15N-NMR spectroscopic studies and investigation of spectral data property relationships of proton pump inhibitors

In this study, the relationships between 15N-NMR and 13C-NMR chemical shifts of omeprazole, lansoprazole, ilaprazole,pantoprazole, and rabeprazole and their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, namely, pKa, half-life,tmax, logP, and protein binding were investigated. This study also presents the first report of 15N-NMR spectroscopicstudies of lansoprazole, pantoprazole, and ilaprazole. It was found that 15N-NMR chemical shifts of the doubly bondedbenzimidazole nitrogen of proton pump inhibitors showed correlation with pKa2, protein binding and logP, while 15NNMR chemical shifts of the pyridine nitrogen correlate with protein binding and tmax. Sum of 15N-NMR chemical shiftsand sum of 13C-NMR chemical shifts, both, exhibit correlation with half-life, logP, and tmax. The sum of 13C chemicalshifts of the pyridine moiety exhibits correlation with pKa1, while the sum of 13C chemical shifts of the benzimidazolemoiety exhibits correlation with half-life. NMR chemical shifts may, hence, be useful as molecular descriptors in thedevelopment of Quantitative Structure/Spectral Data Property Relationship models.

Factors influencing the accuracy of the denitrifier method for determining the oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

The denitrifier method is widely used as a novel pretreatment method for the determination of nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios as it can provide quantitative and high-sensitivity measurements. Nevertheless, the method is limited by relatively low measurement accuracy for δ18O. In this study, we analyzed the factors influencing the accuracy of δ18O determination, and then systematically investigated the effects of dissolved oxygen concentrations and nitrate sample sizes on estimates of the δ15N and δ18O of nitrate reference materials. The δ18O contraction ratio was used to represent the relationship between the measured difference and true difference between two reference materials. We obtained the following main results: (1) a gas-liquid ratio of 3:10 (v/v) in ordinary triangular flasks and a shaking speed of 120 r/min produced an optimal range (1.9 to 2.6 mg/L) in the concentration of dissolved oxygen for accurately determining δ18O, and (2) the δ18O contraction ratio decreased as nitrate sample size decreased within a certain range (1.0 to 0.1 μmol). Our results suggested that δ18O contraction is influenced mainly by dissolved oxygen concentrations in pure culture, and provided a model for improving the accuracy of oxygen isotope analysis.

Factors influencing the accuracy of the denitrifier method for determining the oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

The denitrifier method is widely used as a novel pretreatment method for the determination of nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios as it can provide quantitative and high-sensitivity measurements. Nevertheless, the method is limited by relatively low measurement accuracy for δ18O. In this study, we analyzed the factors influencing the accuracy of δ18O determination, and then systematically investigated the effects of dissolved oxygen concentrations and nitrate sample sizes on estimates of the δ15N and δ18O of nitrate reference materials. The δ18O contraction ratio was used to represent the relationship between the measured difference and true difference between two reference materials. We obtained the following main results: (1) a gas-liquid ratio of 3:10 (v/v) in ordinary triangular flasks and a shaking speed of 120 r/min produced an optimal range (1.9 to 2.6 mg/L) in the concentration of dissolved oxygen for accurately determining δ18O, and (2) the δ18O contraction ratio decreased as nitrate sample size decreased within a certain range (1.0 to 0.1 μmol). Our results suggested that δ18O contraction is influenced mainly by dissolved oxygen concentrations in pure culture, and provided a model for improving the accuracy of oxygen isotope analysis.

Influence of summer crop residues on 15N present in organic matter fractions under two lowland soils / Influência de resíduos de culturas de verão sobre o 15 N em frações da matéria orgânica de dois solos de terras baixas

ABSTRACT: The state of Rio Grande do Sul has about 20% of the total area as lowland soils, suitable for flooded rice (Oryza sativa). In order to mitigate damage caused by rice monoculture, new crops such as sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and soybean (Glycine max) have been cultivated in these areas. With different qualities of crop residues, it is expected a change in soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics and consequently, nitrogen (N) availability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of rice, soybean and sorghum crop residues on the N present in physical fractions of SOM of two lowland soils, using labeled 15N technique, under incubation for 180 days in aerobic condition and more 180 days in anaerobic condition. At 30, 180 and 360 days of incubation the remaining N of the plant residues and N destination from the residues in both soils were quantified in the physical fractions of SOM >250 μm, 250-53 μm and <53 μm. The soil with higher amount of clay+silt received a larger quantity of 15N from residues, while flooding of the soil after 180 days caused a loss of N added to the soil by the soybean and sorghum residues. In general, larger amounts of 15N were reported in the fraction <53 μm, associated with clay minerals, throughout the incubation period. These N losses should be considered in N fertilization for the following crops in rotation with flooded rice.

