A STUDY OF MUTUAL FUND ACCOUNTING IN PERSPECTIVE OF BUILDING NATION

Mutual Fund is a fund establishment in the form of a trust to raise money through the sale of units to the public or a section of the public under one or more schemes for investing in securities, including money market instrument. The investors want to know about the present and past performance of the selected mutual funds. This information must be supported by certi?ed documents. The system of accounting for Mutual Fund is different from conventional system of accounting which is followed in industrial sectors. Hence, only proper accounting for mutual funds can show the real picture of risk and return of a speci?c mutual fund. An investor may compare accounting information relating to a mutual fund with its benchmark return. He can do the comparison with con?dence on the basis of audited report of a particular fund. Moreover proper system of mutual fund accounting leads the fund manager to minimize cost

Pattern of adverse drug reactions reported at a tertiary care teaching hospital in northern India

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are among the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in hospital setup. This study was conducted with the aim of understanding the pattern and occurrence of ADRs to minimize their risk and safeguard public health.Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of pattern of ADRs reported at ADR monitoring centre (AMC) in a tertiary care hospital. A total of 207 spontaneous ADR reports collected over a period of 18 months were analysed for pattern and type of reactions, demographic profile of patients, organ system affected by ADRs, causative drugs, route of drug administration, severity of reaction, their outcome, management and causality assessment.Results: Most common age group affected by ADRs was 41-50 years with almost equal involvement of male and female gender. Cutaneous reactions involving skin like rashes and itching were most common ADRs. The most common causative drug for ADRs were antimicrobials agents like Penicillin and Cephalosporin group of antibiotics. Orally administered drugs were most commonly involved in causing ADRs. Most of the ADRs belonged to Type A category, were non-serious and moderate in severity. Most of the patients recovered from the ADRs on stopping the suspected drug. On assessing the causality, most of the ADRs were probable with the suspected drugs.Conclusions: Most of the patients recover from ADRs with appropriate and timely intervention, but it is important to understand the pattern and occurrence of ADRs for patient safety and this is possible only with an effective and robust pharmacovigilance system.

Berberine diminishes cancer cell PD-L1 expression and facilitates antitumor immunity

Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) blocking therapy has become a major pillar of cancer immunotherapy. Compared with antibodies targeting, small-molecule checkpoint inhibitors which have favorable pharmacokinetics are urgently needed. Here we identified berberine (BBR), a proven anti-inflammation drug, as a negative regulator of PD-L1 from a set of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) chemical monomers. BBR enhanced the sensitivity of tumour cells to co-cultured T-cells by decreasing the level of PD-L1 in cancer cells. In addition, BBR exerted its antitumor effect in Lewis tumor xenograft mice through enhancing tumor-infiltrating T-cell immunity and attenuating the activation of immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T-cells (Tregs). BBR triggered PD-L1 degradation through ubiquitin (Ub)/proteasome-dependent pathway. Remarkably, BBR selectively bound to the glutamic acid 76 of constitutive photomorphogenic-9 signalosome 5 (CSN5) and inhibited PD-1/PD-L1 axis through its deubiquitination activity, resulting in ubiquitination and degradation of PD-L1. Our data reveals a previously unrecognized antitumor mechanism of BBR, suggesting BBR is small-molecule immune checkpoint inhibitor for cancer treatment.

A study on pattern of adverse drug reaction in an adverse drug reaction monitoring centre of a tertiary care hospital in South Kerala, India

