ABSTRACT
A anemia infecciosa equina é uma importante enfermidade que acomete os equídeos em todo o mundo, se apresentando de forma aguda, crônica e assintomática causando grandes prejuízos para a economia tanto para criadores que vivem do trabalho desses animais quantos aos criadores que investem no melhoramento das raças, impedindo o acesso ao mercado tanto nacional quanto internacional. O Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento considera o IDGA como teste oficial para diagnóstico dessa enfermidade, porém essa técnica é demorada e muita vez acaba sendo subjetiva, dependendo da experiencia particular de cada Laboratorista. Além de não conseguir detectar animais no início da infecção. Logo, a necessidade de se buscar novas técnicas como o ELISA indireto que aperfeiçoem o tempo de análise dos resultados, facilita a automação e obtém resultados confiáveis. O estudo realizado teve como objetivo padronizar uma técnica de ELISA indireto utilizando uma proteína de envelope viral GP90 como antígeno para diagnóstico da anemia infecciosa equina. Avaliando o desempenho do teste a partir da sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos positivo e negativo. Os valores obtidos foram: 91,11%, 93,33%, 91,11% e 93,33% respectivamente. Concluiu-se que o teste apresenta bom desempenho, além da possibilidade de detectar amimais positivos no início da infecção.
Equine infectious anemia is an important disease that affects horses all over the world, presenting in an acute, chronic and asymptomatic way, causing great damage to the economy, both for breeders who live off the work of these animals and for breeders who invest in the improvement of breeds, preventing access to both national and international markets. The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply considers AGID to be the official test for diagnosing this disease, but this technique takes time and often ends up being subjective, depending on the particular experience of each laboratory worker. In addition to not being able to detect animals at the beginning of the infection. Therefore, the need to seek new techniques such as indirect ELISA that improve the time of analysis of results, facilitate automation and obtain reliable results. The aim of this study was to standardize an indirect ELISA technique using a GP90 viral envelope protein as an antigen for the diagnosis of equine infectious anemia. Evaluating test performance based on sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values. The values obtained were 91.11%, 93.33%, 91.11 and 93.33 respectively. It was concluded that the test performs well, in addition to the possibility of detecting positive animals at the beginning of the infection.
Subject(s)
Animals , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Viral Envelope Proteins/analysis , Immunoenzyme Techniques/veterinary , Equine Infectious Anemia/diagnosis , Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine , Horses/immunology , Antigens, Viral/analysisABSTRACT
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal disease with painful clinical manifestations and high risks of cancerization. With no curative therapy for IBD at present, the development of effective therapeutics is highly advocated. Drug delivery systems have been extensively studied to transmit therapeutics to inflamed colon sites through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect caused by the inflammation. However, the drug still could not achieve effective concentration value that merely utilized on EPR effect and display better therapeutic efficacy in the inflamed region because of nontargeted drug release. Substantial researches have shown that some specific receptors and cell adhesion molecules highly expresses on the surface of colonic endothelial and/or immune cells when IBD occurs, ligand-modified drug delivery systems targeting such receptors and cell adhesion molecules can specifically deliver drug into inflamed sites and obtain great curative effects. This review introduces the overexpressed receptors and cell adhesion molecules in inflamed colon sites and retrospects the drug delivery systems functionalized by related ligands. Finally, challenges and future directions in this field are presented to advance the development of the receptor-mediated targeted drug delivery systems for the therapy of IBD.
ABSTRACT
The role of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics is important in public health. With the support of smartphones, POC diagnostic technologies can be greatly improved. This opportunity has arisen from not only the large number and fast spread of cell-phones across the world but also their improved imaging/diagnostic functions. As a tool, the smartphone is regarded as part of a compact, portable, and low-cost system for real-time POC, even in areas with few resources. By combining near-infrared (NIR) imaging, measurement, and spectroscopy techniques, pathogens can be detected with high sensitivity. The whole process is rapid, accurate, and low-cost, and will set the future trend for POC diagnostics. In this review, the development of smartphone-based NIR fluorescent imaging technology was described, and the quality and potential of POC applications were discussed.
