Monitoramento de vetores do gênero Aedes durante o inverno no município de Barbacena, Minas Gerais, Brasil ­ 2018 / Monitoring of vectors of the genus Aedes during winter in the municipality of Barbacena, Minas Gerais, Brazil ‒ 2018

Objetivo: estimar a oviposição e distribuição espacial de vetores Aedes durante a estação de inverno e correlacionar essas estimativas com dados climáticos do mesmo período. Métodos: estudo de campo conduzido no município de Barbacena-MG, em 2018. O monitoramento, a coleta de ovos e a estimativa de índices estegômicos de vetores Aedes foram obtidos por meio de ovitrampas. Os Índices de Densidade de Ovos (IDO) e de Positividade de Ovitrampas (IPO%) foram estimados conforme estações climáticas e semanas epidemiológicas. A correlação entre parâmetros meteorológicos (temperatura/pluviometria) e índices estegômicos (IDO/IPO) foi determinada pelo coeficiente de Spearman. Resultados: um total de 1.080 ovitrampas, instaladas em 39 bairros, foi analisado durante 10 semanas epidemiológicas, fornecendo um total de 970 ovos. Nas estações de outono, inverno e primavera, foram obtidos, respectivamente, 421, 470 e 70 ovos. Durante o outono, houve variação do IDO entre 14,2 e 34,2. O IPO manteve-se constante em 4,5%. Durante o inverno, houve variação do IDO entre 0,00 e 47,50 e do IPO entre 0,00% e 8,25%. Houve correlação negativa significativa tanto entre aumento da precipitação mensal e diminuição do número de ovos coletados (rho=-0.673) quanto entre aumento da precipitação mensal e diminuição do IPO (rho=-0.612). O valor geral do IDO e do IPO nas 10 semanas foi, respectivamente, 22,04 e 4,17% e, na estação de inverno, foi, respectivamente, 23,50 e 3,73%. Conclusão: os achados corroboram a presença de ovos e vetores do gênero Aedes mesmo em condições climáticas adversas para essas espécies e sustentam ações de manejo sanitário durante todo o ano.

Objective: to estimate oviposition and spatial distribution of Aedes vectors during the winter season and correlate these estimates with climate data from the same period. Methods: field study conducted in the municipality of Barbacena-MG in 2018. Monitoring, egg collection, and estimation of stegomic indices of Aedes were obtained using ovitraps. The Indices of Egg Density (EDI) and Positive Ovitrap (POI%) were estimated according to climatic seasons and epidemiological weeks. The correlation between meteorological parameters (temperature/rainfall) and stegomic indices (EDI/POI) was determined by the Spearman coefficient. Results: a total of 1,080 ovitraps installed in 39 neighborhoods were analyzed during ten (10) epidemiological weeks, providing a total of 970 eggs. In the autumn, winter, and spring seasons, 421, 470, and 70 eggs were obtained, respectively. During the autumn, there was a variation in EDI between 14.2­34.2. The POI remained constant at 4.5%. During the winter, the EDI varied between 0.00­47.50, and the POI varied between 0.00%­8.25%. There was a significant negative correlation, respectively, between an increase in monthly precipitation and a decrease in the number of eggs collected (rho=-0.673) and between an increase in monthly precipitation and a decrease in POI (rho=-0.612). The overall value of EDI and POI in the ten (10) weeks was 22.04 and 4.17%, and in the winter season, they were 23.50 and 3.73%, respectively. Conclusion: the findings corroborate the presence of eggs and vectors of the genus Aedes even in adverse climatic conditions for these species and support health management actions throughout the year.

Caso de dengue grave en un niño de 5 años de la ciudad de Lima / A case of severe dengue in a 5-year-old boy in the city of Lima

RESUMEN El dengue es una infección viral transmitida a través del mosquito Aedes aegypti y presenta cuatro serotipos (DENV-1 a DENV-4). La enfermedad desencadena una variedad de manifestaciones clínicas, desde formas leves sin signos de alarma hasta formas graves, potencialmente mortales. Se presenta el caso de un niño de cinco años, procedente de la provincia del Callao, cuyos síntomas iniciales fueron fiebre, cefalea y malestar general. Al tercer día, el niño manifiestó dolor abdominal leve y vómitos escasos; posteriormente, distensión abdominal, ictericia y coluria. Fue hospitalizado en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos con deshidratación moderada, ictericia, edemas, abdomen distendido y doloroso, matidez desplazable, hígado a 2 cm debajo del reborde costal derecho y lúcido. Por exámenes complementarios, se evidenció falla hepática, hepatoesplenomegalia y derrame pleural en bases. Se diagnosticó dengue grave a través de una prueba de ELISA Ig M reactivo más sobreinfección por probable peritonitis bacteriana espontánea. Se inició el tratamiento con antibióticos, furosemida, plasma fresco congelado, crioprecipitado y metamizol. Al no observarse mejoría, se optimizó el diurético y se administró albúmina humana. Mostró mejoría con disminución de ascitis, edemas, ictericia y efusión pleural; también mejora del perfil hepático y de la coagulación, además de encontrarse afebril. Presentó inesperadamente dificultad respiratoria por insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva debido a miocardiopatía dilatada según ecocardiografía; se manejó con diuréticos. Fue dado de alta en estado afebril, sin edemas y con resolución de falla hepática y trastorno de coagulación.

ABSTRACT Dengue is a viral infection which is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito and has four serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4). The disease triggers a variety of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild forms without warning signs to severe lifethreatening forms. We present the case of a 5-year-old boy, from the province of Callao, whose first symptoms were fever, headache and general malaise. On the third day, the child had mild abdominal pain and little vomiting; subsequently, abdominal distension, jaundice and choluria. He was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit being alert and with moderate dehydration, jaundice, edema, distended and tender abdomen, shifting dullness and liver 2 cm below the right costal margin. Complementary tests revealed liver failure, hepatosplenomegaly and pleural effusion in the bases. Using a reactive IgM ELISA, severe dengue was diagnosed, as well as a superinfection due to probable spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. He started treatment with antibiotics, furosemide, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and metamizole. As the child did not get better, the diuretic was optimized, and human albumin was administered. Thereafter, he got better showing decreased ascites, edema, jaundice and pleural effusion; improvement of the liver and coagulation profile; and being afebrile. He unexpectedly presented respiratory distress due to congestive heart failure caused by dilated cardiomyopathy diagnosed by echocardiography; thus, he was treated with diuretics. The patient was discharged afebrile, without edema and with resolution of liver failure and coagulation disorder.

