ABSTRACT
Malignant hyperthermia is a sword of Damocles hanging upon the anesthesiologists, even in the XXIst century. Eventhough Malignant Hyperthemias known history does not go beyond 1960, many of its actors are forgotten or unknown for the new generations. The purpose of this article is to rescue the name of these characters and to honor their labor in a hostile enviroment when anesthesiology was a specialty still developing and the exchange of and access to information among the medical community were scarce and limited.
La hipertermia maligna es una espada de Damocles que aún cuelga sobre las cabezas de los anestesiólogos en el siglo XXI. La historia conocida de esta enfermedad no va más atrás que 1960, pese a lo cual muchos de los actores participantes en esta saga han pasado al olvido o son desconocidos para las nuevas generaciones. El propósito de esta narración es rescatar a esos personajes y resaltar su épico desempeño en una época en que el desarrollo de la anestesiología, la comunicación entre los médicos de diferentes países y sobre todo el acceso a la información, eran muy limitadas en relación a lo que vivimos hoy en día.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Anesthesiology/history , History of Medicine , Malignant Hyperthermia/historyABSTRACT
Diego Rivera is one of the artistic giants of the 20th century. His many original creations included landscapes, portraits and large murals created in both Mexico and the United States. Rivera ventured into many styles-cubism, naturalism and narrative realism-with great success. Rivera’s murals build on those of the Renaissance, pre-historic and colonial civilizations of Mexico. Biological and medical topics and their history form an important concern in Rivera’s work, present in many of his murals in a highly informative and creative manner. His two History of Cardiology murals present an original and comprehensive account of the developments of this medical specialty from pre-historic to modern times. His History of Medicine in Mexico (The people demands health) mural is a creatively and vigorously fashioned and highly dynamic and synthetic vision of the relationships between pre-historic and modern medicine in Mexico and its social foundations. Medical topics such as vaccines and vaccination, embryology and surgery are inventively and accurately presented in the large mural, Detroit Industry. The trigger and impetus for the concern of Rivera for these topics of life and death, and the exceedingly ground-breaking way he presents them, appear to stem from his rational materialism, his concern for collective wellbeing, his belief in progress through scientific developments and political action and his commitment to understand Mexican and American history.
Subject(s)
History, 20th Century , Cardiology/history , Paintings/history , Health Services Needs and Demand/history , Mexico , MichiganABSTRACT
La política económica diseñada por el gobierno durante el periodo estudiado (1958-1962) estuvo sustentada en la mutación de la estructura productiva agroexportadora para dar paso a la industria pesada con el autoabastecimiento del petróleo, la siderurgia, la química pesada, la producción de celulosa, la construcción de caminos, la modernización del transporte y de las comunicaciones. - La política de salud que planteó el Ministerio de Asistencia Social y Salud Pública de la Nación partía del presupuesto que para construir "la gran Empresa de Salud" necesitaba contar con recursos profesionales altamente calificados en administración sanitaria y hospitalaria, estadística, epidemiología y saneamiento ambiental. - Con dicho fin fue creada la Escuela Nacional de Salud Pública (1959) y fueron becados varias decenas de profesionales seleccionados para realizar cursos de posgrado en importantes universidades extranjeras. - Simultáneamente se puso en funcionamiento una reestructuración de los establecimientos asistenciales, creándose cuerpos orgánicos de enfermería y se incorporó a la plantilla a ingenieros sanitarios, técnicos en mantenimiento, estadígrafos, nutricionistas, etc. - El Bachillerato Sanitario fue creado en 1960 con la finalidad de formar paramédicos especializados en radiología, hemoterapia, laboratorio y servicios de clínica médica, cuyos egresados tenían prioridad para ocupar cargos vacantes y podían ingresar a las Facultades de Medicina y Farmacia y Bioquímica sin examen de ingreso. - El diagnóstico del desarrollismo era que la transformación de la industria traería aparejada la introducción de nuevas tecnologías, con diversa organización del trabajo y mayor ocupación de mano de obra. Por tanto, las condiciones de trabajo estarían en el centro del conflicto social, amén de las consecuencias derivadas del urbanismo como la violencia, criminalidad, drogadicción, alcoholismo, etc...
The economic policy designed by the government during the period under study (1958-1962) was sustained in the mutation of the agroexporting productive structure to give rise to the heavy industry with the self.-supplying of petroleum, iron and steel industry, heavy chemistry, cellulose production, road construction, modernization of the transport fleet and communications. - The health policy considered by the National Ministry of Social Attendance and Public Health started from the concept that to build the "great company of health" needed to count on professionals resources highly qualified in sanitary and hospitable administration, statistics, epidemiology and environmental sanitation. - The National School of Health (1959) was created with this aim and several tens of selected professionals were granted scholarships to make postgraduate courses in important foreign universities. - Simultaneously, a reorganization of the social assistance institutions was put into practice, being created organic groups of infirmary, sanitary engineers, technical analysts in maintenance, statisticians, nutritionists, etc. - The Sanitary Bachelor was created in 1960 with the purpose of forming paramedics specialized in radiology, hemotherapy, laboratory and services of medical clinic who had the priority to get vacant positions and could enter to the Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy and Biochemistry without an en trance examination. - The developmentalism's diagnostic was that the transformation of the industry would bring the introduction of new technologies with a diverse organization of the work and more labour work. Therefore, the working conditions would be in the center of the social conflict in spite of the consequences derived from the urbanism (violence, criminality, drug addiction, alcoholism, etc)...