RESUMO: O Rio Grande do Sul possui cerca de 20% da área total de solos de terras baixas, propícias para o cultivo do arroz (Oryza sativa) irrigado por inundação. Buscando mitigar danos ocasionados com o monocultivo de arroz, novas culturas, como o sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) e a soja (Glycine max), têm sido cultivadas nestas áreas. Com diferentes qualidades de resíduos culturais, espera-se uma alteração na dinâmica da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e, consequentemente, do nitrogênio (N). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de resíduos culturais de arroz, soja e sorgo na quantidade de N em frações físicas da MOS de dois solos de terras baixas, utilizando a técnica de marcação isotópica de 15N das culturas e uma incubação por um ciclo de 180 dias em condição aeróbica e mais 180 dias em condição anaeróbica. Aos 30, 180 e 360 dias de incubação foi quantificado o N remanescente dos resíduos vegetais e destino do N proveniente dos resíduos nos dois solos em frações físicas da MOS >250 μm, 250-53 μm e <53 μm. O solo com maior quantidade de argila+silte recebeu maior quantidade de 15N dos resíduos, enquanto que o alagamento do solo após 180 dias de incubação ocasionou uma perda do N adicionado ao solo pelos resíduos de soja e sorgo. De maneira geral, foram encontradas maiores quantidades de 15N na fração <53 μm, associado aos argilominerais. As perdas de N devem ser consideradas na adubação nitrogenada para as culturas sequentes nos sistemas de rotação de culturas com arroz irrigado.

Contribution of nitrogen derived from mineral supplementation for soybean seedlings / Contribuição do nitrogênio derivado da suplementação mineral em sementes para plântulas de soja

ABSTRACT Seeds can absorb N from mineral supplementation, thus stimulating seedling development in soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). This study aimed to evaluate the contribution to soybean seedlings of N derived from mineral supplementation in seeds with different nutritional contents. Seeds of the cultivar BMX Potência RR received mineral supplementation enriched with 2.5% excess 15N. The treatments were performed in seeds in two lots, one with high and one with low nutritional content. At 2, 6 and 10 days after sowing on paper towels, the seedlings were collected and separated into cotyledons, roots and shoots. Dry matter production, root length and root volume were assessed. Total N and 15N values were analyzed in the seedling organ tissues. The seeds from the lot with lower nutritional content absorbed more N from the mineral supplement, which was accumulated in the cotyledons and redistributed to the root systems and cotyledons. At 10 days after sowing, most of the N in the organs of soybean seedlings was derived from the seed reserves, regardless of nutritional content. Thus, application of N through mineral supplementation is of low importance for the development and nutrition of seedlings.

RESUMO Sementes podem absorver N de suplementos minerais, estimulando o desenvolvimento de plântulas. O estudo objetivou avaliar a contribuição de N derivado da suplementação mineral em sementes com diferentes teores nutricionais, para plântulas de soja. Sementes de dois lotes da cultivar BMX Potência RR, contrastantes quanto ao teor nutricional, foram submetidas a aplicação de suplemento mineral enriquecido com 2,5% átomos de 15N em excesso. Aos 2, 6 e 10 dias após a semeadura em papel toalha, plântulas foram coletadas, separadas em cotilédones, sistema radicular e parte aérea. A produção de matéria seca, o comprimento e volume do sistema radicular foram avaliados. No tecido dos órgãos das plântulas foram analisados os totais de N e 15N. As sementes derivadas do lote com menor teor nutricional absorveram mais N do suplemento mineral, que foi acumulado nos cotilédones e redistribuído para o sistema radicular e parte aérea. A maior parte do N na soja ao longo de 10 dias após a semeadura é derivada das reservas da semente independentemente do teor nutricional inicial. A aplicação de N via suplementação mineral é de pouca importância para o crescimento e desenvolvimento de plântulas.

