A study of the effect of changes in nasal tip prominence on the sense of anterior prominence of the upper lip / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of changes in nasal tip protrusion on the sense of upper lip protrusion in different populations and to provide a reference for the improvement of soft tissue beauty.@*Methods @# Informed consent and portrait authorization were obtained from the model. A female model whose face met the criteria was selected, and a 3D model of her was obtained using a 3D stereo camera. Based on the original model, ZBRUSH2019 software was used to simulate changes in nose tip protrusion. Then, 9 segments of facial dynamic rotation videos were produced, and an electronic questionnaire was created through a questionnaire website to evaluate the effect of different nose tip protrusions on perceived upper lip protrusion. Randomly selected orthodontic patients, orthodontics professionals and general adults completed the electronic questionnaire. In the questionnaire, a Visual Analog Scale was used to evaluate the perceived degree of protrusion of the upper lip. The higher the score, the more prominent the upper lip of the model in the image. The questionnaire data were statistically analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model. @*Results @#As the nasal tip position became progressively more retracted, the subjects' upper lip protrusion scores increased. Among male subjects, the results showed that the general population thought that the upper lip protrusion was higher than the patients did when the nasal tip protrusion was +6 mm and +4.5 mm (P = 0.023, P = 0.047). When the nasal tip protrusion was +6 mm, the scores of the general population were higher than those of the orthodontics professionals (P = 0.023). However, when the nasal tip variable was -6 mm, their score was lower than that of the patients (P = 0.003), and there was no significant difference in other retest distances between groups (P>0.05).@*Conclusion @#When the protrusion of the nasal tip decreased, the three groups experienced a visual illusion of upper lip protrusion. When the nasal tip protrusion is too large, the general population perceived the visual illusion of the upper lip protrusion as being more obvious.

Learning Hepatobiliary Anatomy through the Virtual 3d Anatomy Table / Aprendizado da Anatomia Hepatobiliar pela Mesa Anatômica Virtual 3D