Análise da influência de determinantes meteorológicos na periodicidade de epidemias de dengue em Porto Alegre / Analysis of the influence of meteorological determinants on the periodicity of dengue epidemics in Porto Alegre

A incidência da dengue, doença viral transmitida pelo mosquito Aedes aegypti, vem crescendo em Porto Alegre ao longo dos anos, com recorde de casos registrados em 2022. Epidemias da doença parecem ocorrer de forma cíclica no município, com registros a cada três anos. Dada a influência de fatores climáticos no ciclo de vida do vetor, este trabalho buscou analisar a influência de determinantes meteorológicos na periodicidade de epidemias de dengue na capital gaúcha entre 2010 e 2022. Análises descritivas foram realizadas para averiguar o padrão dos indicadores climáticos e dos casos de dengue ao longo dos anos, ao passo que análises estatísticas foram feitas para avaliar a correlação entre os fatores climáticos e os casos autóctones registrados entre 2016 e 2022. Os resultados obtidos não apontaram padrões meteorológicos que se repetem a cada três anos e que poderiam explicar a ciclicidade observada. Ainda, não foram constatadas correlações entre temperatura, umidade e pluviosidade com casos autóctones de dengue no município, ao menos em nível quadrimestral. Para além destas análises, constatou-se expressivo aumento de casos em 2022, apesar dos esforços de controle desempenhados pelo poder público, o que aponta a necessidade de maior investimento em educação em saúde para a população. (AU)

The incidence of dengue, a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, has been increasing in Porto Alegre over the years, with a record number of cases reported in 2022. Epidemics of the disease seem to occur cyclically in the city, with reports every three years. Given the influence of climatic factors on the vector's life cycle, this study aimed to analyze the influence of meteorological determinants on the periodicity of dengue epidemics in Porto Alegre between 2010 and 2022. Descriptive analyses were used to investigate the pattern of climatic indicators and dengue cases over the years, while statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the correlation between climatic factors and autochthonous cases registered between 2016 and 2022. The results did not point out meteorological patterns that repeat every three years and could explain the observed cyclicity. Furthermore, no correlations were found between temperature, humidity and rainfall and autochthonous dengue cases in the city, at least on a four-monthly basis. Beyond these analyses, a significant increase in dengue cases was observed in 2022, despite the efforts of the public authorities to control the disease, which highlights the need for greater investment in health education for the population. (AU)

Costo del control de Aedes aegypti en la Amazonía peruana / Cost of controlling the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in the Peruvian amazon

RESUMEN Objetivo. Estimar los costos incurridos en el control del Aedes aegypti en la región Loreto, en los años 2017 y 2018. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una evaluación económica retrospectiva parcial de los costos del control del Aedes aegypti de la Dirección Regional de Salud Loreto, durante la ejecución del Plan Regional de Vigilancia y Control de Aedes aegypti. Se revisó documentación como planes, informes de intervenciones y planillas de pago y se realizaron entrevistas al personal profesional implicado en el control vectorial, sobre los costos de las intervenciones de control. Resultados. Se halló, que los costos incurridos en el control del vector del dengue en la Región Loreto en los dos años estudiados ascienden a: 3,807,858 PEN y 4,066,380 PEN durante el 2017 y 2018, respectivamente (1´175,264 USD y 1´1210,232 USD al tipo de cambio del 2017 y 2018). Sin embargo, el efecto de las actividades de control es de corta duración. Conclusiones. El alto costo que implica el control vectorial con los métodos usados actualmente y la corta duración de su efecto lo hace insostenible. Se deben realizar estudios para hallar otros métodos más eficientes para el control del dengue.

ABSTRACT Objective. To estimate the costs incurred in the control of Aedes aegypti in the Loreto region, during the years 2017 and 2018. Materials and methods. We conducted a partial retrospective economic evaluation of the costs of Aedes aegypti control of the Regional Health Directorate Loreto, during the implementation of the Regional Plan for Surveillance and Control of Aedes aegypti. Documentation such as plans, intervention reports and payment slips were reviewed, and interviews were conducted with professional personnel involved in vector control, on the costs of control interventions. Results. We found that the costs incurred in dengue vector control in the Loreto Region in the two years were: PEN 3,807,858 and PEN 4,066,380 during 2017 and 2018, respectively (USD 1,175,264 and USD 1,1210,232 at the 2017 and 2018 exchange rate). However, the effect of control activities is short-lived. Conclusions. The high cost involved in vector control with the methods currently used and the short duration of its effect make it unsustainable. Studies should be conducted in order to find other more efficient methods for dengue control.

Comparative analysis of Aedes albopictus surveillance index in Yangpu District， Shanghai / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo analyze the interannual fluctuation， seasonal fluctuation， habitat distribution and the correlation of the 3 monitoring indicators of Aedes albopictus in Yangpu District of Shanghai from 2017 to 2021， and to provide a scientific basis for A. albopictus control and rational use of the indicators. MethodsThe density surveillance data of A. albopictus recorded by Breteau index （BI）， Path index （PI） and the mosquito ovitrap index （MOI） from 2017 to 2021 in Yangpu District， Shanghai were compared. Microsoft Excel 2019 software was used for data summary and SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical analysis. ResultsFrom 2017 to 2021， there were two months with BI>5， and the PI were all above the density control level of Class C， and there were nine months with MOI≥5. In 2017， BI was higher than in the other four years， with statistically significant differences （all P≤0.001）. MOI in 2017 and 2020 was higher than in 2019 （P=0.029， P=0.004） and 2021 （P=0.005， P=0.001）， with statistical significance. MOI for different types of habitats varied significantly， with a statistically significant difference （P=0.004）. A linear correlation was observed between BI and PI （r=0.462， P=0.010）. ConclusionBI， PI and MOI are used simultaneously to reflect the density of A. albopictus in Yangpu District of Shanghai. However， these three monitoring indicators show poor linear correlation. Comprehensively considering the scientific aspects of monitoring methods and seasonal fluctuations of indicators， it is suggested that MOI should be used as the main index to evaluate the density of A. albopictus. In the MOI， attention should be paid to factors such as the distribution of the habitats， the standardization of operating methods， and quality control， which are essential for enhancing the reliability of the MOI.

Wolbachia infection and genotyping in Aedes albopictus / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate the infection and genotypes of Wolbachia in Aedes albopictus. MethodsAdult and larval samples of Aedes albopictus were collected from different residential and wild areas from 2020 to 2021， Wolbachia surface protein （wsp） gene was amplified and genotyped for wAlbA and wAlbB by PCR， and sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. The difference of detection rate among different habitats， male and female adult mosquitoes， adult and larvae was compared by χ2 analysis. ResultsThe detection rate of Wolbachia in adult and larvae of Aedes albopictus were 43.5% （77/177） and 70.4% （190/270）， respectively， with a statistically significant difference （χ2=32.086，P<0.001）， and wAlbA and wAlbB were mainly detected together. The detection rate of Wolbachia in female and male Aedes albopictus were 50.7% （76/150） and 3.7% （1/27）， respectively， with a statistically significant difference（χ2=20.533，P<0.001）. The detection rate of adult Aedes albopictus in Songjiang wild area， residential area and Hongkou residential area were 91.7% （55/60）， 18.8% （22/117） and 41.7% （30/72）， respectively， with a statistically significant difference （χ2=54.322，P<0.001）. Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis showed that adult and larvae of Aedes albopictus infected with Wolbachia were mainly wAlb A and wAlb B. In addition， some sequences formed clades independently， and the genetic distance from other sequences was relatively large. ConclusionInfection of Wolbachia in Aedes albopictus is relatively common in Songjiang District. The main genotypes are wAlb A and wAlb B and there may be other subtypes， which are worthy of further exploration and research.