Palisadegrass effects on N fertilizer dynamic in intercropping systems with corn

ABSTRACT Corn grain yield, nitrogen (N) fertilizer efficiency and distribution to corn alone and three forms of corn and palisadegrass (Urochloa spp.) intercropping implantation was investigated. A field experiment with 15N labeling fertilizer was performed in randomized block design. No form of palisadegrass intercropping implantation affected corn grain yield, total N accumulation and N use efficiency (NUE), which were 8.7 t ha-1, 205 kg ha-1 and 37% respectively. The palisadegrass produced on average 1.9 t of dry mass, absorbing a maximum of 6 kg ha-1 or 5.5% of N fertilizer during corn growing. Furthermore, the palisadegrass did not affect N fertilizer distribution in soil-plant system, in which 28.2% was recovered in the soil and 40.4% in the plants (corn + palisadegrass). The results show that for the three intercropping implantation methods the palisadegrass did not compete with corn for N fertilizer.

Renewal versus Retention: Isotopic Composition of Intestinal Epithelium and Eye Lens.

Aims: To compare isotopic signatures of contrasting (due to the structure and metabolism) organs in mice of two contrasting ages. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Biology Department of Moscow State University; Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences; 2007–2011. Methodology: Mass spectrometric measurements of carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios of jejunal epithelium and lens in 1- and 22-mo mice fed a monotonous diet. Results: The lenses are enriched in carbon and nitrogen as compared with intestinal epithelium (by 5.5% and 4.5% in 1-mo mice and 8.3% and 6% in 22-mo mice, respectively). The 15N content is also higher in lenses than in intestinal epithelium (8.97‰ vs. 7.62‰ in 1-mo mice, and 7.40‰ vs. 6.58‰ in 22-mo mice). The 13C content of lenses exceeds that of intestinal epithelium in 1-mo mice (-20.27‰ vs. -21.69‰), although 13C content is equal in 22-mo mice (-22.56‰ vs. -22.67‰). 15N content is depleted in the intestinal epithelium of 22-mo mice (-1.04‰), whereas 13C depletion (-0.98‰) is non-significant. 13C and 15N content in lenses is also significantly decreased in 22-mo mice (-2.29‰ and -1.57‰). Conclusion: The intestinal epithelium represents a structure with short-term isotopic memory lasting a few days, whereas the events of the organism’s entire lifetime are retained in lens isotopic memory. The difference of the parameters measured is evidently determined by structural contrast, metabolic rate, and rejuvenation modes of the tissues. The 15N depletion in both the intestinal epithelium and lenses, as well as 13C depletion in lenses of 22-mo mice might be considered as a sign of ageing. In contrast, the depletion of 15N in lenses of 22-mo mice should be considered primarily as a result of dilution of breastmilk isotopic signature that probably obscures age-related alterations of the organ. Comparison of isotopic compositions of these contrasting organs may be useful for physiological and ecological determinations.

O potencial da rotulação metabólica de 15N para a pesquisa de esquizofrenia / The potential of 15N metabolic labeling for schizophrenia research

Pesquisas em psiquiatria ainda necessitam de estudos não dirigidos por hipóteses para revelar fundamentos neurobiológicos e biomarcadores moleculares para distúrbios psiquiátricos. Metodologias proteômicas disponibilizam uma série de ferramentas para esses fins. Apresentamos o princípio de rotulação metabólica utilizando 15N para proteômica quantitativa e suas aplicações em modelos animais de fenótipos psiquiátricos com um foco particular em esquizofrenia. Exploramos o potencial de rotulação metabólica por 15N em diferentes tipos de experimentos, bem como suas considerações metodológicas

Psychiatric research is in need of non-hypothesis driven approaches to unravel the neurobiological underpinnings and identify molecular biomarkers for psychiatric disorders. Proteomics methodologies constitute a state-of-the-art toolbox for biomarker discovery in psychiatric research. Here we present the principle of in vivo 15N metabolic labeling for quantitative proteomics experiments and applications of this method in animal models of psychiatric phenotypes, with a particular focus on schizophrenia. Additionally we explore the potential of 15N metabolic labeling in different experimental set-ups as well as methodological considerations of 15N metabolic labeling-based quantification studies