ABSTRACT
Mitochondrial targeting is a promising approach for solving current issues in clinical application of chemotherapy and diagnosis of several disorders. Here, we discuss direct conjugation of mitochondrial-targeting moieties to anticancer drugs, antioxidants and sensor molecules. Among them, the most widely applied mitochondrial targeting moiety is triphenylphosphonium (TPP), which is a delocalized cationic lipid that readily accumulates and penetrates through the mitochondrial membrane due to the highly negative mitochondrial membrane potential. Other moieties, including short peptides, dequalinium, guanidine, rhodamine, and F16, are also known to be promising mitochondrial targeting agents. Direct conjugation of mitochondrial targeting moieties to anticancer drugs, antioxidants and sensors results in increased cytotoxicity, anti-oxidizing activity and sensing activity, respectively, compared with their non-targeting counterparts, especially in drug-resistant cells. Although many mitochondria-targeted anticancer drug conjugates have been investigated and , further clinical studies are still needed. On the other hand, several mitochondria-targeting antioxidants have been analyzed in clinical phases I, II and III trials, and one conjugate has been approved for treating eye disease in Russia. There are numerous ongoing studies of mitochondria-targeted sensors.
ABSTRACT
A anemia infecciosa equina (AIE) é uma doença causada por um lentivirus que possui distribuição mundial. Essa enfermidade é um entrave ao desenvolvimento da equinocultura no Brasil devido à obrigatoriedade de eutanásia dos animais positivos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência de AIE em equídeos de tração no Distrito Federal, assim como identificar fatores de risco associados à doença. Foram sorteados aleatoriamente 350 proprietários (Unidades Primárias de Amostragem- UPA) e foram amostrados todos os equídeos (Unidades secundárias de Amostragem) de cada proprietário sorteado, totalizando 496 animais. As amostras sanguíneas foram analisadas no Lanagro/MG por meio da técnica de imunodifusão em ágar gel (IDGA). No momento da coleta de sangue, também foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico para a análise de possíveis fatores de risco. A prevalência de AIE nas UPA foi estimada em 2,29%, (IC 95%: 1,01-4,2%) e nos animais foi de 1,81% (IC 95%: 0,55-3,07%). A prevalência foi significativamente maior em muares do que em equinos. Não foi possível comprovar a presença de nenhum outro fator de risco associado à doença. Este estudo demonstra que a prevalência da AIE em equídeos de tração é baixa no Distrito Federal, porém mais alta do que os dados de vigilância de rotina sugerem, o que justifica a eutanásia dos equídeos reagentes, com a finalidade de promover a erradicação da enfermidade. Ratifica-se a importância da realização de exames periódicos nesses animais e a manutenção das atividades de vigilância.(AU)
Equine Infectious Anaemia (EIA) is a disease that has worldwide distribution and it is caused by a lentivirus. The disease constrains the development of horse breeding in Brazil, leading to compulsory slaughter of test positive animals. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of EIA in traction equids and identify potential risk factors in the Federal District. Three hundred and fifty (350) owners were randomly selected (Primary Sampling Units-PSU) and all equids (Secondary Sampling Units - SSU) from each owner were sampled, in a total of 496 animals. Blood samples were tested in LANAGRO/MG using the agar-gel immunodiffusion test (AGID). An epidemiological questionnaire was used to collect data on potential risk factors associated with the disease. The prevalence of PSU (owners) was estimated at 2.29% (95% CI: 1.01-4.2%) and the prevalence in animals was 1.81% (95% CI: 0.55-3.07%). Prevalence was higher in mules than in horses. None of the other variables analyzed as potential risk factors was associated to the presence of the disease. The present study demonstrated that the prevalence of EIA in traction equids is low in the Federal District, which strengthens the case for the maintaining the test-and-cull policy and the need for disease surveillance measures aimed at eradicating the disease.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Equine Infectious Anemia/epidemiology , Equidae/blood , Equidae/virologyABSTRACT
El asma es una enfermedad crónica que consiste en la inflamación de las vías aéreas. Provoca tos, dolores de pecho y problemas para respirar. El asma todavía no tiene cura, pero sí es posible controlarlo. Aunque hay muchos estudios que hablan de los beneficios de la práctica deportiva en los pacientes asmáticos, este artículo de revisión expone que la actividad física, dependiendo de cuál sea la realizada y las condiciones en las que se realiza, puede tener efectos perjudiciales para los asmáticos. De hecho, la práctica de actividad física puede provocar por sí misma asma, es el denominado asma inducido por el ejercicio o AIE.