Distribución de Aedes albopictus en Ibagué: potencial riesgo de brotes de arbovirosis

Introducción. Aedes albopictus es un vector de arbovirus como dengue, Zika, chikungunya y fiebre amarilla. Los primeros reportes en el continente americano datan de 1985 y dada su capacidad de adaptación ecológica y fisiológica, se ha distribuido rápidamente en el territorio colombiano desde su primer reporte en 1998. Objetivo. Determinar la distribución de A. albopictus en las comunas de Ibagué, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Los muestreos se realizaron entre mayo y noviembre de 2022 en zonas con abundante vegetación de las 13 comunas de Ibagué. Se emplearon aspiradores y redes entomológicas. Los mosquitos fueron transportados al Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical de la Universidad del Tolima para su determinación taxonómica. Resultados. Se identificaron 708 ejemplares de A. albopictus, distribuidos en las comunas de Ibagué. La mayor abundancia del vector se presentó en las comunas 10, 11, 7, 8, 2 y 9. Las comunas 3, 4, 5, 6, 12 y 13 presentaron abundancias relativas cercanas al 3 %, y la comuna 1 tuvo una abundancia del 2 %. Conclusiones. Aedes albopictus está distribuido en todas las comunas de Ibagué, probablemente su dispersión se ha visto favorecida por las condiciones ambientales y sociales de esta región. Se recomienda hacer seguimiento anual a las poblaciones de este vector y realizar una caracterización molecular de los arbovirus encontrados. Además, el conocer la distribución de este mosquito en la ciudad permitirá focalizar las estrategias de control entomológico y prevenir futuros brotes de arbovirosis.

Introduction. Aedes albopictus is a vector for arboviruses, such as dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. The first A. albopictus reports on the American continent date back to 1985. It has spread rapidly throughout Colombia since its first report in 1998 due to its ecological and physiological adaptation capability. Objective. To determine A. albopictus distribution in the 13 communes of Ibagué, Colombia. Materials and methods. Samples were collected between May and November 2022 in the 13 communes of Ibagué. Vacuum sampling and sweep-netting entomological nets were used in areas with abundant vegetation. The mosquitoes were transported to the Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical at the Universidad del Tolima for taxonomic determination. Results. We identified 708 A. albopictus specimens distributed throughout Ibague's 13 communes. The highest vector abundance occurred in communes 10, 11, 7, 8, 2, and 9; communes 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, and 13 had a relative abundance of around 3%, while commune 1 had 2% of relative abundance. Conclusions. Aedes albopictus is distributed throughout all the communes of Ibague. Its dispersion has probably been favored by this region's environmental and social conditions. We recommend annual monitoring of these vectors populations and molecular characterization of the found arboviruses. Ascertaining this mosquito's distribution throughout the city will enable focusing entomological control strategies and preventing future arbovirus outbreaks.

Comportamiento epidemiológico del Dengue en Ecuador desde su reemergencia. Periodo 1980-2020 / Epidemiological behavior of Dengue in Ecuador since its reemergence. Period 1980-2020

INTRODUCCIÓN. El dengue es una enfermedad infecciosa de origen viral, transmitida principalmente por el mosquito Aedes aegypti. Es un grave problema de salud pública a nivel mundial, en las Américas y en el Ecuador. OBJETIVOS. Analizar el comportamiento epidemiológico del dengue desde 1980 hasta el 2020, los factores de riesgo que mantienen la transmisión y las acciones que el país ha implementado para su prevención y control. METODOLOGÍA. Revisión bibliográfica narrativa, teniendo como fuente las páginas web de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador, artículos de revistas de bibliotecas virtuales e informes técnicos publicados en Google académico, Scielo, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud y PubMed. RESULTADOS. Los registros encontrados sobre presencia de casos de dengue datan de 1988 cuando se presentó la gran epidemia de dengue en Guayaquil. Posteriormente, mantiene un comportamiento endemo-epidémico. A partir del año 2000 se presentan casos de dengue grave. Su pico más alto de letalidad fue de 2,44% en el 2010. El serotipo DEN 1 es el más frecuente, pero a partir del 2000 circulan los 4 serotipos. Las acciones de prevención y control no han sido sostenidas. CONCLUSIONES. El dengue en Ecuador en los últimos cuarenta años mantiene una importante trasmisión, caracterizada por años epidémicos. No ha podido ser controlado el vector, el cual ha ido infestando más localidades. Las condicionantes climáticas y ecológicas, explican en parte la persistencia, pero la determinación más importante está dada por las inequidades sociales, falta de servicios básicos, y la poca continuidad e impacto de las medidas de prevención y control.

INTRODUCTION. Dengue is an infectious disease of viral origin, transmitted mainly by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. It is a serious public health problem worldwide, in the Americas and in Ecuador. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the epidemiological behavior of dengue fever from 1980 to 2020, the risk factors that maintain transmission and the actions that the country has implemented for its prevention and control. METHODOLOGY. Narrative bibliographic review, taking as sources the web pages of the World Health Organization, Pan American Health Organization, Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador, journal articles from virtual libraries and technical reports published in Google Scholar, Scielo, Virtual Health Library and PubMed. RESULTS. The records found on the presence of dengue cases date back to 1988 when the great dengue epidemic occurred in Guayaquil. Subsequently, it maintained an endemic-epidemic behavior. Beginning in 2000, severe cases of dengue fever occurred. Its highest lethality peak was 2.44% in 2010. DEN 1 serotype is the most frequent, but since 2000 all 4 serotypes have been circulating. Prevention and control actions have not been sustained. CONCLUSIONS. Dengue in Ecuador over the last forty years has maintained an important transmission, characterized by epidemic years. It has not been possible to control the vector, which has been infesting more localities. Climatic and ecological conditions partly explain its persistence, but the most important determinant is given by social inequalities, lack of basic services, and the lack of continuity and impact of prevention and control measures.