ABSTRACT Objective to evaluate the effectiveness of the 3D virtual anatomical table as a complementary resource to the learning of the hepatobiliary anatomy by undergraduate medical students. Method A randomized controlled study comparing the anatomical learning of hepatobiliary structures, supported by a real model versus a virtual model, both three-dimensional (3D), by undergraduate medical students. The students' perception of the resources used to teach anatomy was also evaluated. The students were submitted to a pre-test and to two evaluations after the interventions were applied. Results Overall, both the 3D virtual anatomical table and the real liver increased students' knowledge of the hepatobiliary anatomy in relation to their previous knowledge (p = 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively for second and third evaluations). In the longitudinal comparison between the pre-test and the second evaluation (hepatobiliary anatomy and Couinaud's segmentation), this increase was significantly higher in the group allocated to the real liver (p = 0.002); in the comparison of the pre-test with the third evaluation (inclusion of adjacent organs in the anatomical table or in the real liver), the increase in knowledge was significantly higher in the group allocated to the anatomical table (p = 0.04). The perception of participants' satisfaction regarding the learning resources was considered very good, with a minimum percentage of satisfaction of 80%. Conclusion the 3D virtual anatomical table provided more hepatobiliary anatomy knowledge than a real liver for undergraduate medical students, in comparison to their previous knowledge about these structures. In the cross-sectional comparison of the post-instruction evaluations, there was no difference between the two interventions. Moreover, the 3D platform had a positive impact on the level of satisfaction of study participants. This study shows that the 3D virtual anatomical table has the potential to improve both medical students' understanding and interest in anatomy. It is recommended, however, that future protocols such as this be carried out with larger samples and exploring other anatomical structures.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a eficácia da mesa anatômica virtual 3D como recurso complementar ao aprendizado da anatomia hepatobiliar por estudantes de graduação em Medicina. Metodologia Trata-se de estudo randomizado e controlado que comparou a aprendizagem anatômica de estruturas hepatobiliares, apoiada por um modelo real versus por um modelo virtual, ambos tridimensionais (3D), por parte de estudantes de medicina. Avaliou-se também a percepção dos estudantes quanto aos recursos utilizados para o ensino da anatomia. Os alunos foram submetidos a um pré-teste e a duas avaliações após a aplicação das intervenções. Resultados Globalmente, tanto a mesa anatômica virtual 3D quanto o fígado real aumentaram o conhecimento dos estudantes sobre a anatomia hepatobiliar em relação ao conhecimento prévio deles (p = 0,001 e p = 0,01, respectivamente para a segunda e terceira avaliação). Na comparação longitudinal entre o pré-teste e a segunda avaliação (anatomia hepatobiliar e segmentação de Couinaud), esse aumento foi significantemente maior no grupo alocado para o fígado real (p = 0,002); já na comparação do pré-teste com a terceira avaliação (inclusão de órgãos anexos na mesa anatômica ou no fígado real), o aumento do conhecimento foi significantemente maior no grupo alocado para a mesa anatômica (p = 0,04). A percepção de satisfação dos participantes quanto aos recursos de aprendizagem foi considerada muito boa, com percentual mínimo de satisfação de 80%. Conclusão A mesa anatômica virtual 3D forneceu mais conhecimento de anatomia hepatobiliar que um fígado real para estudantes de medicina, em relação ao conhecimento prévio deles sobre essas estruturas. Na comparação transversal das avaliações pós-instrução, não houve diferença entre as duas intervenções. Além disso, a plataforma 3D teve um impacto positivo no nível de satisfação dos participantes do estudo. Este estudo mostra que a mesa anatômica virtual 3D tem potencial para melhorar tanto a compreensão quanto o interesse dos estudantes de medicina pela anatomia. Recomenda-se, no entanto, que futuros protocolos como este sejam realizados com amostras maiores e explorando outras estruturas anatômicas.

Early and Accurate Model of Malignant Lung Nodule Detection System with Less False Positives

ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to identify the malignant lung nodules accurately and early with less false positives. 'Nodule' is the 3mm to 30mm diameter size tissue clusters present inside the lung parenchyma region. Segmenting such a small nodules from consecutive CT scan slices are a challenging task. In our work Auto-seed clustering based segmentation technique is used to segment all the possible nodule candidates. Efficient shape and texture features (2D and 3D) were computed to eliminate the false nodule candidates. The change in centroid position of nodule candidates from consecutive slices was used as a measure to remove the vessels. The two-stage classifier is used in this work to classify the malignant and benign nodules. First stage rule-based classifier producing 100 % sensitivity, but with high false positive of 12.5 per patient scan. The BPN based ANN classifier is used as the second-stage classifier which reduces a false positive to 2.26 per patient scan with a reasonable sensitivity of 88.8%. The Rate of Nodule Growth (RNG) was computed in our work to measure the nodules growth between the two scans of the same patient taken at different time interval. Finally, the nodule growth predictive measure was modeled through the features such as compactness (CO), mass deficit (MD), mass excess (ME) and isotropic factor(IF). The developed model results show that the nodules which have low CO, low IF, high MD and high ME values might have the potential to grow in future.

