic examination platform using the NGS techniques.
ABSTRACT
Objective Through the DNA barcoding 12s rRNA sequences alignment and analysis of several rhinoceros horns products involved in cases to analysis the application feasibility of 12s rRNA in the rhinoceros horns products’ species identification. Methods Use rhinoceros horns products in 3 cases as materials, total DNA were extracted with improved method, PCR ampliifcation the DNA barcoding. Results The alignment and analysis of sequences show that 12s rRNA could identify rhinoceros horns products at the species level. Conclusion The DNA barcoding 12s rRNA could be used as a new way to identify the rhinoceros horns products which can’t be identiifed with morphological characteristics, provide a reliable basis for the qualitative and sentencing of cases.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the changes of expression levels of 12S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit Ⅰ (COXⅠ) mRNA encoded by mtDNA in rat cerebral cortex after rat exposure to hypobaric hypoxia for different days. Methods Healthy male Wistar rats were exposed to hypobaric chamber simulating 5 000 m above sea level (23 5 h/day) for 2, 5, 15 and 30 d. Rats in the control group were not exposed to hypoxia. Rats were sacrificed by decapitation. Total RNA in cerebral cortex was extracted using a standard program. Transcriptional levels of 12S rRNA and COXⅠ mRNA were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR). Results Compared with that in the control, the expression of 12S rRNA increased by 57% after hypoxic exposure for 2 d ( P 0 05). Compared with that in the control group, the expression of COXⅠ mRNA increased significantly by 55% and 106% after hypoxic exposure for 2 and 5 d ( P 0 05). Conclusion Hypoxic exposure may have effect on both protein gene and ribosome gene expression encoded by mtDNA, and the expression changes in a hypoxic exposure time dependent manner. This suggests that hypoxia can have effect on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation gene expression at both mitochondrial transcriptional and translational levels.