Propagación y prevención del dengue en la amazonia: Oportuna intervención en salud desde la educación / Propagation and prevention of dengue in the Amazon: Timely intervention in health from education / Propagação e prevenção da dengue na Amazônia: intervenção oportuna na saúde a partir da educação

La salud de la población selvática está en riesgo por la presencia del mosquito de la especie Aedes aegypti. Objetivo. Determinar el control de propagación y formas de prevención del dengue que afecta la salud de los pobladores de la región amazónica peruana. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio mixto, de carácter descriptivo fenomenológicos sobre la presencia del mosquito transmisor del dengue, la población estuvo constituida tres mil pobladores que viven alrededor de la laguna Yarinacocha en el distrito de Yarinacocha provincia de Coronel Portillo de la ciudad de Pucallpa, constando con una muestra representativa de veintidós familias a conveniencia del investigador y que pertenecen en calidad de estudiante de la Universidad Nacional Intercultural de la Amazonía. Se aplicó la observación y entrevista como técnica, además sus instrumentos como la ficha de observación y ficha de entrevista permitió identificar su conocimiento, tratamiento y prevención del dengue. Resultados. La mayoría de los pobladores conocen la forma de propagación, tratamiento y los cuidados de esta plaga que existe en la Amazonía, en consecuencia, el dengue es una enfermedad que afecta la salud de la población de la selva peruana, la detección y la intervención tardía en los pacientes complica la vida, por ello, optan a diversas alternativas para su tratamiento, prevención y para no propagación se utiliza conocimientos ancestrales y científicas. Conclusiones. El dengue es una enfermedad que se propaga rápidamente en las regiones donde hay presencia de zancudo, su complicación puede terminar en un derrame y fallecimiento en los pacientes de alto riesgo.

The health of the jungle population is at risk due to the presence of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Objective. To determine the control of the spread and prevention of dengue that affects the health of the Peruvian Amazonian region. Materials and methods. The population consisted of three thousand inhabitants living around the Yarinacocha lagoon in the district of Yarinacocha in the province of Coronel Portillo in the city of Pucallpa, with a representative sample of twenty-two families at the convenience of the researcher and who belong as students of the National Intercultural University of the Amazon. Observation and interview were applied as a technique, in addition to their instruments such as the observation and interview forms, which allowed identifying their knowledge, treatment and prevention of dengue fever. Results. Most of the villagers know the way of propagation, treatment and care of this plague that exists in the Amazon, consequently, dengue is a disease that affects the health of the population of the Peruvian jungle, detection and late intervention in patients complicates their lives, therefore, they opt for various alternatives for treatment, prevention and for not spreading it using ancestral and scientific knowledge. Conclusions. Dengue is a disease that spreads rapidly in regions where the mosquito is present, its complication can end in a stroke and death in high-risk patients.

A saúde da população florestal está em risco devido à presença do mosquito Aedes aegypti. Objetivo. Determinar o controle da disseminação e a prevenção da dengue que afeta a saúde dos habitantes da região amazônica peruana. Materiais e métodos. Foi realizado um estudo misto, descritivo-fenomenológico, sobre a presença do mosquito transmissor da dengue, cuja população foi composta por três mil habitantes que vivem ao redor da lagoa Yarinacocha, no distrito de Yarinacocha, na província de Coronel Portillo, na cidade de Pucallpa, com uma amostra representativa de 22 famílias, de acordo com a conveniência do pesquisador e que são estudantes da Universidade Nacional Intercultural da Amazônia. A observação e as entrevistas foram usadas como técnicas, e instrumentos como os formulários de observação e entrevista foram usados para identificar seu conhecimento, tratamento e prevenção da dengue. Resultados. A maioria dos moradores conhece a forma de propagação, tratamento e cuidado desta praga que existe na Amazônia, consequentemente, a dengue é uma doença que afeta a saúde da população da selva peruana, a detecção e intervenção tardia nos pacientes complica a vida, portanto, optar por várias alternativas para o tratamento, prevenção e não propagação é usado conhecimento ancestral e científico. Conclusões. A dengue é uma doença que se espalha rapidamente em regiões onde os mosquitos estão presentes, e suas complicações podem levar a acidente vascular cerebral e morte em pacientes de alto risco.

Vigilancia virológica de casos de Dengue de enero 2020 a febrero 2023, en el Departamento de La Paz-Bolivia / Virological surveillance of Dengue cases since January 2020 to February 2023 La Paz-Bolivia

Introducción: El dengue se ha convertido en un problema serio de salud pública en Bolivia. Por la capacidad de infección del virus del dengue, el diagnóstico es amplio y varia con la evolución de la enfermedad. El incremento de la temperatura y las lluvias de la época son los factores ambientales principales para la reproducción del mosquito transmisor (Aedes aegypti), y el aumento de casos de dengue. Objetivos: Realizar un estudio transversal-retrospectivo de los casos de dengue en el departamento de La Paz - Bolivia, durante el periodo de enero de 2020 hasta febrero de 2023. Materiales y Métodos: De las bases obtenidas del Laboratorio de Virología- INLASA, se analizaron variables como el número de casos positivos de cada gestión, la distribución de los casos positivos según el lugar probable de infección tanto por departamento como por provincia, la variación temporal de los casos y el serotipo prevalente por gestión, y la distribución de casos positivos por género y grupo etario, en este trabajo se realizó un estudio transversal-retrospectivo. Resultados: Durante las cuatro gestiones analizadas el número total de casos notificados fue de 2143, detectando 1184 (55.2%) positivos. Señalando como lugar probable de infección en gran parte la provincia de Sud Yungas. Con respecto a la variación temporal presentó un mismo comportamiento en tres gestiones. Prevaleció en tres gestiones el serotipo DENV 1 sobre DENV 2, observando un aumento de serotipo DENV 2 hasta febrero del 2023. Además, el grupo atareo más afectado con dengue oscila entre los 10 a 39 años, no encontrando diferencia significativa entre género masculino y femenino. Conclusiones: Este estudio revela que el dengue es un problema de salud pública no solo del oriente del país sino también de las zonas tropicales del departamento de La Paz. Es necesario el diagnóstico rápido y efectivo; realizar la tipificación del virus y el llenado correcto de fichas epidemiológicas para un mejor control virológico.

Background: Dengue has become a serious problem in public health in Bolivia. Due the infection capacity of dengue virus, the diagnosis is broad and varies with the evolution of the disease. The increase of temperature and rain season are the main environmental factors of reproduction in the transmitting mosquito (Aedes aegipty), and the increase in dengue cases. Objectives: To carry out a retrospective crossover study of dengue cases in La Paz Department - Bolivia, during the period from January 2020 to February 2023. Materials and Methods: From databases obtained from INLASA Virology Laboratory during periods 2020, 2021, 2022 and the beginnings of 2023, variables such as number of positive cases from each year, distribution of positive cases according to the probable place of infection were obtained and analyzed, by department and by province; the temporal variation of the cases and the prevalent serotype by period, and finally distribution of positive cases by sex group and age group. Its make a retrospective crossover study. Results: During the four analyzed periods, within the total number of 2143 reported cases, there were 1184 (55.2%) of positive cases for Dengue. On the other hand, the department of La Paz (86.3%) is indicated as the probable place of infection, with Sud Yungas province (municipalities La Asunta and Palos Blancos) being the places with the most positive cases. The temporal variation in suspected and confirmed cases has presented the same behavior in three years. DENV 1 serotype predominated over DENV 2 in three years, observing an increase in DENV 2 serotype until February 2023. In addition, the age group most affected by dengue ranges from 10 to 39 years, finding no significant difference between masculine and feminine gender. Discussions: An increase in cases between months of February and April, coinciding with rain season in Bolivia. Due to the climate in the tropical areas of the department, there is a greater number of positive cases in those areas. Conclusions: This study reveals that Dengue is a public health problem not only in eastern part of the country but also in tropical areas of La Paz department. A quick and effective diagnosis is necessary; to carry out the typing of the virus and the correct filling out of epidemiological files for better virological control.