Application of 3D image reconstruction in robotic urological surgery / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of three-dimensiomal (3D) image reconstruction in the urologic robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery.Methods From Sept.2017 to Jun.2018,7 patients (3 male cases,4 female cases) diagnosed with genitourinary tumors in Beijing United Family Hospital were involved in this study.The median age was 55 years(IQR 36-64 years).There were 1 case of renal tumor,1 case of adrenal gland tumor,1 case of retroperitoneal tumor,1 case of metastatic tumor post-nephrectomy,1 case of bladder neuroendocrine tumor and 1 case of urachal tumor.All the patients underwent four-phase enhanced CT scan and the CT images were imported into 3D visualization system for 3D image reconstruction,aiming to assist surgery planning and tumor locating.The main parameters of 3D image reconstruction included tumor size,location and the relationships among tumor,organs and blood vessels.All the 7 patients underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic surgeries,including 2 cases of partial nephrectomy (1 case with no blockage of renal artery),1 case of excision of right adrenal gland tumor,1 case of transperitoneal excision of left renal hilus chromaffinoma,1 case of transperitoneal excision of right adrenal gland and postcaval metastatic tumors,1 case of transperitoneal radical cystectomy + orthotopic bladder substitution + extended pelvic lymph node dissection,1 case of transperitoneal excision of urachal tumor + partial cystectomy + pelvic lymph node dissection.Results 3D image reconstruction svstem allows accurate evaluation of tumors,related vessels,surrounding tissue and organs before operation.All the 7 cases surgeries were uneventful,no case was converted to open or conventional laparoscopic surgery,the median operation time was 225 min (IQR 135-280 min),the median blood loss was 50 ml (IQR 20-600 ml).One patient had fever post-operation and there was no over Clavien Dindo Ⅱ perioperative complication.Conclusions 3D image reconstruction shows the great clinical value in approach selection,reduction of tissue and organ damage,reduction of surgery related complication and improving the success rate in robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery.

Generation of 3D ultrasound biomicroscopic images: technique validation and in vivo volumetric imaging of rat lateral gastrocnemius

Introduction Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) is a technique for generating high-resolution images, with frequencies from 20 MHz to 100 MHz. For example, it has been used in animal research related to models of injury and diseases that mimic human conditions. With a three-dimensional ultrasound (3D) image system, an organ can be viewed at various angles and the volume estimated, contributing to an accurate diagnosis. This work refers to the generation of 3D-UBM images, employing a 35 MHz ultrasound system, from multiple two-dimensional (2D) images. Phantoms were used to validate the technique and to determine its reliability of volume measurements. Additionally, the technique was used to obtain 3D images of the rat gastrocnemius muscle. Methods Four different phantoms were used and ten acquisition sequences of 2D-images acquired for each one. Thereafter, 5 volume segmentations were performed for each acquisition sequence, resulting in 50 measured volumes for each phantom. The physical volumes of all phantoms were used to validate the technique based on the coefficient of variation (CV) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Images of the gastrocnemius muscle were acquired and the partial volume quantified. Results The CV and ICC confirmed the reliability of volume measurements obtained by segmentation. Moreover, cross-sectional 2D images of rat hindlimb were obtained, allowing to identify the gastrocnemius muscle and to partially quantify the muscle volume from 3D images. Conclusion The results indicated that the technique is valid to generate 3D images and quantify the volume of a muscle compatible with the dimensions of a small animal.

Needs and Deeds of CBCT-An Advanced Imaging in Dentistry.

CBCT is an advanced imaging technique that has proved to be a significant adjuvant in the diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial diseases and disorders and also in treatment planning. Since it’s commercial availability from the year 1999(the NEWTON DUT 9000 QR snl, verena, Italy) has been a boon in the field of dentistry for the dental practitioners. Ever since the advent of intraoral periapical radiograph in 1896,dental practitioners had relied on 2-D images for diagnosis and treatment planning. Panoromic radiographs in large has provided detailed information but with the disadvantage of magnification and distortion. CBCT imaging is an advancement in dental imaging providing a 3-D image which gives the external replica of the structures imaged without any magnification or distortion.