The role of sediment on the energy availability for fishes in the upper Paraná river floodplain / O papel do sedimento na disponibilidade de energia para peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná

This study aimed to identify potential sources of organic matter in sediment, using stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N). Sediment samples were gathered from the margin and in center of three subsystems: Ivinheima, Paraná and Baia, in August/2001. The samples were fractionated granulometrically and separated by size (< 200 µm; 70-200 µm; > 70 µm), prepared and sent to CENA / USP, for identifying the isotopes proportions. Significant differences were detected in the isotopic ratios of the sediment only between sampling stations. The Baía channel presented the lowest δ13C values, while the highest ones were recorded in Paraná river. At this last, δ15N values were negative (-14.41‰). We did not verify significant difference in isotopic composition between the particle sizes of sediment, and between the sampling points. The main sources of carbon for the sediment were C3 macrophytes, periphyton and particulate organic carbon (POC).

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo identificar as fontes potenciais de matéria orgânica do sedimento, utilizando isótopos estáveis de carbono (δ13C) e nitrogênio (δ15N). Foram coletadas amostras de sedimento das margens e do centro de três subsistemas: Ivinheima, Paraná e Baía, em agosto/2001. As amostras foram fracionadas granulometricamente e <200 µm; 70-200 µm; >70 µm, e enviadas ao CENA/USP para identificação das proporções dos isótopos. Foram verificadas diferenças significativas nas razões isotópicas do sedimento apenas entre as estações de coleta. O canal Baía, exibiu s baixos valores de δ13C, enquanto altos valores foram registrados no rio Paraná. Nesta última estação, os valores de δ15N foram negativos (-14.41‰). Não foram registradas diferenças significativas na composição isotópica entre os tamanhos de partículas do sedimento e nem entre os pontos de coleta. As principais fontes de carbono para o sedimento foram as macrófitas C3, perifíton e carbono orgânico particulado (COP).

Maternal - Fetal Interaction: An Insight through the Stable Isotope Fractionation Prism.

Aims: To compare carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of maternal and fetal organs. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Biology Department of Lomonosov Moscow State University; Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences; 2008 – 2011. Methodology: Mass spectrometric measurements of carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios of corresponding maternal and fetal organs of gravid mice fed a monotonous diet. Results: Both the maternal and fetal organs (kidney, muscles, liver, myocardium, brain) of mice at the last term of gestation are enriched in 13C and 15N relative to food consumed. Isotopic composition of organs strongly depends on the number of bearing fetuses. The increase of fetuses’ number results in coordinated 13C depletion and 15N enrichment in both the maternal and fetal organs. Conclusion: The alteration of the δ13C and δ15N values reflects solely the metabolic restructuring during a pregnancy, since mice were fed the monotonous diet prior to conception and during gestation. Isotopic alterations develop as a reaction to the nutritional stress of the maternal organism under the trophic demands of fetuses. The protein replenishment is the most probable cause of isotope ratio changes. Under the controlled experimental condition the stable Isotope composition of biogenic elements can be used as integral indicators of metabolic efforts of the particular organismic structures. The predictive role of such integral indicators consists at least in limitation of possible biochemical conversions underlying the metabolism change.

Variability in the trophic position of larval fishes in theupper Paraná floodplain based on δ15N

The upper Paraná River floodplain is composed of several marginal lagoons, making it a natural breeding ground for many fish species at developmental stages. The aim of this study is to estimate the trophic positions of these fishes based on feed intake (measured via diet) and nitrogen assimilation (measured via δ15N). The monthly samplings were concentrated during the spawning season in the Ivinheima River, which is located in the upper Paraná River floodplain. The specimens were grouped into preflexion, flexion and postflexion stages. Trophic positions were estimated based on the isotope value of nitrogen and on diet. During the developmental stages of P. squamosissimus, there were significant differences in the isotope values of δ15N; for H. edentatus, however, no significant differences were found. During the developmental stages, both species were classified as either at or above the third trophic level. Once this information is obtained for other species and components of the ecosystem, it will not only provide a more precise view of the energy allocation and flow in the ecosystem, but will also make possible for management measures to promote sustainability in this environment.

A planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná é formada por várias lagoas marginais, tornando-se um criadouro natural de várias espécies de peixes nos estágios de desenvolvimento. O objetivo do estudo foi estimar as posições tróficas destes peixes, com base no alimento consumido (medido através dieta) e o nitrogênio assimilado (medido através δ15N). As amostragens mensais concentraram-se no período de desova das espécies, no rio Ivinheima, na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná. Os espécimes foram agrupados em: pré-flexão, flexão e pós-flexão. As posições tróficas foram estimadas com base no valor isotópico de nitrogênio e na dieta. Nas fases de desenvolvimento de P. squamosissimus houve diferença significativa nos valores isotópicos de δ15N, enquanto que, para H. edentatus, não foram identificadas. Ambas as espécies, durante os estágios de desenvolvimento, foram classificadas em igual ou acima do terceiro nível trófico. Estas informações, quando obtidas para outras espécies de peixes e componentes do ecossistema, fornecerão uma visão mais precisa da distribuição e fluxo de energia no ecossistema, além de tornar possível medidas de manejo, que visem promover a sustentabilidade deste ambiente.

Aproveitamento pelo trigo do nitrogênio residual da crotalária (Crotalaria juncea) e da uréia aplicado ao solo em cultivo precedente / Recovery by wheat of residual nitrogen from crotalária (Crotalaria juncea) and urea of previous crop soil fertilization

O cultivo de adubos verdes no sistema produtivo tem por objetivo o fornecimento de nitrogênio ao solo. Porém, muitas vezes os benefícios não são a curto prazo. Nesse sentido, acompanhar a taxa de fornecimento de nitrogênio proveniente dos resíduos ao longo dos anos se faz necessário. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o aproveitamento do nitrogênio residual no solo do adubo verde (Crotalaria juncea L.)-15N e da uréia-15N, em fertilização conjugada e separada, no segundo ano de cultivo pelo trigo (Triticum aestivum L.). O experimento foi desenvolvido em vasos com 4kg de solo (Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. As quantidades de 15N residual do primeiro cultivo eram: Uréia-15N (11,2mg kg-1 de 15N); Crotalária juncea-15N (85mg kg-1de 15N); Uréia-15N+crotalária (19,8mg kg-1 de 15N); Crotalária juncea-15N+uréia (81,6mg kg-1de 15N); Controle (sem adição de fontes de N). Todos os tratamentos receberam 36mg kg-1 de N-uréia (sem marcação) em cobertura. Foram avaliados a recuperação do 15N residual das fontes, a massa de matéria seca, a concentração e o conteúdo de N nas plantas. A recuperação do N-uréia residual aplicado isoladamente foi superior quando comparada à recuperação do N-crotalária ou crotalária mais uréia, sem, contudo, influenciar o acúmulo de massa e a nutrição das plantas de trigo. No sistema solo-planta, a porcentagem de recuperação do N-crotalária foi igual ao N-uréia. Após dois anos de cultivo do solo em vasos sem aparentes perdas por percolação e lixiviação, em torno de 26 por cento do N-uréia e 75 por cento do N-crotalária aplicados no primeiro cultivo ainda se encontram no solo, evidenciando o benefício da incorporação de adubo verde no fornecimento de N gradativamente ao sistema.

The cultivation of green manures in the production system aims to supply nitrogen to the soil, but often the benefits are not in the short term. In this sense, to accompany the rate of nitrogen supply from the residues over the years is necessary. The aim of this research was to evaluate the use of green manure nitrogen (Crotalaria juncea L.)-15N and urea-15N in conjugated and separate fertilization in the previous cultivation by the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was carried out in pots with 4kg of a Rhodic Hapludox in the completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replicates. The quantities of residual N of the first crop were: Urea-15N (11.2mg kg-1 de 15N); Crotalaria juncea-15N (85.0mg kg-1de 15N); Urea-15N+crotalária (19.8mg kg-1 de 15N); Crotalaria juncea-15N+urea (81.6mg kg-1de 15N); Control (without source with N). All the treatments received 36.0mg kg-1 of N-urea in the topdressing. Evaluated the recovery of residual 15N sources, the dry weight, the concentration and content of N in plants. The N-urea recovery isolated was larger compared to N-crotalária or N-crotalária with urea, without, however, influence the accumulation of weight and nutrition of plants of wheat. In the system soil-plant, the recovery percentage of the N-crotalária was similar to the N-urea. After two years of cultivation in pots without apparent loss by percolation and leaching around 26 percent of the N-urea and 75 percent of the N-crotalaria applied the first crop are in the soil, showing the benefit of the incorporation of green manure in the supply of N to the system gradually.