Saúde e saneamento: uma avaliação das políticas públicas de prevenção, controle e contingência das arboviroses no Brasil / Health and sanitation: an evaluation of public policies for the prevention, control, and contingency of arboviruses in Brazil

Resumo As arboviroses, sobretudo as transmitidas pelo mosquito Aedes aegypti, têm-se constituído em grave problema de saúde pública no Brasil. Com o intuito de analisar como o saneamento básico é abordado em instrumentos norteadores das políticas públicas de controle das arboviroses no país, foi realizada uma análise de conteúdo em oito documentos governamentais de referência. Como resultados, foi possível identificar que aspectos relacionados à comunicação e mobilização social, controle vetorial e gestão são os temas mais abordados nos documentos analisados. Já as componentes do saneamento básico, destacando-se o manejo e a drenagem das águas pluviais e o esgotamento sanitário não são abordados nos instrumentos. A intersetorialidade é mencionada, no entanto, não existem proposições específicas que apontem e assegurem sua implementação. As Diretrizes Nacionais para a Prevenção e Controle de Epidemias de Dengue, do Ministério da Saúde, constitui-se no documento mais completo sobre o assunto. Conclui-se que o saneamento básico não está suficientemente abordado nos instrumentos de enfrentamento às arboviroses o que pode contribuir para a baixa efetividade de intervenção pública e que, portanto, tal contradição precisa ser superada pelas políticas públicas no Brasil.

Abstract Arboviruses, especially those transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, have become a serious public health problem in Brazil. In order to analyze how sanitation is addressed in the basic guidelines of public policies to control arboviruses in the country, content analysis was performed on eight governmental reference documents. As a result, it was possible to identify that aspects related to communication and social mobilization, vector control, and management are the themes most addressed in the documents analyzed. On the other hand, the components of basic sanitation, especially rainwater management and drainage, and sewage control, are not addressed in the instruments. Intersectorality is mentioned, however, there are no specific proposals to implement the plan and ensure its implementation. The Ministry of Health's National Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Dengue Epidemics is the most complete document on the subject. The conclusion drawn is that basic sanitation is not sufficiently addressed in the instruments for combatting arboviruses, which can contribute to the low effectiveness of public intervention and, consequently, this discrepancy needs to be focused on by public policies in Brazil.

Evaluación de la eficacia biológica y de la sensibilidad de Aedes aegypti a los insecticidas piretroides deltametrina y ciflutrina durante el brote del virus Zika en Kuna Yala, Panamá / Evaluation of the biological efficacy and susceptibility in Aedes aegypti to the pyrethroid insecticides deltamethrin and cyfluthrin during the Zika virus outbreak in Kuna Yala, Panama

Introducción. El desarrollo de la resistencia a insecticidas de Aedes aegypti representa una gran amenaza para la salud pública. La vigilancia y el monitoreo de la eficacia biológica a los insecticidas y la sensibilidad de las poblaciones de Aedes aegypti es de fundamental importancia para prolongar la vida útil de estas moléculas. Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia biológica de los insecticidas deltametrina y ciflutrina y la sensibilidad de poblaciones de Aedes aegypti a estos insecticidas durante el brote epidémico de virus del Zika en Kuna Yala, Panamá. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluó la eficacia biológica de la deltametrina y la ciflutrina, y la sensibilidad a estos insecticidas de poblaciones de la cepa Aedes aegypti Ustupo, mediante bioensayos estandarizados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud durante el brote epidémico de virus del Zika en Kuna Yala, Panamá. Resultados. En los bioensayos con Aedes aegypti Ustupo se observó posible resistencia a deltametrina y a ciflutrina con un porcentaje de mortalidad del 95,3 y 94 %, respectivamente. Se registró baja eficacia biológica con la cepa Aedes aegypti Ustupo para la deltametrina y la ciflutrina, con medias de porcentajes de mortalidad de 75 y 31,1 %, en el intradomicilio, mientras que en el peridomicilio fue de 63,7 y 26,1 %, respectivamente. Conclusión. Los resultados de este estudio representan un desafío que debe enfrentar el Programa Nacional de Control de Aedes para lograr cuidar y mantener el efecto tóxico de los insecticidas aplicados contra las poblaciones de Aedes. Es necesario que el Programa Nacional de Control de Aedes establezca unos lineamientos de manejo de la resistencia para caracterizarla y evaluar la distribución geográfica de las poblaciones afectadas. Lo anterior con el propósito de garantizar la sostenibilidad de las intervenciones antivectoriales contra las poblaciones de Aedes.

Introduction. The development of resistance to insecticides in Aedes aegypti represents a major threat to public health. Surveillance and monitoring of the biological efficacy and sensibility of Aedes aegypti populations to insecticides is fundamental to prolong the useful life of insecticide molecules. Objective. To evaluate the biological efficacy of deltamethrin and cyfluthrin and sensibility to insecticides in Aedes aegypti during the zika epidemic outbreak in Kuna Yala, Panama. Materials and methods. We assessed the biological efficacy of deltamethrin and cyfluthrin, and sensibility in the strain Aedes aegypti Ustupo using bioassays standardized by the World Health Organization during the Zika epidemic outbreak in Kuna Yala, Panama. Results. In the bioassays with Aedes aegypti Ustupo, we observed a possible resistance to deltamethrin and cyfluthrin with a mortality rate of 95,3 and 94%, respectively. The obtained results registered low biological efficacy of deltamethrin and cyfluthrin with average percentages of mortality of 75 and 31.1% in the intradomicile, and 63,7 and 26.1% in the peridomicile. Conclusion. The results of this study represent a challenge for the National Aedes Control Program to care for and maintain the toxic effect of insecticides applied against Aedes populations. There is a need for the National Aedes Control Program to establish some guidelines about resistance assessment and resistant populations' geographic distribution to guarantee the sustainability of anti-vector interventions against Aedes populations.