Perception of 3-Dimensional (3D) Image after Successful Exotropia Surgery

PURPOSE: To investigate the perception of 3-dimensional (3D) image after successful exotropia surgery and compare with Titmus stereo test. METHODS: A total of 23 children who underwent surgery for intermittent exotropia and 28 normal children were evaluated with a 3D laptop computer and Titmus stereo test. RESULTS: The mean minimal 3D scene depth level was 38.26 +/- 19.69 in the exotropia group and 33.21 +/- 16.11 in the normal group with no significant difference (p = 0.319). The mean stereoacuity was 60.97 +/- 34.23 arc sec in the exotropia group and 76.69 +/- 93.81 arc sec in the normal group with no significant difference (p = 0.444). The mean minimal 3D scene depth and mean stereoacuity showed statistically significant positive correlation in both the exotropia group (p = 0.024) and normal group (p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: After a successful exotropia surgery, patients can normally perceive 3D images. Better 3D image perception can be predicted if a previously established stereo test shows good results.

The use of transport and diffusion equations in the three-dimensional reconstruction of computerized tomographic images / O uso de equações de transporte e difusão na reconstrução de imagens de tomografia computadorizada em três dimensões

The visualization of a computerized tomographic (TC) exam in 3D increases the quality of the medical diagnosis and, consequently, the success probability in the treatment. To obtain a high quality image it is necessary to obtain slices which are close to one another. Motivated towards the goal of reaching an improved balance between quantity of slices and visualization quality, this research work presents a digital inpainting technique of 3D interpolation for CT slices used in the visualization of human body structures. The inpainting is carried out via non-linear partial differential equations (PDE). The PDE's have been used, in the image-processing context to fill in the damaged regions in a digital 2D image. Inspired by this idea, this article proposes an interpolation method for the filling in of the empty regions between the CT slices. To do it, considering the high similarity between two consecutive real slice, the first step of the proposed method is to create the virtual slices. The virtual slices contain all similarity between the intercaleted slices and, when there aren't similarities between real slices, the virtual slices will contain indefinite portions. In the second step of the proposed method, the created virtual slices will be used together with the real slices images, in the reconstruction of the structure in three dimensions, mapped onto the exam. The proposed method is capable of reconstructing the curvatures of the patient's internal structures without using slices that are close to one another. The experiments carried out show the proposed method's efficiency.

A visualização do resultado de uma tomografia computadorizada (CT) em 3D aumenta a qualidade do diagnóstico médico e, consequentemente, a probabilidade de sucesso no tratamento. Para obter uma maior qualidade na imagem 3D, é necessário obter fatias próximas umas das outras. Motivados pela meta de obter um apropriado balanceamento entre a quantidade de fatias e a qualidade da visualização, este trabalho apresenta uma técnica de retoque digital por interpolação 3D para fatias de CT usadas na visualização de estruturas do corpo humano. O retoque digital é feito através de equações diferenciais parciais não lineares (EDP). As EDPs têm sido utilizadas no contexto de processamento de imagens para preencher regiões defeituosas de imagens em 2D. Inspirado por esta ideia, este artigo propõe um método de interpolação para preencher as regiões vazias entre as fatias de TC. Para isto, considera-se a grande semelhança entre duas fatias reais consecutivas, onde o primeiro passo do método proposto é a criação de fatias virtuais. As fatias virtuais contêm todas as regiões similares entre as duas fatias intercaladas, sendo que onde não há semelhança entre as fatias reais, as fatias virtuais conterão regiões indefinidas. No segundo passo do método proposto, as fatias virtuais criadas serão utilizadas junto com as fatias reais para a reconstrução da estrutura em três dimensões, mapeadas no exame. O método é capaz de reconstruir as curvaturas das estruturas internas do paciente sem a necessidade de utilizar fatias muito próximas uma das outras. Os experimentos realizados mostram a eficiência do método proposto.