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADR) are rated as fifth leading cause of death and accounts for approximately 5% of all hospital admissions. Under reporting of ADR from healthcare professional is considered as the contributing factor for increased morbidity and mortality. India has taken well appreciated step to launch Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI) to safeguard heath care of Indian population. This study looks into the detailed analysis of ADR reported to adverse drug reaction monitoring centre (AMC), Government Medical College, Trivandrum to assess its pattern, causality, severity and seriousness of ADR. Primary objectives of this study are the pattern of adverse drug reactions reported to ADR monitoring centre (AMC) and secondary objective is to assess causality, severity.Methods: A record based descriptive study was conducted in the ADR monitoring centre of government medical college, Trivandrum, Kerala from September 1st 2016 to February 2017(6 months). The data were collected from the all reported case records/ ADR report form of CDSCO. The details of the various adverse drug reactions were identified and analysed to find the pattern of adverse drug reactions including distribution of age, gender, causal drug group, system organ class. Also, an attempt is made to do causality assessment using WHO UMC scale and severity by using Heart wig Seigel Scale.Results: Out of 320 ADR cases, majority of reports were due to cutaneous manifestations. Most common ADRs were erythema, induration, and rash, itching. Females were 56% and males were 44%. Majority cases were of adult age group. Causality 91.88% were probably related, 75.6% were mild reaction. 25% of cases were serious. 77.5% were recovered. Antibacterial implicated 25(7.8%) followed by anti-epileptics 24 (7.5%) ADR.Conclusions: The pattern of adverse drug reactions reported to this AMC is comparable to the studies done in other parts of country. A strong need for streamlining of ADR monitoring system and reporting reemphasized by this study, which will promote the ADR reporting in healthcare professionals.

Retrospective analysis of adverse drug reactions reported at ADR monitoring centre under PvPI in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitals and pose great economic burden on the health care system. This study was conducted with the aim of creating awareness and developing a culture for proper communication and reporting of ADRs among health care professionals.Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of total 60 reported ADRs from AMC at a tertiary care hospital during a period of 14 months from March 2015 to April 2016. These ADRs were analysed for the pattern and type of reactions, body systems involved, causative drugs, and severity of reaction, their outcome, management and causality assessment.Results: Patients in the age groups of 41-50 years were most commonly involved with slight male preponderance. Skin reactions like rashes and itching were the most commonly observed ADR. The most common causative drugs for ADR were antimicrobial agents; IV route was the most common route responsible. Majority of ADRs belonged to type B, were non serious and moderate in severity. Most of the patients recovered. On causality assessment scale, most of the ADRs were found to be probable with the causative drugs.Conclusions: Most of the ADRs were treatable by early and appropriate management. The major limitation was under-reporting of ADRs which can be overcome by creating awareness and enhancing the culture of ADR monitoring and reporting among health care professionals for safe use of drugs.

Development of Guideline for Psychiatric Medical Record and Quality Improvement Following Its Application / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: Medical records are used to store and communicate information about patient treatment. Nowadays, the problem oriented medical record (POMR) is the most frequently used method for medical records. The POMR has the advantage of evaluating the course of treatment; however, it is also criticized for focusing on just symptoms and signs. We propose new guidelines for psychiatric medical records based on a modified POMR. METHODS: We organized a research team of psychiatrists and psychiatric residents and, held weekly research meetings from March 2005 until May 2006. Under close psychiatric chart review, we found several problems with the POMR system, and based on these findings, we discussed various ways of modifying it. RESULTS: We propose the following AMC psychiatric medical record guidelines: 1) Problem lists should be classified into seven categories: psychiatric symptoms, function, risk, environment, special treatment, drug side effects, and medical problems. Additionally, treatment course should be described accordingly. 2) Spontaneous reports by patients should be classified as subjective information, and any contents explored by the clinician, as objective information. Brief scales should be included for the quantitative description of symptoms. 3) Assessment should include symptom severity, treatment response, compliance, and suicidal or violent risk at evaluation point. 4) Specific management strategies such as rationale for dosage adjustment, detailed psychotherapeutic intervention, and psychoeducation should be described in the plan. CONCLUSION: This is one of a few studies proposing guidelines for psychiatric medical records. The application of these will improve the quality of medical records and it is hoped that such guidelines will be used broadly.