Evaluación de la sensibilidad a organofosforados en poblaciones de Aedes aegypti (L. ) (Diptera: Culicidae) del departamento de La Guajira, Colombia / Evaluation of susceptibility to organophosphates in populations of Aedes aegypti (L. ) (Diptera: Culicidae) in La Guajira, Colombia

Introducción. El dengue es un problema de salud pública para el departamento de La Guajira. El control se ha enfocado en el vector con el uso de insecticidas, entre ellos los organofosforados. Objetivo. Evaluar el estado de la sensibilidad a insecticidas organofosforados de quince poblaciones de Aedes aegypti (L.) en el departamento de La Guajira, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se realizaron bioensayos para temefos, malatión y pirimifos- metil en larvas de tercer estadio y mosquitos adultos de Ae. aegypti en los municipios de Albania, Barrancas, Dibulla, Distracción, El Molino, Fonseca, Hatonuevo, La Jagua del Pilar, Maicao, Manaure, Riohacha, San Juan del Cesar, Uribia, Urumita y Villanueva, siguiendo la metodología de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y la técnica de botellas usando la guía de los de los Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, respectivamente. Se determinó la sensibilidad por medio de la relación de resistencia a CL50 y CL95 (RRCL50, RRCL95) para temefos y a dosis y tiempo diagnóstico para temefos, malatión y pirimifos-metil en las poblaciones de campo evaluadas, usando como control la cepa sensible Rockefeller. Resultados. Las 15 poblaciones del departamento de La Guajira son sensibles a: temefos (relación de la resistencia a CL50<5,0; relación de resistencia a CL95<5,0; 98 a 100 % de mortalidad); pirimifos-metil (99 a 100 % de mortalidad) y malatión (100 % de mortalidad). Conclusión. Con base en los resultados obtenidos, es factible el uso de temefos, malatión y pirimifos-metil para el control de Ae. aegypti en las poblaciones evaluadas.

Introduction. Dengue is a public health problem in La Guajira region. Control has focused on the vector using insecticides, including organophosphates. Objective. To evaluate the state of susceptibility to organophosphates insecticides in fifteen Aedes aegypti (L.) populations in La Guajira, Colombia. Materials and methods. We collected samples of third-instar larvae and adult mosquitoes of Ae. aegypti in the municipalities of Albania, Barrancas, Dibulla, Distracción, El Molino, Fonseca, Hatonuevo, La Jagua del Pilar, Maicao, Manaure, Riohacha, San Juan del Cesar, Uribia, Urumita, Villanueva. Bioassays for temefos, malathion, and pirimiphos-methyl were carried out following the methodology of the World Health Organization, and the bottle technique using the guidance of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Susceptibility to temefos was determined through the resistance ratio between lethal concentration 50 and lethal concentration 95; for the compounds temefos, malathion and pirimiphos-methyl, susceptibility was calculated using diagnostic dose and diagnostic time in the populations evaluated. Rockefeller susceptible strain was used as a control. Results. All evaluated populations of Ae. aegypti from La Guajira were found to be susceptible to temefos (ratio resistance to CL50<5.0; ratio resistance to CL95<5.0; 98 - 100 % mortality); pirimiphosmethyl (99 - 100 % mortality), and malathion (100 % mortality). Conclusion. Based on the results, the use of temefos, malathion, and pirimiphosmethyl is feasible for the control of Ae. aegypti in the evaluated populations.

Dengue en Barbosa (Santander, Colombia): conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas en la comunidad / Dengue in Barbosa (Santander, Colombia): knowledge, attitudes, and practices in the community

Introducción: El dengue es considerado un problema de la salud pública con un comportamiento endémico-epidémico en Colombia, por lo cual los programas de vigilancia epidemiológica se enfocan en la prevención y control. Objetivo: Evaluar la comprensión y el comportamiento de la población del municipio de Barbosa (Santander, Colombia) acerca del virus del dengue y el vector por medio de un instrumento de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas (CAP). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico en el que participaron 93 habitantes del municipio de Barbosa, seleccionados por un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se empleó un instrumento de CAP validado. La información fue sistematizada y analizada en el programa SPSS v. 26.0. Resultados: El 78,5 por cientode los encuestados mostraron conocimientos deficientes con un puntaje obtenido inferior a 70 puntos. El 73,1 por ciento de los habitantes presentó actitudes negativas con un resultado igual o inferior a 24 puntos. El 67,7 por ciento de la población presentó buenas prácticas, con un resultado mayor o igual a 14 puntos. Se evidencia que, a menor edad, son mayores las actitudes desfavorables frente a la infección por dengue (OR 2,67 IC 95 por ciento 1,03-7,1). Conclusiones: Educar a la población de manera más efectiva acerca de los conocimientos básicos sobre el dengue sigue siendo una estrategia necesaria, además de crear conciencia de que las prácticas en el hogar se deben ejecutar con la finalidad de eliminar el vector y no solo como mecanismo de limpieza. Se deben implementar diferentes estrategias comunicativas para educar a los ciudadanos en este sentido(AU)

Introduction: Dengue is considered a public health problem with endemic-epidemic behavior in Colombia; therefore, epidemiological surveillance programs are aimed at its prevention and control. Objective: To evaluate the understanding and behavior of the population from the municipality of Barbosa (Santander, Colombia) on dengue virus and its vector through a knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) survey. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted which included 93 residents of the municipality of Barbosa, selected based on non-probabilistic and convenience sampling A validated KAP instrument was used. The information was systematized and analyzed in SPSS v. 26.0. The information was systematized and analyzed in SPSS v. 26.0. Results: Among the respondents, 78.5 percent showed deficient knowledge with a score below 70 points. Negative attitudes were found in 73.1 percent of the residents with a score equal to or lower than 24 points. Best practices were reported by 67.7 percent of the population, with a score greater than or equal to 14 points. It is evident that at younger ages, unfavorable attitudes towards dengue infection are higher (OR 2.67 CI 95% 1.03-7.1). Conclusions: Educating the population more effectively about basic knowledge of dengue remains a necessary strategy, in addition to raising awareness that household practices should be carried out to eliminate the vector and not only as a cleaning mechanism. Different communicative strategies should be implemented to educate citizens in this regard(AU)

Caracterización de los focos de mosquitos Aedes aegypti en el municipio de Abreus. 2016-2022

Fundamento el conocimiento acerca de la focalidad por mosquitos motiva a pobladores y decisores a trabajar sobre las cuestiones que inciden en la proliferación de estos vectores; así como a una participación comunitaria eficaz, y el éxito en la prevención y control de las arbovirosis. Objetivo caracterizar los focos de mosquitos Aedes aegypti. Métodos se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, y de corte transversal, acerca de los focos de Aedes aegypti detectados en el municipio de Abreus, provincia de Cienfuegos, en el período 2016-2022. El universo fue de 390 focos, para los cuales se describieron las variables: semana estadística, mes y año de diagnóstico, consejo popular, tipo de depósito, lugar de la vivienda donde se encontró y fase del mosquito al diagnóstico. Se utilizaron datos de las encuestas entomológicas y los registros del laboratorio de Entomología Médica de la Unidad Municipal de Higiene y Epidemiología. Resultados la mediana del número de focos de Aedes aegypti correspondió a la semana estadística 32 de cada año. La mayor cantidad de focos se detectó en los consejos populares de Abreus (165) y Juraguá (102); hallados sobre todo en patios (85,5 %) y tanques bajos (55,5 %). Predominó la fase larvaria en IV estadio (82,3 %). Conclusiones en el municipio de Abreus la focalidad por mosquitos Aedes aegypti se caracterizó por su mayor incidencia en los meses de junio a septiembre, con predominio en el consejo popular de Abreus, sobre todo en tanques bajos y patios. El mayor número fue diagnosticado en la IV fase.