Asthma is a chronic disease that consists of inflammation of the airways. It causes coughs, chest pains and trouble breathing. Asthma still has no cure, but it is possible to control it. Although there are many studies that discuss the benefits of sports practice in asthmatic patients, this review article states that physical activity, depending on what is performed and the conditions under which it is performed, may have adverse effects for asthmatics. In fact, the practice of physical activity can cause asthma in itself, is the so-called exercise-induced asthma or EIA.
ABSTRACT
La Anemia Infecciosa Equina (en ingles Equine Infectious Anemia EIA), es una enfermedad viral que afecta a los équidos a nivel mundial. El agente causal, pertenece al género Lentivirus, de la familia Retroviridae, subfamilia Orthoretrovirinae. La enfermedad se caracteriza por episodios febriles recurrentes, trombocitopenia, anemia, pérdida de peso y edema de las partes bajas del cuerpo; si no se produce la muerte en el curso de los ataques clínicos agudos, se produce una fase crónica y la enfermedad tiende a convertirse en latente. La AIE debe notificarse ante la OIE: Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal. En 2015 la OIE mediante Código Sanitario para los Animales Terrestres se estableció a la Anemia Infecciosa Equina en la lista única de enfermedades e infecciones de los équidos. Los veterinarios que detecten un caso de anemia infecciosa equina deben seguir las pautas nacionales y/o locales para la notificación y las pruebas de diagnóstico correspondientes. Este artículo describe los aspectos más relevantes de la Anemia Infecciosa Equina.
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) is a viral disease that affects horses worldwide. The causative agent belongs to the genus Lentivirus, the family Retroviridae, subfamily Orthoretrovirinae. The disease is characterized by recurrent episodes of fever, thrombocytopenia, anemia, weight loss and edema of the lower parts of the body; if death does not occur in the course of the acute clinical attacks, a chronic stage occurs and the disease tends to become dormant. The IEA must be reported to the OIE: World Organization for Animal Health. In 2015 by Health Code OIE Terrestrial Animal it was established Equine Infectious Anemia in the single list of diseases and infections of horses. Veterinarians detected a case of equine infectious anemia should follow national and / or local to the notification and guidelines appropriate diagnostic tests. This article describes the most relevant aspects of the Equine Infectious Anemia.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Lentiviruses, Equine , Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine , Retroviridae Infections/virology , Public Health , Communicable Diseases/veterinaryABSTRACT
Comparou-se a técnica nested PCR (nPCR) com os testes sorológicos IDGA e ELISA para o diagnóstico da anemia infecciosa equina. Amostras do DNA provenientes das células mononucleares do sangue periférico foram submetidas à amplificação do gene gag pela nPCR, que apresentou valores de sensibilidade e especificidade relativas de 90 por cento e 52,9 por cento, respectivamente, em relação à IDGA, e valores de 85,7 por cento e 49 por cento, respectivamente, em relação ao ELISA. Considerando-se os fatores referentes às limitações de cada técnica, pode ser sugerido o uso da nPCR como teste de diagnóstico complementar para AIE em amostras brasileiras.
The nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) technique was compared to AGID and ELISA serological tests for the diagnosis of Equine Infectious Anemia. DNA samples from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were subjected to the amplification of the gag gene by nPCR, which showed relative sensibility and specificity values of 90.0 percent and 52.9 percent respectively, compared to the AGID and values of 85.7 percent and 49.0 percent, respectively, as compared to ELISA. Considering the factors concerning the limitations of each technique, the use of nPCR can be suggested as a complementary diagnostic test for EIA in Brazilian samples.