Absorción foliar de nitrógeno por depósito húmedo simulado en Abies Religiosa (h. B. K.) Schl. Et cham / Foliar nitrogen uptake in simulated wet deposition in Abies Religiosa (h. B. K.) Schl. Et cham / Absorção foliar de nitrogênio por depósito úmido simulado em Abies Religiosa (h. B. K.) Schl. Et cham.

Se evaluó la absorción foliar de nitrógeno inorgánico por depósito húmedo simulado en Abies religiosa, en un experimento factorial en vivero con plantas de tres años de edad y diseño al azar. Ocho tratamientos combinaron dos formas de N (NO3- y NH4 +), dosis aplicada (alta o baja) y escurrimiento del sustrato (con y sin). Se utilizó 15N para medir absorción de N. Las plantas se cosecharon y follaje nuevo, follaje con >1 año, ramillas, tallo principal y raíz fueron separados. La forma y dosis de N tuvieron efecto (p=0,001) en todos los componentes de las plantas, mostrando mayor absorción de N con NO3 - en dosis alta. Con escurrimiento hubo mayor absorción en ramillas, tallo y raíz. La mayor absorción de N fue en follaje nuevo. La absorción de NO3 - fue nueve y tres veces mayor que la de NH4 + en follaje >1 año y raíz, respectivamente. La absorción de N en tallo fue afectada por todos los factores e interacciones, pero en follaje >1 año solo afectó la forma y dosis de N. La cantidad promedio de 15N recuperada fue 1,8mg N por planta. La recuperación de N-NO3 - en la parte aérea alcanzó 57% pues las plantas no estuvieron expuestas a lluvia que lavase el N-NO3 - retenido en follaje y ramas. Los resultados sugieren un alto potencial de absorción por el follaje de A. religiosa. Los síntomas iniciales de saturación de N documentados en el Valle de México podrían acentuarse con aumentos de contaminación atmosférica. Los efectos del depósito de N pueden ocurrir por vía foliar antes que el N del suelo sea afectado.

To evaluate foliar absorption of inorganic nitrogen by simulated wet deposition in Abies religiosa, a greenhouse factorial experiment was established with three-year old seedlings using a randomized design. Eight treatments resulted from the combination of N form (NO3 - or NH4 +), dose (high or low) and runoff to the substrate (with and without). 15N was used to evaluate N absorption. Plants were harvested and current year foliage, foliage >1 year old, twigs, stem and roots were separated. The form of N and dose had significant effects (p=0.001) in all plant components, showing higher recovery with NO3 - as source and at a high dose. Runoff increased recovery in twigs, stem and roots. Current-year foliage showed the highest N absorption. N absorption by the whole plant was nine and three times higher with NO3 - than with NH4 + for foliage >1 year and roots, respectively. N absorption was higher in the stem than in other plant components, whereas foliage >1 year was the least sensitive component to N absorption. The average amount of N recovered per plant was 1.8mg N. Aboveground N-NO3 - recovery reached 57%, probably because the plants were not exposed to rainfall that could wash NO3 - from the canopy. The results suggest a high potential of N absorption by the foliage and branches of A. religiosa. The initial symptoms of N saturation documented in the Valley of Mexico may worsen if air pollution remains uncontrolled. The effects of N deposition may occur via foliage before soil N is affected.