Background knowledge about the mosquito's breeding grounds motivates residents and decision makers to work on the issues that affect the mosquito proliferation; as well as effective community participation, and success in the prevention and control of arboviral diseases. Objective to characterize the Aedes aegypti mosquito's breeding grounds. Methods an observational, retrospective, and cross-sectional study was carried out on Aedes aegypti's breeding grounds detected in the Abreus municipality, Cienfuegos province, from 2016 to 2022. 390 breeding grounds were the universe, for which the described variables were: statistical week, month and year of diagnosis, neighborhood, type of deposit, place of residence where it was found, and phase of the mosquito at diagnosis. Data from entomological surveys and records from the Municipal Hygiene and Epidemiology Unit's Medical Entomology laboratory were used. Results the median number of Aedes aegypti breeding grounds corresponded to statistical week 32 of each year. The largest number of outbreaks was detected in the Abreus' neighborhood (165) and Juraguá (102); found mainly in yards (85.5 %) and low tanks (55.5 %). The larval phase in IV stage predominated (82.3 %). Conclusions in the municipality of Abreus, the focality of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes was characterized by its highest incidence in the months of June to September, with predominance in the popular council of Abreus, especially in low tanks and yards. The largest number was diagnosed in the IV phase.

El programa del manejo integrado de vectores en el marco de la pandemia por COVID-19 en Medellín, Colombia / Integrated vector management program in the framework of the COVID-19 pandemic in Medellin, Colombia

Introducción. La pandemia por COVID-19 presionó los sistemas de salud para mantener alerta y activos los programas de control y prevención de las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, y generó cambios en las estrategias de control vectorial en áreas urbanas afectadas por el dengue, el Zika y el chikunguña. Objetivo. Describir las adaptaciones del programa de vigilancia y control de vectores en Medellín durante la contingencia sanitaria por COVID-19. Materiales y métodos. Iniciada la emergencia sanitaria, se elaboraron protocolos de bioseguridad. Se fortaleció la vigilancia entomológica institucional en lugar de las viviendas. La información se recolectó en Medellín durante los años 2018 a 2021, en las actividades del programa de vigilancia y control de vectores, que incluyen la vigilancia epidemiológica y entomo-virológica, el levantamiento de los índices entomológicos, el monitoreo de ovitrampas, la movilización social y comunitaria, la búsqueda y eliminación de criaderos, y el control químico; estas acciones se adaptarons o incrementaron para favorecer, de una parte, el autocuidado de las comunidades en confinamiento total y parcial, y de desarrollar las acciones de prevención y control. Resultados. Se incrementó en un 40 % la vigilancia del mosquito mediante ovitrampas, la vigilancia entomo-virológica presentó un incremento de 34,4 % en el 2020 respecto al 2019, y se utilizaron herramientas virtuales para mantener y mejorar el contacto con la comunidad. Conclusión. La pandemia por COVID-19 causó gran impacto en los programas de prevención y control de las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores. Medellín adaptó rápidamente las actividades de vigilancia entomo-virológica, las acciones de control y la comunicación con la comunidad durante la pandemia, y esto permitió mantener activo el programa del manejo integrado de vectores en la ciudad.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic pressured health care systems to remain alert and active in their vector-borne disease control and prevention programs, leading to changes in vector control strategies in urban areas affected by dengue, Zika and chikungunya. Objective: To describe the adaptations made to the vector control and surveillance program in Medellín during the COVID-19 health emergency. Materials and methods: Once the health emergency started, biosecurity protocols were developed. Entomological surveillance was strengthened from the institutional environment instead of homes. Data was collected in Medellín from 2018 to 2021 during the vector control and surveillance program activities, which included epidemiological and entomo- virological surveillance, entomological index survey, ovitrap monitoring, community mobilization, search and elimination of mosquito breading sites, and chemical control. These actions were adapted and/or increased to promote self-care among communities in total and partial confinement, and to develop prevention and control measures. Results: Mosquito monitoring was increased by 40% using ovitraps, entomological- virological surveillance showed an increase in 2020 of 34,4% compared to 2019 and virtual media was used to keep and improve contact with the community. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on arbovirus prevention and control programs. The city of Medellín quickly adapted its entomo-virological surveillance activities, control measures, and the contact with the community during the pandemic, which allow the Integrated Vector Management program to remain active in the city.

Experiências em divulgação científica e sensibilização da população: importância do controle mecânico do vetor Aedes aegypti / Experiences in scientific outreach and public awareness: the importance of mechanical control of the Aedes aegypti vector / Experiencias en divulgación científica y sensibilización de la población: importancia del control mecánico del vector Aedes aegypti

Aedes aegypti é o principal vetor dos agentes etiológicos de dengue, zika e chikungunya, doenças para as quais não existem vacinas totalmente eficazes. Alternativas de controle visando mitigar essas arboviroses são primordiais. Entre essas, o controle mecânico aborda práticas de eliminação e/ou limpeza de criadouros do vetor. Neste relato, apresentamos e avaliamos criticamente ações realizadas pelo grupo, ocorridas entre 2016 e 2019, nas quais divulgamos informação científica clara através do diálogo com a população. Os métodos utilizados foram: 1) palestras em escolas (público infantojuvenil) utilizando slides, fotos e vídeos; 2) oficinas (público misto), estande com material in vivo do ciclo de vida do Aedes, jogos e desenhos. Analisamos dez palestras em escolas do ensino fundamental e médio e vinte oficinas realizadas em diferentes regiões do Brasil. Concluímos que tais ações e suas análises críticas devem ser realizadas continuamente para que sejam bem-sucedidas

Aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue, zika, and chikungunya etiological agents, diseases for which no effective vaccines are available. Control alternatives aimed at mitigating these arboviruses are essential. Among such, mechanical control addresses practices of elimination and/or cleaning of vector breeding sites. Here, we presented and critically evaluated actions carried out by ourselves. These actions took place between 2016 and 2019, where we disseminated clear scientific information through dialogue with the population. The following methods were employed: 1) lectures in schools (children and youth audiences) using slides, photos, and videos; 2) workshops (mixed audience), stand with in vivo material from the Aedeslife cycle, games, and drawings. Ten lectures in elementary and high schools and twenty workshops held in different regions of Brazil were analyzed. It was concluded that such actions and their critical analyzes must be carried out continuously to be successful

Aedes aegypti es el principal vector de los agentes etiológicos del dengue, zika y chikungunya, enfermedades para las que no existen vacunas totalmente eficaces. Las alternativas de control para mitigar estas arbovirosis son fundamentales. El control mecánico, representa una de estas alternativas, aborda prácticas de eliminación y/o limpieza de criaderos del vector. En este informe presentamos y evaluamos de manera crítica las acciones realizadas por el grupo entre los años 2016 y 2019. Presentamos información científica clara a través del diálogo con la población mediante los siguientes métodos: 1) conferencias en escuelas (público infantil) utilizando diapositivas, fotos y videos; 2) Talleres (público mixto), stand con material in vivo del ciclo de vida del Aedes, juegos y dibujos. Analizamos diez conferencias en escuelas (primarias y secundarias) y veinte talleres realizados en diferentes regiones de Brasil. Concluimos que tales acciones y el análisis crítico de las mismas deben llevarse a cabo de manera continua para que resulten exitosas.