Effect of Flavopiridol on Radiation-induced Apoptosis of Human Laryngeal and Lung Cancer Cells / 대한방사선종양학회지

PURPOSE: To investigate the flavopiridol effect on radiation-induced apoptosis and expression of apoptosis- related genes of human laryngeal and lung cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A human laryngeal cancer cell line, AMC-HN3 and a human lung cancer cell line, NCI-H460, were used in the study. The cells were divided into four groups according to the type of treatment: 1) control groups; 2) cells that were only irradiated; 3) cells treated only with flavopiridol; 4) cells treated with flavopiridol and radiation simultaneously. The cells were irradiated with 10 Gy of X-rays using a 4 MV linear accelerator. Flavopiridol was administered to the media at a concentration of 100 nM for 24 hours. We compared the fraction of apoptotic cells of each group 24 hours after the initiation of treatment. The fraction of apoptotic cells was detected by measurement of the sub-G1 fractions from a flow cytometric analysis. The expression of apoptosis-regulating genes, including cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase), p53, p21, cyclin D1, and phosphorylated Akt (protein kinase B) were analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS: The sub-G1 fraction of cells was significantly increased in the combination treatment group, as compared to cells exposed to radiation alone or flavopiridol alone. Western blotting also showed an increased expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP expression in cells of the combination treatment group, as compared with cells exposed to radiation alone or flavopiridol alone. Treatment with flavopiridol down regulated cyclin D1 expression of both cell lines but its effect on p53 and p21 expression was different according to each individual cell line. Flavopiridol did not affect the expression of phophorylated Akt in both cell lines. CONCLUSION: Treatment with flavopiridol increased radiation-induced apoptosis of both the human laryngeal and lung cancer cell lines. Flavopiridol effects on p53 and p21 expression were different according to the individual cell line and it did not affect Akt activation of both cell lines.

The Effects of Sorbic Acid, All-trans-retinoic Acid StructuralAnalog, on Retinoids Metabolism in Squamous Cell CarcinomaAMC-HN-6 Cell Line / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: All-trans-retinoic acid metabolism by cytochrome P450 is one of the major mechanisms that can regulate the level of retinoids in cells. Therefore, enhanced metabolism of all-trans retinoic acid by all-trans retinoic acid induced cytochrome P450 would probably decrease the therapeutic effects of active retinoids. We previously reported that the tail of all-trans retinoic acid (the carboxyl-terminus) may bind to a binding site of cytochrome P450 in part by electrostatic forces, and the head of RA (the beta-cyclogeranylidene ring) may bind to an active site of cytochrome P450 in part by hydrophobic forces. It is very interesting to study the interactions between the RA binding site of cytochrome P450 induced by all-trans retinoic acid and the structural analogs of all-trans retinoic acid and its effects of RA metabolism. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of sorbic acid, that has a similar structure with the tail of all-trans retinoic acid, on RA metabolism in head-neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line AMC-HN-6 which showed a much increased induction of cytochrome P450 by all-trans retinoic acid. METHODS: We examined the effects of sorbic acid on RA metabolism in all-trans retinoic acid specific cytochrome P450-inducible AMC-HN-6 cell line using cytochrome P450 enzyme assay with total cell lysates and microsomal proteins. Radioisotope-labeled polar metabolites of all-trans retinoic acid were separated by thin layer chromatography and the radioactivity was measured by beta-counter. Metabolic activity was expressed as the percentage of total radioactivity of polar metabolites. RESULTS: The results are summurized as follows: 1. RA metabolism of AMC-HN-6 cell line was inhibited by actinomycin D and cyclohexamide and was also inhibited by ketoconazole, the cytochrome P450 inhibitor, in a concentration-dependent manner. 2. Cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation was induced by all-trans retinoic acid, 13-cis-RA, 9-cis-RA, and retinal, but not by retinol in AMC-HN-6 cell line.3. Sorbic acid inhibited RA metabolism of AMC-HN-6 cell line in a concentration-dependent manner when the enzyme assay was performed on microsomal protein but could not inhibit RA metabolism in total cell lysate enzyme assay. CONCLUSION: The conversion of all-trans retinoic acid to polar metabolites is inhibited by sorbic acid in microsomal enzyme assay of AMC-HN-6 cell line, but not in total cell assay. These results suggest that sorbic acid can bind to the active binding site of cytochrome P450 but binding affinity of sorbic acid to RA binding molecules such as CRABP-I,-II, RARs, RXRs may be stronger than that of sorbic acid to cytochrome P450.