The Ocular Fatigue of Watching Three-Dimensional (3D) Images

PURPOSE: To compare ocular fatigue, non-ocular symptoms, and ocular surface changes, such as tear break-up time (BUT) and ocular surface temperature, after watching 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) images. METHODS: Fourteen volunteers were enrolled in the present study. Subjects watched 2D as well as 3D images and answered questions regarding ocular fatigue and general symptoms such as headache. Before and after watching images, the spherical equivalent, degree of conjunctival injection, tear BUT, and ocular surface temperature were measured and the amount of change was analyzed. While watching images, subjects answered questions regarding ocular fatigue and the time when they began to feel definitive symptoms. RESULTS: Watching 3D images induced a greater degree of ocular fatigue, headache, and decreasing concentration than watching 2D images (p = 0.038, 0.003, and 0.045, respectively). While watching images, 3D images induced a greater degree of ocular fatigue than 2D images and caused subjects to feel earlier ocular fatigue (3D: 54.86 min, 2D: 78.57 min, p = 0.002). Spherical equivalents became more myopic after watching 3D images. CONCLUSIONS: After watching 3D images, a greater degree of ocular fatigue, headache, and decreasing concentration was induced and a shorter time to feel definitive ocular fatigue was observed than after watching 2D images. In addition, spherical equivalents changed myopically after watching 3D images.

Three Dimensional Volume Rendering Fusion Images Using F-18 FDG PET/CT in Evaluation of Cholangiocellular Carcinoma / 핵의학분자영상

A 69-year old male with cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC) was assigned to our department for whole body PET/CT scan. 18F- FDG PET/CT images showed an intense hypermetabolic lobulating mass(SUV(max)= 8.7 / size : 11.4 mm) in the right hepatic lobe with multiple metastatic lung nodules. We made three dimensional volume rendering fusion images by using advantage workstation 4.3 (GE health care) which provide quick anatomic overview and improve the planning process significantly.1)

Ruptured Aneurysm of the Ophthalmic Artery

Aneurysms arising from the ophthalmic artery itself are very rare compared with aneurysms originating from the bifurcation of the ophthalmic artery and carotid artery. There was only one reported case of a ruptured aneurysm of the ophthalmic artery itself. We discuss clinical significance of an aneurysm at this site, as well as the role of three dimentional image of multislice computed tomography angiogram(3D-image of MCTA) in determining the cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH).

Morphologic study for sagittal split ramus osteotomy using 3-D image in mandibular prognathism

Down-Scaled 3D Medical Image Transfer System Using Instant Messenger / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVE: We have developed an instant messenger system that supports transmitting 3D medical image objects for telediagnostic use. METHODS: We used thresholding and down-scaling technique to build down-scaled 3D object with 80 sliced Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine(DICOM) images. And, we also construct instant messenger for medical data transfer and general communication. We measured total image size and transmission time which were decreased when applied peer to peer connection using instant messenger for medicine. RESULTS: Our study showed that total DICOM image size was decreased around 1% and transmission time was also decreased by 1.59% when we use proposed system. CONCLUSION: Proposed methods have a potential to be a useful tool in ubiquitous health network system. Also, we expect the synergy effect is increased by developing 3D object technique and security solutions.

Navigation on 3D fluoro-images for articular and juxta-articular fractures -A report of the early experience / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To use 3D fluoro-images for reduction and fixation of articular and juxta-articular fractures. Methods Presurgical analysis was carried out based on standard plan X-rays and 3D fluoro-images. Stryker 3D Fluoro-navigation system was used for reduction and fixation of articular and juxta-articular fractures at the tibial plateau and distal tibia. Results A total of 11 tibial plateau fractures, 5 Pilon fractures and 1 femoral condyle fracture were treated. All the main fracture frangments were fixed via a small incision with canulated screws. Conclusion Navigation surgery based on the combined use of 3D fluoro-and CT-images is helpful in reducing the X-ray exposure in a minimally invasive surgery for articular fractures with acceptable accuracy.

Section registration method for 3D abdominal ultrasonic images / 医疗卫生装备

A registration method for 3D abdominal ultrasonic images without added hardware is proposed,whose key is to determine the relative position of the target from the registration substance.The registration involves such steps as registration plane scanning,establishment of registration table,section plane scanning,recognition of registration substance and registration of all sections.