Avaliou-se a absorção foliar de nitrogênio inorgânico por depósito úmido simulado em Abies religiosa, em um experimento fatorial em viveiro com plantas de três anos de idade e desenho ao azar. Oito tratamentos combinaram duas formas de N (NO3 - e NH4 +), dose aplicada (alta ou baixa) e escorrimento do substrato (com e sem). Utilizou-se 15N para medir absorção de N. Realizada a colheita das plantas, a folhagem nova, folhagem com >1 ano, ramas, caule principal e raiz foram separadas. A forma e dose de N tiveram efeito (p=0,001) em todos os componentes das plantas, mostrando maior absorção de N com NO3 - em dose alta. Com escorrimento houve maior absorção em ramas, caule e raiz. A maior absorção de N foi em folhagem nova. A absorção de NO3 - foi nove e três vezes maior que a de NH4 + em folhagem >1 ano e raiz, respectivamente. A absorção de N no caule foi afetada por todos os fatores e interações, mas em folhagem >1 ano somente afetou a forma e dose de N. A quantidade média de 15N recuperada foi 1,8 mg N por planta. A recuperação de N-NO3 - na parte aérea alcançou 57% pois as plantas não estiveram expostas a chuva que lavasse o N-NO3 - retido na folhagem e ramas. Os resultados sugerem um alto potencial de absorção pela folhagem de A. religiosa. Os sintomas iniciais de saturação de N documentados no Vale do México poderiam acentuar-se com aumentos de contaminação atmosférica. Os efeitos do depósito de N podem ocorrer por via foliar antes que o N do solo seja afetado.

Perda de nitrogênio pela Brachiaria decumbens após a antese: relação com a umidade do solo / Nitrogen loss through Brachiaria decumbens after anthesis stage: relation with soil moisture

Com o objetivo de avaliar a perda de N por plantas de Brachiaria decumbens no estádio da pós-antese relacionada com a umidade do solo, realizou-se um experimento em casa-de-vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos do estudo constaram da colheita de plantas nos seguintes estádios e condições de umidade do solo: (a) A60: estádio de antese e com umidade do solo mantida a 60 por cento da capacidade máxima de retenção de água; (b) PA60: estádio de pós-antese ou maturidade com umidade do solo mantida a 60 por cento da capacidade máxima de retenção de água; e (c) PA20: pós-antese com umidade estabelecida após a antese de 20 por cento da capacidade máxima de retenção de água do solo. As plantas de Brachiaria decumbens, cultivadas em vasos preenchidos com solo arenoso, foram fertilizadas com sulfato de amônio-15N (800mg vaso-1 de N). As plantas dos tratamentos pós-antese (PA60 e PA20) foram colhidas após 17 dias do início do florescimento. O balanço de N do sulfato de amônio (15N) no sistema solo-planta indicou perdas de N, presumivelmente pela parte aérea das plantas de Brachiaria decumbens, no estádio de pós-antese (tratamento PA60), da ordem de 25 por cento em relação ao de antese (A60). A perda de N na pós-antese avaliada no tratamento com déficit hídrico (PA20) foi reduzida comparativamente ao PA60, sendo da ordem de 11 por cento em relação ao tratamento A60.

The objective of this research work was to evaluate the N loss through Brachiaria decumbens in the stage of post-anthesis related to the soil moisture. The experiment was carried out in green-house condition and the experimental design was a completely randomized, with three treatments and six replications. Plants of grass-Brachiaria were cultivated in pots filled out with sandy soil. The soil of each pot was fertilized with ammonium sulfate-15N (800mg vaso-1 of N). The treatments consisted of harvest of plants in the stages and soil moisture conditions, as following: (a) A60: stage of anthesis and with soil moisture maintained to 60 percent of the maximum water retention capacity; (b) PA60: post-anthesis stage or maturity with soil moisture maintained to 60 percent of the maximum retention capacity, and (c) PA20: post-anthesis stage with soil moisture of 20 percent of the maximum water retention capacity established after the anthesis stage. The plants of the treatments post-anthesis (PA60 and PA20) were harvested after 17 days beginning of the flowering stage. The balance of N from ammonium sulfate (15N) in the soil-plant system indicated losses of N, presumably from the aerial part of grass-Brachiaria plants in the post-anthesis stage (treatment PA60). These values were of the order of 25 percent in relation to the anthesis treatment (A60). The N loss in the post-anthesis stage as evaluated in the treatment with water deficits (PA20), it was minimized comparatively to the PA60 and it was of the order of 11 percent in relation to the treatment A60.