Current status of insecticide resistance and its underlying mechanisms in Aedes aegypti (L.) in Punjab, Pakistan

Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) plays an important role as a vector of different deadly diseases particularly dengue fever. Insecticides are used as a primary tool to control Ae. aegypti. However, due to the excessive use of insecticides on agricultural, public health, and industrial levels, mosquitoes have developed resistance. In this study, the current susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes against different insecticides (Temephos, DDT, dieldrin, Malathion, Bendiocarb, Permethrin, Cypermethrin, and Lambda-cyhalothrin) was evaluated in district Lahore and district Muzaffargarh of Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, WHO bioassays and biochemical assays were performed on Ae. aegypti population from Lahore (APLa) and Aedes population from Muzaffargarh (APMg). Results of APLa and APMg showed high levels of resistance against the larvicide Temephos. Resistance against all adulticides was also observed in APLa and APMg (% mortality < 98%). The biochemical assays indicated statistically significant elevated levels of detoxification enzymes in APLa and APMg. APLa showed slightly higher levels as compared to APMg. Mosquitoes were also screened for the presence of kdr mutations. The results revealed no mutation in domain II while the presence of mutation F1534C in domain III was found in both field populations. The results showed the presence of moderate to high grade resistance against all insecticides in Ae. aegypti in district Lahore and district Muzaffargarh of Punjab, Pakistan

Potential larvicidal bioefficacy of copper sulfide-based hybrid nanoemulsions of eucalyptus oil against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus)

Background & objectives: Nanotechnology, an emerging field, has acquired considerable attention for the control of vectors. The present study aimed to synthesize, characterize copper sulfide- and eucalyptus oil-based hybrid nanoemulsions and investigate their larvicidal potential against Aedes aegypti by studying larvicidal bioassay, morphological aberrations, histopathological alterations, biochemical analysis and evaluation of risk assessment in non-target organisms. Methods: Hybrid nanoemulsions were prepared by mixing aqueous copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) with non-polar eucalyptus oil in five ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5) by sonication, screened and characterized using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Larvicidal activity was recorded and toxicity values were calculated by log-probit method. Morphological, histological and biochemical changes were examined in Aedes aegypti larvae after treatment. Nanohybrids were also tested under simulated conditions and against non-target organism. Results: The nanohybrid ratio of 1:5 was found to be stable after thermodynamic stability tests. TEM studies revealed average size of 90±7.90 nm with globular shape. LC50 and LC90 toxicity values of prepared CuSNPs were calculated out to be 5.00 and 5.81ppm after 24 hours treatment. Effective concentration of prepared nanohybrid (6.5ppm) tested under simulated conditions showed maximum larvicidal mortality after 48 hours of exposure. No toxicity towards the Mesocyclops spp. was observed after treatment of these nanohybrids even up to 21 days. Interpretation & conclusion: Copper sulfide based hybrid nanoemulsions were found to show efficient larvicidal property which can be used for the formulation of ecofriendly bio-larvicide against Aedes aegypti.

Atividade larvicida contra aedes aegypti e toxicidade preliminar contra artemia salina l. de extratos e frações de monteverdia evonymoides (reissek) biral / Larvicidal activity against aedes aegypti and preliminary toxicity against artemia salina l. of extracts and fractions of monteverdia evonymoides (reissek) biral. / Actividad larvicida contra aedes aegypti y toxicidad preli- minar contra artemia salina l. de extractos y fracciones de monteverdia evonymoides (reissek) biral.

Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) é o principal vetor das arboviroses dengue, zika, chikungunya e febre amarela. A busca por inseticidas naturais para combater o mosquito ganha destaque nos países de clima tropical. Considerando a atividade larvicida presente no gênero Monteverdia o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o potencial larvicida dos extratos e frações da espécie Monteverdia evonymoides (Reissek) Biral. O material vegetal (folhas e galhos) foi seco a temperatura ambiente, foi moído e submetido a extração em Soxhlet modificado. A toxicidade foi avaliada por meio do bioensaio com Artemia salina L. As larvas de Aedes aegypti foram expostas nas concentrações 10, 100, 500 e 1000 µg.mL⁻¹. Após 24H foi realizada a leitura da mortalidade (CL50) e submetido método estatístico Probit. As amostras não apresentaram toxicidade frente a Artemia salina L. (>1000 µg.mL⁻¹) e apresentaram potencial larvida no controle de larvas de terceiro estádio, com CL50 >200 µg.mL⁻¹. Os extratos de M. Evonymoides são seguros e apresentaram potencial larvicida contra larvas do mosquito.

Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) is the main vector of arboviruses den- gue, zika, chikungunya and yellow fever. The search for natural insecticides to combat the mosquito is highlighted in countries with a tropical climate. Considering the larvicidal activity present in the genus Monteverdia, the objective of the study was to evaluate the larvicidal potential of extracts and fractions of the species Monteverdia evonymoides (Reissek) Biral. The plant material (leaves and branches) was dried at room temperature, ground and subjected to extraction in modified Soxhlet. Toxicity was evaluated by bio- assay with Artemia salina L. Aedes aegypti larvae were exposed to concentrations of 10, 100, 500 and 1000 µg.mL⁻¹. After 24 hours, the mortality reading (CL50) was performed and the Probit statistical method was submitted. The samples did not show toxicity against Artemia salina L. (>1000 µg.mL⁻¹) and showed potential larval life in the control of third- stage larvae, with CL50 >200 µg.mL⁻¹. M. Evonymoides extracts are safe and showed lar- vicidal potential against mosquito larvae.

Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) es el principal vector de los arbovirus dengue, zika, chikungunya y fiebre amarilla. Se destaca la búsqueda de insecticidas natu- rales para combatir el mosquito en países con clima tropical. Considerando la actividad larvicida presente en el género Monteverdia, el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el poten- cial larvicida de extractos y fracciones de la especie Monteverdia evonymoides (Reissek) Biral. El material vegetal (hojas y ramas) fue secado a temperatura ambiente, molido y sometido a extracción en Soxhlet modificado. La toxicidad se evaluó mediante el bioen- sayo con Artemia salina L. Se expusieron larvas de Aedes aegypti a concentraciones de 10, 100, 500 y 1000 µg.mL⁻¹. A las 24 horas se realizó la lectura de mortalidad (CL50) y se sometió al método estadístico Probit. Las muestras no presentaron toxicidad contra Artemia salina L. (>1000 µg.mL⁻¹) y mostraron potencial de vida larvaria en el control de larvas de tercer estadio, con CL50 >200 µg.mL⁻¹. Los extractos de M. Evonymoides son seguros y mostraron potencial larvicida contra las larvas de mosquitos.