Tumor necrosis factor-? regulates the effect of glutamine on protein synthesis in rats' skeletal muscle / 医学研究生学报

Objective:To find the regulations of glutamine(Gln) metabolism by tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?).Methods:Thirty male SD rats were assigned into three groups: A(total parenteral nutrition,TPN),B(TPN+Gln),C(TPN+ TNF-?+Gln).Besides all rats were supported by isonitrogenous and isocaloric TPN solutions for 3 days,rats in group B were supplied with Gln(in the form of alanylglutamine) for 3 days at the rate of 0.3 g/(kg?d),rats in group C were infused intravenously with TNF-? at the rate of 5 ?g/(kg?h) within the last 24 hours and also supplemented with Gln for three days at the same rate as in group B.At the last 0.5 hour,all animals were mainlined with \leucine at the dosage of 1.0 mmol/kg.TNF-? levels in plasma,concentrations of Gln in plasma and skeletal muscle were measured as the experiment ended after 72 hours,and the fractional synthesis rate(FSR) were also assessed.Results:The Gln concentrations in plasma and skeletal muscle increased markedly from group A,B to C.The levels of FSR decreased remarkably along with the sequence from group B,C to A.The statistical differences were significant(P

The Measurement of Prealbumin Synthetic Rate in Patients with Post-hepatitis Liver Cirrhosis and Its Clinical Evaluation / 中国医师杂志

Objective To explore the correlation between the prealbumin synthetic rate and liver function damage in patients with liver cirrhosis resulted from hepatitis. Methods The prealbumin synthetic rate was measured using isotope tracer technique of 15 N-lysine injected by intravenous followed by intravenous drop at constant rate in 23 patients with liver cirrhosis and 12 healthy subjects. Results Prealbumin synthetic rate in the patients decreased significantly than that in normal control(P

DESTINO DE FERTILIZANTES NITROGENADOS (15N) EM UM LATOSSOLO AMARELO CULTIVADO COM FEIJÃO CAUPI (Vigna unguiculata L.)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the fate of two different forms of 15N-labeled nitrogen fertilizers in an Oxisol of Central Amazonia on a cowpea crop (Vigna unguiculata L.). There was no effect on yield from the application of 30 kg N/ha. The nitrogen balance at the end of the period indicated that 23 and 25% of nitrogen applied as ammonium sulphate and urea,respectively, was storoged in the grains; 35% of nitrogen derived from ammonium sulphate and 39% from urea was found in the 0-30 cm soil layer. The losses were 36% with urea and 42% with ammonium sulphate. About 15% of nitrogen fertilizer were recovered in the soil profile below the plow layer (0-30 cm), indicating that the losses were partially due to leaching and to other losses not quantified in this study.

O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar o destino de duas formas de fertilizantes nitrogenados enriquecidos com 15N em um latossolo amarelo da Amazônia Central, cultivado com feijão caupi (Vigna unguiculata L.). A aplicação de 30 kg/ha de não mostrou efeito significativo na produção. O balanço do nitrogênio aplicado no final do período da cultura mostrou que a remoção do dos fertilizantes pelos grãos foi, respectivamente, 23 e 25%, com aplicação de sulfato de amônio e uréia; 35% do do sulfato de amônio e 39% da uréia, permaneceram no solo na camada de 0-30 cm. As perdas variaram de 36 a 42% para uréia e sulfato de amônio, respectivamente. Aproximadamente 15% do dos fertilizantes, foi determinado nos horizontes mais profundos, indicando que as perdas de nesse solo são provavelmente devidas à lixiviação e a outros processos não determinados neste trabalho.

Removal of NH_3-N by Microbe Without Organic Carbon Source under Oxygen Limited Condition / 微生物学通报

It was investigated by ~(15)N tracer that four strains capable of ammonia oxidation under the condition of limited dissolved oxygen(DO)and without organic carbon source in a sealed bio-membrane reactor.Each strain was cultured at room temperature,a sealed vessel filled with argon and an appropriate quantity of oxygen.When the condition kept DO